^•^o. 


'■'..^    \        Sir 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


V. 


/. 


1.0 


I.I 


IA£I28     ■2.5 

lii  Kii   12.2 

S?  124    ■" 


11.25  ini  1.4 


11^ 


Phctographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

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(716)172-4503 


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;4^ 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  IVIicroreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


x"^ 

'> 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibiiographiques 


I 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 
D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 

Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommag^e 


— T^    Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 


Couverture  restaur^e  et/ou  pelliculde 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


pn   Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couleur 


□    Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

|~n    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


D 
D 


D 


D 


Planches  et/ou  Illustrations  en  couleur 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
RallA  avac  d'autres  documents 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  Interior  margin/ 

La  re  liuro  serrie  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  ia  marge  intdrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajouttes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais.  lorsque  ceia  Atait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  ilk  filmtes. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplAmentaires.- 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'ii  iui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  methods  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquds  ci-dessous. 


D 
D 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 


I — I    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 


K 


Pages  restauries  et/ou  pelliculdes 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d6color6es,  tachetdes  ou  piqu6es 


I      I    Pages  detached/ 


D 
D 


Pages  d^tachdes 

Showthrough> 
Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Qualit^  inigale  de  i'impression 

includes  supplementary  materii 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppl^mentaire 


I      I    Showthrougli/ 

I      I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 

rn    Includes  supplementary  materiel/ 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc..  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellementf 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata.  une  pelure, 
etc..  ont  AtA  filmtes  A  nouveau  de  fa^on  A 
obtenir  la  meilleur*  image  possible. 


TMa  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

C«  document  est  filmi  au  taux  de  rMuctlon  indiquA  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


12X 


16X 


20X 


0 

24X 


26X 


XX 


28X 


32X 


IIMIML.K 


mplaire 
Les  details 
jniques  du 
vent  modifier 
t  exiger  une 
le  de  filmage 


d/  - 

ies 

oxed/ 
I  piqu6es 


» 

iai/ 
nentaire 


ured  by  errata 
refilmed  to 

»/ 

illemenr 

ata,  une  pelure, 

J  de  fafon  A 

sible. 


»X 


n 

32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanlcs 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library  of  Congress 
Photoduplication  Service 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ^>  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED "),  or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  In  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  followlnc  diagrams  Illustrate  the 
method: 


1  2  3 


L'exempiaire  fiimi  fut  reproduit  grAce  A  la 
gAn6rosit6  de: 

Library  of  Congress 
Photoduplication  Service 

Les  Images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  ie 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetA  de  l'exempiaire  fiim6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimAe  sont  fiimds  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
derniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impresslon  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmAs  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impresslon  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernldre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaftra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  ie 
cas:  le  symbols  — ►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN  ". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvant  Atre 
fiimAs  i  des  taux  de  reduction  diff6rents. 
Lorsque  ie  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichA,  ii  est  f  iimA  A  partir 
de  Tangle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'Images  nAcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
lilustrent  la  mAthode. 


i   1 

I    t  ■ 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

SIX    MONTHS 


IN 


0J 

"77/63 


ahierica. 


«y 


GODFREY  T.  VIGNE,  ESQ. 

tt 

OF      LINCOLN'S      INN,      lAERISTER      AT      LAW. 


PHILADELPHIA: 

PtTBLISHED    BY    THOMAS    T.    ASH, 

140  OHCBTNVT  mutn. 


1833. 


.«*"■ 


lull     r"'lM    II    I 


i- 


''pf  M  PT  l^ 


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>M> 


Tyt^^ 


^^^^' 


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Prtfact  to  the  First  Amriean  EdUion. 


:;r"xriMrrJ:in:  -.  we  .^o. 

thought  it  necomry  in  dl  ««.  to  notice.  Every  cndm 
reJtor  wiU  pronounce  «wh  error.  nHmUble.  to  ^ 
^  cU-L  tty  country  i.  perfecUy  wscurte  mfor- 
SontobeobinedT  And  in  a  «m  country  of  wch 
:S^Mil^^r^Wthi.diffic^be^e«jdl 

STbooki.  given  unrftered.  «ul  a  few  »c^«^ 

where  they  we«ed  •*««-«y »»  ""^  "  •" 

""SSHcco-nU  of  our-lve.  -e^y  --^ 
froiTtoUigent  travelkr..  «d  i«  J-  "^r;;^ 

WiU  «nito  la  hi.  dlo-on.  to  the  "  in/r««i«  ^r«^^ 
«»dwhenhe«g«e-thec«»eofthel.wofprHnog«^ 

mttVwiU  think  hi.  eloquence  thrown  away.  toPO>»«»«" 
r^rmaynot-waychi^e  « '[J*  ^  «5£^  ^^ 

the  reader,  but  taken  •I'-K'*'*'*^"^'*^*^^ 
America,"  may  be  admitted,  to  be  of  a  wperior  OMt. 
ir^mpJi  with  the  ma-  of  book.  ^-^ JJJ 
of  BritiA  tourirt.  who  have  ««ted  «..  and  peid  their 
e>penM«  by  pubUdiing  their  crudiUe.  and  abwe. 


■Vf'. 


^^W^PWIP'ii    llHWHIIHimillilllilliyiiiiii  ji  I  HI, 


«/-» 


•  ,  i 


ve»^  l^' 


N 


MWiiiini(i>'ii>iiMn(ri«fiiii-iiiiiVi.>, 


.  -._» .-,1,..; — ^  ^,^  — ,  ^.^,g ,  ^^^^j . 


"S 


jiit^»*Wb5i» 


Iboc  monm  (K  nmttutu 


Bum, 

with  the  drtenniwlioo  rf  »»«»f» J-^,:"  ".^ft 
HMD  OHi.ba,  unprwiidkw* ;  md  of  •«eli^  aU  I  eqoW  of 

Having  .^  thii,  I  bagof-yoa  *•  J^^««^J??ii 
do  not  MoftM  to  taU  yoo  «*it  n»J[  »«  •««  •^"Z^ 
iWfoXrod  to  i«i-io-^*««i*.t«»0«-r  grill 
U  u^  of  the  »)«•»  of  tlio  **«»«y-^,I**f**  JJIS? 
ft«in  Livwjool  to  Sttmai  put*  of  North  A«?J; 

lAthSiimmw-l  of  the  !«««« 
^HmffMl^  to  hki<it»>i*ooin  from  the  wywt  of  ■«■""■■*■% 
indnlfing  a  moet  Attentie 


dJSSSto  the  memory  of  CiAiirt-^ 

«rfta.t  ««««^.  c-is^^^r«-2w-.-; 


inci ,  - 

dri;^;)  w  euM  th»^'the  W««»«2««,*^ 


hot 


■iWtiHiaramileia 

■THTio 


* 


4 


:.. 


lA 


•  MX  MONTHi 

hundred  piccej  o^  cannon.  The  moHt  prominent  object 
•»»  dianiond.ithaiicd  fort,  which  appiarBto  riic  out  ofthe 
water,  and  la  called  Fort  La  Fay.tto,  kcauHo  it  fired  itH 
Brat  aalute  in  honour  ot  that  (feneral.  upon  hia  arrival  on 
the  ahorei.  of  Anjoricn  in  1824.  The  fort  on  tlie  Niw 
Jone^  aide,  na  it  in  oppoKition  to  ita  French.nnmed  an- 
T^^ki'na."  ^^  ^'^  *'"^  '^njt'i'h  name  of  Fort 

On  the  Irf)ngr  Island  beach  is  accn  New  Utrecht,  a 
•mall  sca-bathing  place,  and  celebrated  aa  tlio  apot  where 
Uie  Bntiah  trooi*,  under  the  command  of  Sir  Henry 
.Ji?  .:  *'"«>??ded  without  opposition,  pnvioualy  t^ 
their  attack  of  Now  York  in  1776.  Nummou.  vciaela 
of  different  aizca  that  had  been  detained  outaido  by  con- 
trary  yinda,  were  working  their  way  tlirouffh  the  Nar- 
row.  at  the  aamc  Ume,  uid  preaented  a  most  animatinir 
■pectade.  Th^y  were  from  all  parU  of  the  world  ;  tlie 
■un  shown  fliU  upon  their  white  aula ;  the  broad  briirht 
pme.8trcak  reddened  beneath  his  deeUning  raya,  ^d 
added  a  charactenatic  elepuice  to  the  appeaiancc  of  the 
American  ahipa,  which  taken  a>  a  claw,  arc  certainly 
handMimer  than  thoae  of  any  other  nation.  That  Uie 
tnm  and  fimre  of  a  British  merchantman  arc  uaually 
mfenor  to  tfioae  of  America,  ia  owing  to  the  circum- 
■tiBco  of  there  being  no  tonnageJuty  in  America ;  and 
therefore,  their  ahipa  are  conrtruoted  for  the  carriage  of 

the  ^tuh  method  of  rating  their  ships,  a  merchantman 
can  be  ooiutructed  ao  as  to  carry  more  than  her  leiral 
tonnage  without  paying  for  it ;  of  which  John  Bull  very 
properly  take,  advantage  by  awelUng  out  his  shipe  u 
much  a>  powiUe,  ao  long  as  he  can  avoid  the  liabih'ty  of 
beinc  charged  at  a  higher  rate. 

We  had  scarcely  entered  the  bay  when  the  wind 
«^'*r.i  ■*«*™-^*«  ,*^««  plying  in  all  directions,  and 
one  ^  than  coming  along  aide,  I  was  glad  to  avaU  my- 

!^1;  .  wT"^**'  ?"•"  ""'^"•^  "tNew  York  before 
^h  ■  .^"i*^". """"*«■  "^^  I  •»«d  landed  I  found 
myself  in  the  Broadway,  the  principal  street  and  pro. 
menade  in  the  city.  At  two  o'clock  on  every  fine  day. 
M  the  ft^on  and  too-gailv  dressed  beauty  of  New 
York  are  to  be  aeen  there.    It  contains  the  ^eat  ahopa. 

-i.rjIk^^'L'^  *  "^^  ^"^^y  '^  city.liko  appearanb«; 
which,  nevertheha.,  ^era  conaiderabty  on  iSoount  rf 
the  hoMB.  being  mortlj^buih  of  red  hridi.  It*  width.  I 
MooW  «ay,  u  about  the  aame  as  that  of  Oxford^traet;  in 


iHt  prominent  object 
;ar«  to  riic  out  ofthe 
j,  iH'cauHC  it  fired  itM 
upon  Ilia  arrival  on 
JO  fort  on  tln!  New 
Frvnchwmincd  on- 
gliih  name  of  Fort 

en  New  Utrecht,  a 
ed  08  tlio  gpot  where 
nnnd  of  Sir  Henry 
iition,  prt  viuusly  to 
Numnioui  vcMcIs 
incd  outHido  by  con- 
IV  tlirough  the  Nar- 
d  a  nio«t  animating 
M  of  tho  world  ;  tlio 
■ ;  the  broad  bright 
IcoUning  rayit,  and 
e  appearance  of  the 
cloBR,  arc  certainly 
nation.  That  tlie 
uitman  are  uiually 
ing  to  the  circum- 
ty  in  Araof  icB ;  and 
for  the  carriage  of 
wtest  apsed ;  but  by 
ipB,  a  merchantman 
lore  than  her  legal 
lich  John  Bull  very 
>g  out  hia  ahipa  aa 
ivoid  the  liabikty  of 

y  when  the  wind 
I  all  directions,  and 
18  glad  to  avail  my- 
t  New  York  before 
had  landed  I  found 
pal  street  and  pro- 
on  every  fine  day, 
d  beauty  of  New 
IS  the  finest  ■hops, 
itv.like  appearance, 
tkh  CO  aoooont  of 
rick.  It*  width,  I 
if  Osfi>rd>itiieet;  in 


IN  AMERICA.  T 

length  it  is,  or  rather  will  bo  when  finished,  about  three 
miles.  Tho  courts  of  justice  hold  their  sittinffs  in  tho 
city-hall,  a  largo  and  handsome  building  of  Massacliu- 
8«!ttii  white  marble  and  brown  freo-stone,  which  stands 
in  tho  centre  of  what  is  called  tho  Park,  a  green  open 
apace  on  tho  sidn  of  the  Broadway.  The  prison,  a  gloomv- 
looking  structure,  is  too  conspicuous,  and  excoodin^ly 
handy,  being  i^o  near  to  it  that  a  "  ponto  do  'i  sospiri ' 
might  be  thrown  across  from  ono  to  the  other  with  great 
effect.  But  it  is  not  in  the  contemplation  of  the  most 
refined  and  magnificent  works  of  art,  that  the  European 
travollor  in  the  United  States  must  expect  to  derive  his 
principal  gratification.  The  public  buildings  in  New 
York  for  tho  different  purposes  of  charity,  education, 
and  commerce,  are  very  numerous ;  but  there  are  none 
that  can  lay  claim  to  his  particular  attention  ;  in  a  few 
hours,  witlt  a  little  assistonco  from  a  cabriolet  or  an 
omnibus,  ho  might  see  all  that  is  worth  his  notice  in  tho 
city,  considered  merely  as  a  collection  of  buildings,  con- 
taining 200,000  inhabitanU.  It  ia  the  extraordinary 
energy  and  urgency  of  commerce  that  will  chiefly  at- 
tract his  attention.  Tho  wharfii  on  the  North  river  are 
flanked  by  superb  steam-boats,  daily  and  hourly  em- 
ployed in  the  conveyance  of  thousands ;  those  on  the  Eaat 
river,  by  double  and  triple  lines  of  the  most  beautifUl 
merchantmen ;  while  the  three  streets  which  run  suc- 
cessively parallel  to  them  might  be  taken  for  one  enor- 
mous warehouse,  the  pavement  being*  nearly  blocked  up 
with  merchandise  from  every  counby,  and  exhibiting  a 
rattling  and  somewhat  dangerous  confusion  of  carts  and 
cranes,  that  ia  quite  beyond  a  "  private  gontlnman's  be- 
lief," till  ho  has  seen  it  Altliough  the  actual  numerical 
tonnage  of  the  trade  of  New  York  is  four  times  less  than 
that  of  Liverpool,  yet  the  appearance  of  bustle  and  busi- 
ness is  fitf  more  striking  at  New  York :  tlie  reason  is, 
that  there  is  so  much  more  retail  trade  carried  on  in  the 
•latter  city  than  in  Liverpool,  or  any  other  citv  in  tho 
world.  Innumerable  boats  descend  the  North  river, 
Uden  with  timber,  or  live  and  dead  stock,  and  provisions 
fbr  the  marknts  of  New  York,  and  carry  back  a  petty 
and  varied  cargo  of  wearing  apparel  and  other  necessa- 
ry that  are  wanted  in  the  mterior. 

Although  Philadelphia  is  a  larger  place,  the  balanOBof 
t(»dB  between  New  York  and  tlut  city  is  usually,  if  not 
aSmtft,  in  fevour  of  New  York.  Imported  goods  add  at 
nUOtdelphia,  on  account  of  the  New  York  merehaUta 


; 


wBiitiiifiiiii 


naatelWu 


B  IIX  MONTin 

are  paid  for  In  bilU  made  pnyable  nt  PhiUdalplila.  The 
baiiH  at  Now  York  diacuunt  th(3*«  bill*,  which  m  they 
bacome  due  are  wtiaticd  on  demand  hv  [Ntynient  of  ipecie ; 
BO  that  tliere  li  a  conatant  How  of  hard  dollari  ftoni 
Philadelphia  to  New  York. 

In  order  to  leo  tho  city  in  perfection,  the  Nortli  river 
must  bo  criHuicd,  and  a  fine  view  ii  obtained  Irom  any  of 
the  rising  irounda  on  the  oppoaitc  bank.  But  to  inoludu 
a  diitant  view  of  tho  city  and  the  bay  in  the  aanio  draw- 
ing, 1  (hould  roGomtncnd  a  itation  on  Htatcn  Iiland,  or 
on  the  oppoaito  height*  about  (jowanu*.  On  tM*  tiead 
tho  Britiali  public  will  loon  be  latiafled.  Before  I  quitted 
Amerioa,  I  waa  fkvoured  with  a  aight  of  tho  moat  exact 
and  admirable  drawinga  to  be  umid  aa  materiaU  for  the 
mxt  view  at  tlie  Coloaoeum  in  tlie  Revent'a  Park,  which 
I  underatood  waa  to  be  that  of  New  York  and  lu  cnvl- 
rona.  It  i>  aingulor  that,  aa  In  London,  thoy  ihould  all 
have  been  taken  flrom  t)ie  top  of  fi>  Paitl'a  church. 
Unk«a  I  were  anzioua  to  write  either  an  almanac  or  a 
guide-book,  I  tliink  I  need  not  here  «ay  more  about  New 
York  i  reaervinf  for  another  plaoe  any  remark*  that  ap- 
ply generally  to  one  city  aa  well  aa  another.  I  will 
HMtely  add,  that  I  ahould  atrongly  recommend  every  one 
to  viait  the  muaaum  before  he  oommencos  a  tour ;  and 
that  the  city  containa  two  excellent  theatre*,  of  which 
that  in  tba  Park  ia  the  more  fkahionablo :  I  heard  the 
English  voraion  of  the  "  Conerentola"  {lerformed  in 
very  giKid  atile  \  I  Vraa  delighted  wilii  the  ainging  of  our 
countrywoman,  Mro.  Aoatin,  and  I  laughed  heartily  at 
the  drolleriea  of  Mr.  Haokett,  who  i*  an  unrivalled  miinio 
of  the  eeoentricitiea  at  hia  countrymen.  An  Italian 
open  ia  oonfUantly  expected  by  the  next  oeaaon.  At 
preoent  the  flnt  aoeiety  in  Now  York,  which  ia  very 
good,  la  oeldom  to  be  wen  at  the  theatre.  In  my  ignoiv/ 
•nee,  I  waa  very  much  aatonished  the  firat  evenuigl 
went  thero,  at  aeeing  a  multitude  of  peroona,  who  would 
have  thought  it  a  ^^roaa  miatake  not  to  have  been  tokm 
tat  gentlemen,  aittwg  ocooaionally  in  the  front  and  alraoirt 
•hvaya  in  the  back  aeata  of  the  dreaa  circle,  with  Um^ 
hata  on,  in  the  preaenoe  of  ladiea,  who  were  oaattarM 
in  diffinrent  part*  of  the  oame  box. 

Now,  New  York,  ii  not  the  moat  refined,  ia  oeHdhuh', 
atrietly  apeakinf,  the  most  faahionaUe  place  ia  urn 
Vtdaa,  and  it  ia  not  to  be  wondered  at,  that  ibraimara 
who  have  juat  landed  fVom  Europe  and  who  very  pnmbhr 
go  to  the  theatre  on  the  first  evening  of  their  arriw. 


triijtfiWaiiiyjijiii     imi.tmtmmmutmaMmi4 


Philadelphia.    Th« 

biil(,  which  a*  they 

^  INiy  nieiit  of  «pccie  i 

hard  dollar*  fVom 

ion,  tho  North  river 
btained  front  any  of 
ink.  But  to  inoludu 
r  in  the  aamo  draw- 
in  Htatcn  lilond,  or 
nua,  ( hi  thia  head 
td.  Before  I  quitted 
it  of  the  muat  exact 
aa  matoriaU  for  tho 
syent'a  Park,  which 
York  and  its  rnvi- 
don,  thoy  ahould  all 
h^  Paul'a  ehurch. 
er  on  almanac  or  a 
ay  inore  about  New 
iiy  remarka  that  ap- 
u  another.  I  will 
commend  every  one 
lencea  a  tour;  and 
theatre*,  of  whien 
nablo:  I  heard  the 
oW  performed  in 
I  the  ainving  of  our 
laugrhed  neartily  at 
u)  unrivalled  munio 
'ymon.  An  Italian 
te  neit  season.  At 
'ork,  which  is  rery 
ttre.  In  my  ignor-J 
tho  first  evenui^T 
persons,  who  would 
to  have  been  takm 
the  fl'ont  and  almoat 
M  circle,  with  tbair 
who  were  snttand 

refined,  is  certiin^t 
Mble  i^aoe  in  tba 
I  at,  that  feraifiMra 
d  who  very  prMaUr 
iig  of  their  arrivu. 


'  iiriT  \iuimMMmt^0ttiiHm»» 


ly  AMMBIUA*  V 

iihould  thence  Imliibn  stranifn  and  unjust  ideas  of  the 
lirsl  Aniorican  manners.  I  have  htara  that  coniiiion 
sonao  is  tho  characteristic  of  tlio  Amrrlcans;  and  I 
think  tlioro  i*  Kr.iat  trutli  In  tho  nmark  ;  but  I  do  not 
liko  it  whrn  it  is  so  eery  common.  Those  rvpuliiinan 
l>ii  ( Uiurcy  arc  vtry  fonil of  woarinK  tholr  liaU :  I  never 
was  .U  church  In  tho  l)nilc«l  HUtcs,  without  obsorvinif 
individuals  (I  do  not  say  many,)  who  would  ovi<lently 
havo  iMon  vory  sorry  to  havo  been  Uiou|{lit  Ruilty  of  any 
impropriety,  |iuttinK  their  hats  on  when  the  service  was 
over,  in  tho  vory  body  of  tho  church:  These  are  no 
trifles  when  consiUoroJ  as  part  of  tho  national  manners. 
But  in  tho  United  Htotcs  there  Is  no  standard  for  man- 
ners ;  their  jiolitical  independence  is  oftentimes  imper- 
ceptibly identified  with  ind«:pendenco  of  behaviour  that 
procures  for  individuals  an  urifitvourablo  opinion,  of 
which  tho  mon  and  their  minds  are  alike  unworthy. 

It  was  tlio  twonty-third  of  April,  St.  CJcoriro's  day, 
when  I  loft  Now  York  to  commence  r.y  tour  ;  tlio  mem- 
bers of  tho  8t.  Ooorfte's  Society  were  ijoinft  to  dine  to. 
ffothcr,  and  tho  hujfo  banner  of  the  saint  was  wavinv 
from  ono  of  tho  upper  windows  of  tho  city-hotel,  aa  I 
emorKod  fl-om  the  Bloomy  rooeasos,  in  enormous  oatal»- 
lishments  ycliiped  smelobodded  rooms,  and  proceeded  to 
the  wharf  where  tho  New  Brunswick  steamers  are  to  be 
found,  ami  whorp  it  is  coolly  and  most  intelligibly  Inti. 
mated  to  the  traveller,  in  very  large  letters,  that  he  can 
have  "  Transportation  to  Philadelphia,"  at  a  very  trifling 
expense.     These  steam-boaU  are  necessarily  very  large  ; 
being  firoquently  dostinc«l  to  carry  three  or  even  four 
hundred  passengers:  tlicy  are  constructed  in  tlie  best 
manner  for  obtaining  tho  greatest  proportionate  spBC»  and 
a  free  circulation  of  air.    They  may  fairly  be  said  to  be 
threo-dockcrs.    Tho  working-Vam  is  uaually  placed  at 
a  great  height  abovo  the  upper-deck,  and  the  whole  of 
the  engine  is  so  much  raised  that  no   inconvenience 
arises  From  tho  heat  of  the  boilers.    When  ono  of  Uiose 
steamers  is  scon  approaching  from  a  distance,  the  con. 
iiiaion  of  green  and  white  galleries  gives  it  vory  muoli 
the  appearance  of  a  moving  summer-house.  Tho  rapidity 
with  which  we  moved  across  the  bay  procured  me  a 
eonstant  change  of  scene ;  the  banks  were  dotted  with 
MMll  vUIagoa,  but  I  observed  but  few  gentlemen's  seats. 
At  a  distance,  on  the  ri^ht,  stands  the  town  of  Newark, 
m  oonaiderable  place,  discernible  by  its  white  steeples. 
Wt  pqaaed  Perth  Amboy  at  the  mouth  of  the  Rariton 


■WI'M. 


10 


SIX  MONTHS 


river ;  the  first  British  settlement  in  New  JerMy.  The 
governor's  house,  the  picquet  and  guard-house,  can  be 
seen  from  the  river.  The  governor's  house  resembles  a 
Gloucestershire  spinning  mill.  I  was  landed  at  New 
Brunswick,  where  I  found  conveyances  awaiting  the  ar- 
rival  of  the  steamer  in  order  to  carry  its  passengers  across 
tbe  country  to  Bordentown.  Notwithstanding  that  this 
road  is  one  of  the  princiiMd  thoroughfares  between  N«w 
York  and  Philadelphia,  yet  I  was  fairly  and  quickly 
jolted  into  the  conviction  that  although  it  wua  probable  1 
should  travel  over  many  that  were  as  bad,  yet  that  I  could 
not  by  any  possibility  find  ono  that  was  worse.  Allow- 
ances are  to  be  made  for  the  roads  I  oAerwards  saw,  in 
the  back  settlements ;  but  the  condition  of  this  one  was 
really  disgraoeftil.  There  was  a  great  deal  of  wood  on 
every  side ;  but  it  can  hardly  be  called  a  forest,  being 
what  is  here  termed  second  growth  wood.  A  great  part 
of  theee  lands  bed  been  cleared  by  the  earlier  settters, 
bat  were  allowed  to  remain  uncultivated,  and  to  be  over> 
grown  whenever  a  aoi!  of  |[Teater  fertility  and  sufficiently 
protected,  waa  discovered  in  tiw  interior  of  the  country. 
Bordentown,  is  a  small,  but  neat  and  prettr  village, 
on  the  banks  of  the  Delaware.  On  the  outskirts  is  a 
large  and  rather  insular  brick  building  at  the  extremity 
of  a  court-yard,  which  is  flanked  by  stabling  and  other 
outhouaes,  with  extensive  gardens  and  pkaswe  grounds 
behind  them,  laid  out  a  I'Anglais.  This  is  the  residence 
of  the  Count  Surviltora,  better  known,  in  England  at 
least,  as  Joseph  Bonaparte.  I  was  provided  with  oi  in> 
traduction  to  his  excellency,  and  paid  him  a  morning 
visit  Hia  reception  of  me  waa  exceedingly  courteous. 
The-  inatant  he  i^peared,  I  was  most  forcibly  struck 
with  the  wry  strong  resemUanoe  he  bore  to  the  later 
portraits  of  TJapdeon.  His  person,  I  should  say,  waa 
rather  larger ;  the  expression  of  the  eye  waa  the  same, 
though  more  subdued ;  the  same  hair,  the  same  ahaped 
head,  and  the  same  c<mtour  of  feature  generally,  with  a 
darker  complexion,  and  a  gcad  set  of  teeth.  I  should 
say,  the  principal  ^fforence  was  oiiaervable  in  the  mooih, 
whkh  seemed  mate  inclinable  to  the  jocose  than  the 
sanguinary.  AHer  some  conversation,  which  vraa  car 
rka  «»  in  French,  and  turned  chiefly  on  the  su^eet  of 
European  travel,  his  excellency  showed  me  his  ptctweai 
whidn  ard  numerous  and  interesting.  He  haa  several 
fine  Murillos,  and  a  moat  beautiftd  Madona  by  Vandvke. 
Hehasmany  portraits  of  hia  own  fiunily ;  amoog ueae 
is  one  of  Napoleon  in  his  coronation  robes,  and  the  well> 


MliNMh* 


>-.wMi...,iri>iami  iiiilirtliaiiiiifcrr'i     11       \L 


I 


I  New  Jersey.    The 
jTuard-house,  can  be 

house  resembles  a 
ivBB  landed  at  New 
ices  awaiting  the  ar- 
its  passengers  across 
thstanding  that  this 
hfares  between  New 
1  fairly  and  quickly 
gh  it  was  probable  1 
bad,  yet  that  I  could 
was  worse.  Allow- 
I  afterwards  saw,  in 
ion  of  this  one  waa 
"eat  deal  of  wood  on 
kl]«i  a  forest,  being 
wood.    A  great  part 

the  earlier  aettwrs, 
nUed,  and  to  be  over' 
tility  and  sufficiently 
irior  of  the  country. 

and  prettv  village, 
n  the  outskirts  is  a 
ding  at  the  extremity 
ly  stabling  and  other 
md  pleasure  grounds 
This  is  the  residence 
awn,  in  England  at 
provided  wiUi  on  in- 
paid  him  a  morning 
[ceedingly  courteous, 
most  forcibly  struck 
he  bore  to  the  later 
1,  I  should  say,  was 
e  eye  was  the  same, 
lair,  the  same  shaped 
ire  generally,  with  a 

of  teeth.  I  should 
ervable  in  the  mouth, 
the  jocose  than  ths 
tion,  which  was  car* 
fly  on  the  subject  of 
wed  me  his  ptetaovsi 
og.  Hs  has  seferal 
Madonaby  Vaadrket 
Sunnily;  amoag usse 
1  robes,  and  the  well* 


IN  AMERICA. 


it 


■juiaJiiitliJJiilJii 


WW 


known  picture  of  tiie  First  Consul  on  horseback,  croesmg 
the  Mm.  I  folt  an  cmoUon,  which  I  will  not  attempt  to 
describe,  when,  as  we  passed  round  the  room,  he  paused 
before  the  latter  picture,  and  drew  my  attratiwi  toi^ 
remarking  that  ft  was  the  origujal  by  D*«"J-  .^he 
cabinet  of  statutes  and  mosaics  is  also  very  fine,  and  Uie 
rollecUon  altogether  by  far  the  best  ?n  Amenca.  Mm 
excellency  occasionally  mUes  in  society  both  at  rnew 
York  and  PhUadelphia,  and  talks  without  reserve  of  bu 
former  situation.  "  Quand  j'  estais  roi  d'  .£»?»«»•, 
"  Dans  mos  belles  afl&ures,"  arc  occasionaUy  mtroduced 
in  his  conversation.  By  his  advice  I  subsequenUy 
mounted  the  observatory  in  his  grounds.  Thence  1  en- 
iovedavery  fine  view  of  the  coimtry  on  the  opposite 
side  of  the  DeUware,  whose  brood  and  tranqml  stream 
was  flowing  beneath  me ;  on  the  left,  tto  nver  seemed  to 
lose  itselftunong  the  distant  woods  of  Penns^^lvama ;  an 
the  right,  at  aAstaaoe  of  about  six  mUes,  is  TVenton, 
made  notorious  by  the  darin«  pwHMge  of  the  peUwure, 
and  the  subsequent  defeat  and  culture,  of  a  body  of  I*i8- 
sians,  by  General  Washington,  on  the  mght  of  the  asth 
of  Deoember,  1776,  during  a  violent  storm,  and  when 
the  danger  ef  the  revolutionists  was  at  »ts  cnsis. 

BordMitown  is  ahMit  twenty.aix  miles  from  Philadrt- 
phia.  The  next  day  I  proceeded  to  *hatc^  ma  etewn- 
boat,  which  stopped  for  passengers  at  every  considsfabie 
village  on  the  wdl-wooded,  but  flat  «nd  uninteresting 
b«£  of  the  river.  At  length  Philadelphia  makes  its 
appearmoe,  str«t^inff  for  nearly  three  miles  ^ong  the 
western  ride  of  a  bend  or  an«^  of  the  river.  This  wew 
is  certainly  a  fine  one,  but  it  woidd  *e  roiich  unproved 
by  the  uoearance  of  a  few  more  steeples  or  k>%  struc- 
tures. tVom  the  water  two  or  three  only  are  visible 
above  this  immense  assemblage  of  red  houses ;  and  yet 
tlie  citv  contains  nine  episcopal  churches,  agreat&iun- 
ber  of 'public  buildings,  and  charitoble  institntwnB  with- 
out eaa.  .  ^, 

Great  attention  is  paid  to  the  e4uoatKn  of  the  poorer 
classes:  the  constitution  of  PeKnsyhmma  deolamtg, 
"  That  the  legislctore  sbidl,  as  soon  as  oonveni^t,  pro- 
vide by  law  for  the  establishment  of  schools,  m  such 
maimer  tuat  the  pow  may  be  odueaiod  without  acpense." 
VWtadelphia  has  been  oOen  desoribsd.  The  etra^ 
cross  each  othw  at  right  angles :  thoss  raiu^  P"?^ 
wi^  llw  river  are  numbered,  second,  thisd,  fourth,  *c. : 
the  «(lieis  usually  bear  the  naiuc  of  some  fruit  or  tree. 


aiiijiiniiiii';>iilii» 


I  tb       I  i^'Mi 


12 


SIX   MOWTHS 


The  word  street  is  usually  omitted :  in  describing  the 
way,  a  person  would  tell  you  that  the  place  you  were 
looking  for  was  in  Walnut,  bcldw  fifth ;  Sassafras,  above 
second;  Mulberry,  between  seventh  and  eighth,  &.c. 
These  streets  run  over  a  distance  of  two  miles,  from  the 
Delaware  to  the  Schuylkill  river,  which  enters  the  Dela- 
ware about  seven  miles  to  the  south  of  Philadelphia. 
The  Ban!(  of  Pennsylvania  is  a  small  building,  but  ele- 
gantly designed  from  the  Temple  of  the  Muses,  on  the 
lUyssus,  near  Athens. 

The  now  Mint  of  the  United  States  was  unfinished, 
but  promised  to  be  a  chaste  and  beautifiil  building,  on  a 
larger  scale  from  the  same  model.  On  the  4th  of  July, 
1776,  the  Declaration  of  Independence  was  signed,  and 
afterwards  read  from  the  steps  of  the  State-house,  where 
the  state  courts  of  justice  are  now  held.  The  room  in 
which  this  took  place  had  been  fitted  up  for  La  Fayette 
in  1834,  as  the  most  appropriate  place  for  Icveo  tenure ; 
but  when  I  saw  it,  it  was  occupied  by  workmen,  who 
had  instructions  to  replace  every  thing  as  it  was  when 
it  acquired  its  present  reputation. 

The  Academy  of  Fine  Arts  much  exceeded  my  ex- 
pectations. Although  the  most  conspicuous  pictures 
were  those  of  American  academicians,  yet  here  and 
there  the  eye  was  attracted  by  a  Vandyke,  a  Rubens,  a 
Guercino,  and  a  Salvator  Rosa,  or  some  good  copies 
from  them.  There  were  a  few  landscapes  by  Ruysdael, 
and  a  fine  Murillo :  the  subject  was  the  Roman  daugh- 
ter. The  productions  from  the  English  school,  were 
portraits  of  John  H.  Powell,  'Esq.  by  Sir  Thomas  Law- 
rence, of  John  Kemble,  W  Sir  M.  A.  Shee,  and  another 
of  Dugald  Stuart,  by  Sir  H.  Raeburn.  Any  person  cot). 
versant  with  the  pictures  of  this  latter  artist,  would  have 
recognised  this,  by  the  usual  green  colouring  in  the 
back-ground.  There  were  five  admirable  portraits  by 
Mr.  Stewart,  the  American  artist,  of  the  Presidents, 
Washington,  Adams,  Jefferson,  Madison,  and  Monroe. 
The  best  fiill-loigth  portrait  of  Washington  is  that  in 
the  FauiMuil  Hall  at  Boston ;  but  as  a  half-lengtli  this  is, 
I  believe,  considered  the  original.  They  were  oil  r»- 
markabl«  for  their  easy  and  unsophisticated  attitudM* 
Mr.  StMvart  has  been  dead  about  five  years.  _  Mr.  'Hmi^ 
dinge  hat  also  very  great  merit  as  a  portrait  pnutar  ; 
bnt  Mr.  Sully  has  the  reputation  of  being  tiw  first  in 
America.  A  portrait  of  Sir  Thomas  Lawrence,  by  that 
genUeman,  is  a  most  sucoeisful  imitation  of  the  s^le  of 


•I  rmrm  miUitmMmlii^ 


!d :  in  describing  the 
it  the  place  you  were 

fifth ;  SassairaB,  above 
!nth  and  eighth,  &c. 
af  two  miles,  from  the 
vhich  enters  the  Dela- 
Mjuth  of  Philadclpliia. 
nail  building,  but  ele- 

of  the  Muses,  on  the 

States  was  unfinished, 
uautiful  building,  on  a 
On  the  4th  of  July, 
lence  was  signed,  and 
the  State-house,  where 
V  held.  The  room  in 
tted  up  for  La  Fayette 
place  for  Icvco  tenure ; 
lied  by  workmen,  who 
thing  as  it  waa  when 

luch  exceeded  my  cz- 
conspicuouB  pictures 
nicians,  yet  here  and 
Vandyke,  a  Rubena,  a 
or  some  good  copies 
ndscapes  by  Ruysdael, 
ras  the  Roman  daugh- 
English  school,  were 
.  by  Sir  Thomas  Law- 
[.  A.  Shee,  and  another 
urn.  Any  person  coin 
attei  artist,  would  have 
^reen  colouring  in  the 
admirable  portrait*  by 
ist,  of  the  Presidents, 
Madison,  and  Monroe. 
Washington  is  that  in 
as  a  half-length  this  ia, 
al.  Thej  were  oU  r»> 
sophisticated  attitudef. 
:  five  yean.  Mr.  Htr^ 
as  a  portrait  piuitsr  ; 
n  of  being  the  ftrst  in 
imas  Lawrence,  by  that 
nutation  of  the  s^le  of 


IM   AHEBICA. 


.|Pl|pfip44^- 


13 


the  late  president.    He  exhibited  also  an  e/cjHcnt  JJf '- 
U-nirth  iKjrtrait  of  General  La  Fayette;  and  Mr.  Inman, 
a  "cCcdy  irferior  artist,  is  at  present  employed  m  pa.jrt- 
Z  a^orf^er,  of  Mr.  Pemi,  which  wil  occupy  a  place  l^ 
ride  The  General  in  the  Hall  of  Inaependence.     I  .J» 
oCrved  a  composiUon-landscape,  by  Mr.  Fwher,  wtaA 
had  very  great  merit.    It  was  wcU  remarked  in  the  pre- 
fa^  to  Sif  catalogue,  that  so  many  of  the  pictures  did 
noTneed  indulgence,  in  comparison  with  that  which  had 
heretofore  been  cheerfiiUy,  and  with  Ju«f««.  po"'^''*^*'' 
them     This  was  very  true  of  a  large  proportion  of  them, 
but  wme  nevertheless,  needed  it  not  a  litUe ;  and  m  fact 
JadrbJ^bess  there.     It  ia  a  pity  that  the  Amencans 
do  not  take  warning  by  the  constant  ""'"'y.  ^"^^  ~f 
many  years  has  been  jusUy  '""^^  "gainjrt  the  ^^arai  of 
Dortraits  that  annually  cluster  on  the  waUs  of  Somerset 
&     They  might  weU  devote  more  of  their  time  arid 
E  to  historic  J  painting.    With  the  excepUon  of  Ih^j 
"  Sortie  from  Gibraltar,"  by  Colonel  Trumbull,  and  an- 
other very  indifferent  picture,  there  w?"*'  ^  "»™\  °° 
historical  pieces  in  the   rtK,m  appropriated  to  modert 
events.    The  Americans  cannot  plead  a  want  of  au^ 
S :  the  revolution  ia  not  half  illustrated ;  beaidea,  they 
may  depend  upon  it,  portrait  paintmg  w  a  very  jmrto- 
cratical  thing  Sfter  all,  and  should  not  be  generaUy  en- 
couraged,  on  that  account    I"  "'""'I'S  °T«' *J\*"H! 
of  aTodem  exhibition-room,  the  eye  is  ^^t'^jed  ^y  .te 
endeavours  to  avoid  an  encounter  with  the  features  of 
individuals  in  a  new  character,  to  which  many  of  them 
never  had  the  aUghtest  pretensions,  except  upon  canvass. 
^  water-wor\s  on  the  SchuylkiU  are  probaWy  Oie 
fineat  in  the  world:  they  can  acarcely  be  VrtMedtoo 
highly  for  beauty  of  design,  simpUcity  of  «>™t™^"»' 
M,d  Veal  naefnlieas.    A  dam,  sixteen  hundred  feet  m 
Stth!  U  thrown  acroaa  the  river,  by  which  the  stream 
ia  Wked  up  for  aeveral  miles,  and jm  enormoua  wato^ 
4^r  thua  created.    The  aoUd  rock  has  been  exc«,^ 
m  order  to  obtain  what  ia  termed  a  race ;  and  by  means 
of  huge  double  forcing  pumps,  worked  bv  immense 
wheelTthe  water  ia  thrown  up  into  an  «?pfe  je'«'T«f  * 
fiftv-rix  feet  above  the  highest  ground  m  the  city.    It  is 
SSeTthat  each  whLl  and  pump  could  rajse  one 
nSttion  two  hundred  and  fifty  thousMid  gallons  » twenjgr. 
^hours,  if  allowed  to  play  without  mternuseion.    The 
riSi^d  in  the  nefghWhood  of  the  water-work. 
3^  the  beat  and  nearest  general  view  of  the  city. 
3 


i&tfttbr— < 


jir  •  .'.'I'liiWi 


14 


SIX    UOKTII8 


Thenco  I  vwitod  tlio  botanical  gardens  of  Mr.  Pratt,  con- 
taiiung  a  very  fine  orangery,  and  a  choice  collection  of 
czoUcs,  and  deliglitfully  situated  on  tlie  eoat  side  of  the 
Hchuylkill,  wliich  spreads  out  to  a  great  extent  inimcdi. 
ately  beneath  them,  witli  banks  wooded  to  tlic  water's 
edge.  In  a  very  few  years  this  fine  scene  is  destined  to 
be  unnatured.  By  this  time  a  rnil-road  is  commenced, 
wluch  will  run  from  Philadelphia  to  Columbia,  a  distance 
of  e|ghty.two  miles :  it  will  Uiere  join  tlie  groat  Pennsyl- 
vama  canal,  which  has  been  finished  nearly  all  Uie  way 
from  the  eastern  side  of  the  Alleghany  mountains.  In 
order  to  pass  these,  a  rail-road  on  inclined  planes,  will 
bo  constructed ;  by  which  the  rich  mineral  productions 
on  the  western  slope  of  the  mountains,  consisting  chiefly 
of  iron  and  bituminous  coal  of  the  finest  quality,  will  bo 
quickly  forwarded  to  PhUadelphia  in  any  quantity.  The 
greatest  height  of  the  Alleghany  mountains  in  Pennsyl- 
vama,  is  Uurteen  hundred  feet  The  rail-road  I  have 
mentioned,  will  pass  at  a  short  distance  from  the  water- 
works; and  therefore,  in  all  probability,  no  very  lonji 
period  will  elapse  before  the  vicinity  will  become  a  coal- 
yard. 

The  porcelain  manufactory  is  not  far  off.  I  was  told 
that  the  material  was  little  inferior  to  tliat  of  Sevres,  but 
I  found  the  paintin«[  indifferent.  French  China  is  still 
preferred,  and  superiority  cannot  yet  be  expected  in  this 
department. 

fo  my  way  back  to  the  city,  I  visited  tlie  Penitentiary 
of  Pennsylvania.  TTus  is  the  most  extensive  building  on 
the  United  States.  The  front  is  670  feet  in  length—very 
handsome,  and  bearing  a  baronial  and  gloomy  appear- 
ance, in  the  style  of  our  old  English  castles.  Its  area  is 
a  square,  with  a  tower  at  each  angle  of  the  prison  wall. 
It  is  intended  that  eight  corridors  should  radiate  from  an 
observatory  in  the  centre  of  tlie  area,  but  only  tliree  aie 
m  use  at  present.  These  contain  the  colls,  and  com- 
mand  a  flee  circulation  of  air,  and  a  plentiful  supply  of 
water.  The  only  punishment  adopted,  is  solitary  con- 
finement  This  Penitentiary  is  too  young  an  establish- 
ment to  afford  a  perfect  confidence  in  tlie  opinions  of 
those  who  are  favourable  to  its  system.  TTie  reports  tl 
Uio  inspectors  are,  however,  extremely  cncouraginir. 
The  first  and  present  warder  (Mr.  Samuel  R.  Woo^ 
was  only  appomted  in  June,  1829.  This  gentlemaa, 
who  IS  well  known  as  a  kind  of  second  Howard  in  his 
way,  has  visited  many  of    the    principal  priaona  in. 


M. 


■W* V lil'llWlW 


■  JMJiiBliiii 


IN    AMERICA. 


16 


8  of  Mr.  Pratt,  con- 
clioico  collection  of 
lie  east  side  of  Uie 
;at  extent  inimodi- 
(led  to  t]ic  water's 
iceno  is  destined  to 
lad  is  commenced, 
olumbia,  a  distance 
tJie  great  Pcnnsyl. 
nearly  all  tlic  way 
ny  mountains.  In 
iclined  pianos,  will 
incral  productions 
,  consisting  chiefly 
est  quality,  will  l>o 
ny  quantity.  Tho 
ntains  in  Pcnnsyl- 
0  rail-rood  I  have 
ce  from  tho  water- 
lity,  no  very  loiiff 
viu  become  a  coal- 

ir  off.  I  was  told 
tlut  of  Sevres,  but 
inch  Chbia  is  still 
^  expected  in  this 

d  tlie  Penitentiary 
tensive  building'  Jn 
Bt  in  length — very 
id  gloomy  appeor- 
istles.  Its  area  is 
)f  the  prison  wall. 
Id  radiate  from  an 
but  only  throe  ore 
e  cells,  and  com- 
tlentiiul  supply  of 
1,  is  solitai^  con- 
vmg  an  establish, 
n  tlie  opinions  of 
The  reports  of 
ely  cncourafing. 
iamuel  R.  Wood) 
This  gentlsdMB, 
d  Howard  in  hia 
tcipal  priaona  in. 


Europe ;  and  now  finds  employment  for  his  talents  and 
his  humanity  in,  I  believe,  his  native  city.     Every  crmic 
cdmmitted  in  the  state  of  Pennsylvania,  on  tins  side  ot 
the  Alleghany  mountains,  tliat  is  punishable  by  imprison- 
ment at  all  for  tlie  space  of  one  year  or  more,  w  to  bo 
expiated  by  solitory  confinement  witliin  this  Peniten- 
tiary.   That  at  PitUburg,  on  the  Ohio,  receives   •     ne 
whoso  crimes   arc  committed  on  the  western  su      ol 
the  Alleghany.     Every  prisoner  is  allowed  to  woi.v  at 
his  trade  ;  or  if  he  have  none,  or  one  that  he  cannot  fol- 
low in  his  cell,  he  is  allowed  to  choose  one,  and  is  in- 
structcd  by  one  of  the  overseers,  who  ore  all  masters  of 
different  trades.    Mr.  Wood,  in  his  last  report,  gives  it 
as  his  opinion,  that  a  prisoner  who  has  two  years  or  up. 
wards  to  remain  in  prison,  can,  in  his  solitary  cell,  earn 
sufficient  to  clear  all  liis  expenses  from  his  admission  tiU 
his  discharge.     The  Philadelphia  system  differs  from 
that  at  Sing-sing,  in  the  state  of  New  York.    At  Sing- 
sing,  tho  pruonors  are  brought  out  to  work  together,  but 
are  not  allowed  to  speak  to  each  other.    At  Philadelphia 
they  nerer  work  together ;  and  from  the  time  of  hi*  ad- 
mission,  one  prisoner  never  sees,  or  speaks  with  another. 
My  English  ideas  were  not  a  little  startled  at  first,  when 
I  found  that  high  treason  is  expiable  by  solitary  confine- 
ment  for  not  less  than  three,  nor  more  than  six  years; 
and  that  the  punishment  for  the  second  offence  was  too- 
tary  confinement  for  ten  ye.rs.    Treason  against  the 
state  of  Pennsylvania  is  here  aUuded  to.    By  the  artictoe 
of  the  constitution,  treason  against  the  United  Statu 
ehall  consist  only  in  levying  war  against  them  j  or  in  ad- 
hering  to  their  enemies,  giving  them  aid  and  comfort 
No  person  shall  be  convicted  of  treason,  unless  on  the 
testimony  of  two  witnesses  to  the  same  overt  act,  or  on 
confession  in  open  court    Congress  shall  have  power  to 
declare  the  punishment  of  treason,  but  no  attamder  ot 
treason,  shall  work  cor.uption  of  blood  or  forfeiture,  ex- 
cept durinr  the  life  of  tlie  person  attainted.    TreMon 
against  the  United  States  is  a  capital  offence.    Murder 
in  the  second  degree,  that  is,  murder  committed  in  a 
feodden  quarrel,  but  without  malice  prepense,  is  punished 
by  solitary  confinement  at  labour  for  tliree,  and  not 
more  than  six  years;  for  the  second  offence,  for  a  period 
not  exceeding  ten  years.    The  punishment  for  burglary 
ia  solitary  confinement  for  not  less  than  two,  nor  more 
than  ten  years ;  for  the  second  offence,  for  a  period  not 
UGMding  fifteen  years.    For  robbery,  or  being  accessary 


itiHi»sfi«!!s±i!a~ 


16 


SIX  Hornns 


thereto  before  the  fact,  the  period  ia  for  not  lens  than 
one,  nor  more  than  seven  years ;  for  the  second  offence, 
for  a  period  not  exceeding  twelve  years.  Mayhem,  kid- 
napping,  horsestealing,  perjury,  &e.  are  all  punished  by 
solitary  confinement  for  different  periods.  Almost  every 
■pecies  of  forgery,  or  aiding,  abetting,  or  commanding 
the  perpetration  of  a  forgery,  whether  it  be  of  the  coin 
of  the  state,  or  have  reference  to  the  sale,  utterance  or 
delivery,  or  having  in  possession  the  metallic  plate  used 
>n  the  forging  of  any  note  of  any  bank  incorporated  in 
the  state  of  Pennsylvania ;  or  forging,  defacing,  corrupt- 
ing, or  embezzling  any  charters,  gifls,  grants,  bonds, 
°'K  wiHn  conveyances,  or  contracts;  or  defacing,  or 
falsifying  any  enrolment,  registry,  or  record  j  or  forging 
any  entir  of  the  acknowledgment,  certificate,  or  endorse- 
ment, whereby  the  freehold  or  inheritance  of  any  person 
or  persons  may  bo  charged ;  or  of  counterfeiting  the 
■and  or  seal  or  another  with  intent  to  defraud ;  or  the 
pnvy  or  great  seal  of  the  state  of  Pennsylvania,  is  pun- 
ished with  solitary  confinement  for  a  period  of  not  less 
than  one,  nor  more  than  seven  years ;  and  for  tiie  second 
oiFence,  for  a  period  not  exceeding  ten  years.  It  is  ex- 
pected that  few  offenders  will  run  the  risk  of  solitary 
confinement  for  a  second  timet 

When  first  received,  tha  prisoner  is  left  alone,  and  it 
■eldom  happens  that  he  does  not  ask  for  a  Bible,  and 
work,  after  the  lapse  of  a  few  hours.  A  Bible  and  a 
few  other  religious  books  are  allowed  him.  In  a  few 
days  the  withdrawal  of  his  employment  is  folt,  and 
.adopted  as  a  punishment,  with  the  most  obstinate  and 
bftcdened.  The  chaplain  occasionally  visits  the  prison- 
ers, and  on  Sundays  ho  takes  a  station  whence  the 
words  of  prayer  and  exhortation  can  be  heard  by  eve- 
ry prisoner  in  his  cell,  as  they  echo  along  the  vaulted 
roof  of  the  corridor. 

If  any  punishment  can  be  said  to  be  dignified,  that 
of  solitary  confinement  has  a  claim  to  that  epithet. 
Justice  to  society  is  nobly  done,  not  only  in  the  remo- 
val of  the  prisoner  in  the  first  instance,  but,  secondly, 
by  enabling  him  to  return,  as  it  were,  to  the  world,  a 
wiser  and  a  better  man.  The  end  of  solitary  confine: 
ment  is  the  reformation  of  the  criminal,  by  obliging 
him  to  think  who  never  thought  before.  If  reflection 
can  be  awakened,  and  conscience  can  obtain  a  hear, 
log,  it«  advonUges  will  be  readily  acknowledged.  Tbo 


IN    AMEItlCA. 


17 


ia  for  not  Iom  than 
ir  the  second  offfincc, 
cars.  Mayhem,  kid- 
ore  all  punished  by 
riods.  Almost  every 
ing,  or  commanding 
her  it  be  of  the  coin 
he  Mile,  utterance  or 
le  metallic  plate  tiBcd 
bank  incorporated  in 
ig,  defacing,  corrupt- 
gifts,  grants,  bonds, 
xsta;  or  defacing,  or 
sr  record ;  or  forging 
ertificate,  or  endorse- 
ritance  of  any  person 
if  counterfeiting  the 
it  to  defraud ;  or  the 
Pennsylvania,  is  pun- 
a  period  of  not  less 
I ;  and  for  the  second 
ten  years.  It  is  ex- 
i  the  risk  of  solitary 

r  is  left  alone,  and  it 
ask  for  a  Bible,  and 
urs.  A  Bible  and  a 
wed  him.  In  a  few 
oyment  ia  Mt,  and 
3  most  obstinate  and 
illy  visits  the  prison- 
station  whence  tho 
an  be  heard  by  eve- 
0  along  the  vaulted 

to  be  dignified,  that 
lim  to  that  epithet. 
It  only  in  tho  remo'- 
lance,  but,  secondly, 
ere,  to  the  world,  a 
of  aolitary  confine- 
riminal,  by  obliging 
afore.  If  refleotion 
can  obtain  a  hear, 
icknowledged.  Tho 


DriMner  ia  forced  to  commune  with  hn  own  •oul;  the 
all-DOwerful  voice  of  ridicule  is  absent  and  unheard , 
remorse  is  not  stifled,  and  penitence  is  not  pat  to 
flight,  by  the  sneers  of  a  dissolute  companion :  with 
no  one  to  admire,  and  applaud  his  resolution  to  be 
"game"— to  submit,  is  the  only  alternative. 

In  England  the  system  could  not,  generally,  I  think, 
succeed.    The  effect  of  solitary  confinement  might  be 
fhe  same  on  the  moral  character  of  the  P"*"""'- ^ut 
unless  something  like  a  Ver^anent  mean,  of  getting  a 
livelihood  be  secured  to  him,  after  his  removal  from  the 
prison,  the  principal  and  best  object  of  the  punishment 
w"uld  not  be  obtained.    This  would  be  extremely  dif- 
ficuU  in  a  country  of  small  extent,  with  a  superabun- 
Sant  population,  and  a  supply  of  labour  far  !X~«dln« 
the   demand.    The  regenerated   offender  might,  per- 
haps  contri;o  to  avoid  observation;. but  if  necewity 
JompXd  him  tofcbour  for  bis  .-b-i.tence,  it  «  pro, 
bab  e  that  he  would  ndl  find  employment ;  and  thene- 
cessary  consequence  would  be,  that  all  his  good  IMO- 
lutions  would  vanish  at  the  approach  of  wmf. 
J    No  country  is  so  well  adapted  for  the  «PT""«"' " 
*the  United  States  of  America,    Enterprise  "'^^''»f^ 
in  every  direction,  and  labour  is  well  paid.    When  the 
^r'od  of  confinement  is  at  an  end,  tfce  "'"»"»>  ^^y 
wander  to  any  corner  of  that  vast  cont.nent,-and  go 
where  ho  will,  the  wages  of  industry  are  always  at 
hii  command. '  He  is  in^ittle  fear  of  fieing  recognized 
by  hTfellow-prisoners,  because  no  prisoner  is  avowed 
to^ee  another.   His  former  associates  «"  "'^  "^tha't 
Dcrsed  or  in  prison,  or  in  the  grave ;  and  the  hope  that 
SScdhim  in  his  cell  is  realised,  by  the  facihly  of 
Kng  a  new  character,  and  friends  who  "e '«•»«>'•"» 
of  h  s  «ime.    It  should  be  adde.l  to  this  notice  of  the 
PeSntiwy.that  every  cell  opens  into  a  «m»ll  paved 
^S^^in  which  tlTe  prisoner  can  t'J'^  ««["»! 'J?^ 
ArttSe  system  has  not  been  found  prejudicial  to  health 
„f  mind  or  bodv.  as  had  been  anUcipated. 
°^"St^d  a«seum  at  Philadelphia,  which  ,.  «dto 
1-.  the  h^  in  the  United  States.    It  contams  a  skeleton 

trMdth ;  and  weighing  more  than  8000  lbs.    in  uie  g.. 
9» 


'twwyB.riiiJIiJii'./y: 


mmh^ 


18 


SIX    MONTHS 


Icrv  arc  arranged  a  number  of  portrait*,  chiefly  of  diiitin- 
giiislMid  Aiiiericong,  wliioli  are  Haid  to  be  ailinirablc  like- 
ncHici ;  but  certainly  not  valuable  08  pnintini^ii.  I  waa 
much  better  ploa8ed  oltoffether  with  tlie  niUHcuiii  lN.-Ionfr. 
inj;  to  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences.  It  in  uiueh 
Rmoller  than  the  otlier,  but  for  more  Hcientilicolly  or- 
ran)[;e<l. 

The  dock-yard  at  Philadelphia  contained,  when  I 
viaitod  it,  a  Hixty-|^n  fri^rate,  nearly  finiNlu^d,  and  tho 
PennRvlvanio,  a  four  decker,  with  a  round  Htern,  oIho  In 
an  unnniHhed  Htate,  and  deittined  to  carry  one  hundred 
and  forty-four  guna.  This  cnorniouH  vcmhcI  is  two  hun- 
dred and  twenty  icct  in  Icnj^,  and  fdly-eig[ht  acrosH  tliu 
main  beam.  Her  timbcrii  seemed  lif^ht  in  proportion  to 
her  immonso  size;  they  certainly  do  not  ap|iear  to  be 
thicker  than  an  ordinary  British  seventy-four.  The 
groat  strength  of  tho  kiicos,  hcwercr,  is  said  to  com- 
2onMo  for  tho  apparent  weaknoffnif  her  other  timbers. 
There  wore  no  workmen  employed  upon  her,  and  salt- 
petre waa  strewed  over  her  whatever  it  would  lie.  She 
diflii'larffor  than  tho  old  Santisairaa  Trinidad,  destroyed  at 
.'  TrafiUgar ;  but  not  so  large  as  a  Turkish  ship  of  tlie  line, 
launched,  I  believe,  since  the  battle  of  Navarino.  AH 
the  guns  of  tho  Pennsylvania  will  bo  thirty-two  pound 
corronadea  on  tho  spar-deck,  and  long  guns  on  tho 
othora.  Horancbor  weighs  more  tlion  11,000  lbs.  With 
auch  a  tremcndoua  weight  (^f  metal,  it  is  probable  tliat 
aho  would  not  be  able  to  stand  the  wear  and  tear  of  tho 
long  blockades  in  which  many  of  our  ahipa  wore  em- 
ployed during  the  war. 

Tho  timber  of  the  live-oak,  ao  called  from  its  being  op 
evergreen,  is  auppoaed  to  be  imperishable.  This  tree 
grows  almost  exclusively  in  tho  southern  states  ;  but  ia 
annually  becoming  more  acareo  and  valuable,  oa  the  ex- 
treme alownesa  of  ita  growth  cannot  keep  pace  with  the 
demand :  the  Americans  will  probably  nnd  thcmselvea 
obliged  to  plant  it,  before  anotlier  quarter  of  a  century 
haa  elapaed. 

The  following  treatment  of  the  different  kinda  of  tim- 
ber uaed  in  tho  American  navy  ia  recommended  in  the 
report  of  tho  aecretary  of  the  navy  for  1889.  Live-oak 
ahould  be  immersed  for  twelve  montlis  in  water,  then 
taken  up  and  placed  under  cover  to  protect  it  againat 
son,  rain,  anj|  high  winda.  Ita  immeraion  ia  recom- 
mended by  the  fact  that  it  rendera  it  lesa  liable  to  s^t 


^^-...., 


MtviiiiiiiiMriifiM 


rJli'itifciiii 


aitR,  chiefly  of  diiitin- 
to  bo  adniirablo  like- 
an  paintinjfR.  I  was 
thii  iiiuMciiiii  )>(.'lonff> 
;ii'ncc8.  It  iti  much 
oru  Nuiuntiticolly  or- 

contained,  when  I 
■ly  finislii'd,  and  tho 

rnuiid  Ntcrn,  also  in 
>  carry  one  liinidrcd 
iiH  vcttMcl  is  two  liiin. 
fitVy-cifrlit  acroHH  tlio 
ij^lit  in  proportion  to 
lo  not  ap|)oar  to  bo 

Bcvcnty.four.  Tlio 
rer,  ia  said  to  com- 
i^  her  other  tinibora. 

upon  lior,  and  salt- 
3r  It  would  lie.  She 
rinidad,  destroyed  at 
rliish  Bhip  of  tlio  line, 
lo  of  Navarino.  All 
bo  thirty-two  pound 

long  fi^uns  on  the 
on  11,000  lbs.  With 
1,  it  ia  probable  tlmt 
nroar  and  tear  of  the 
our  ships  wore  em- 

ed  from  its  being  op 
irishablc.  This  tree 
ithcrn  states  ;  but  is 
I  valuable,  as  tho  cz- 
t  keep  pace  with  the 
ibly  nnd  themselves 
luartcr  of  a  century 


IN   AMBBICA. 


10 


iTerent  kinds  of  tiin> 
ccommcndcd  in  the 
for  1899.  Live-oak 
ntlis  in  water,  then 
o  protect  it  agMqat 
mmersion  is  recom- 
it  less  liable  to  split 


Whito.onk,  which  is  inferior  to  the  British  wh  to  or 
m^vTX»ho.Ud  ho  docked  about  eighteen  months  m 
freHf/ or  two  years  in  saltwater;  then  taken  up  am 
lawcd  into  sucl.  Bi7^s  as  may  bo  required,  tlien  placed 
mir  cover  for  ateut  two  or  tl»roo  yearB.  Ye  low  p  no 
should  Ik.  docked  nteut  twelve  month;;  f'.""  ^akcn  up. 
"Sn^a  covered  for  two  years.  Mast  timber  should 
1«  in  nersod  and  covered  in  mud  tdl  wanted  for  use. 
Si  tiXought  to  be  cut  when  Uje  greatest  portion  o^ 
»ai  H^n  circdation,  at  some  time  from  the  hrst  of  No- 
rmlK.  to  the  end  of  February;  it  should  then  te  im- 
mertd  \n  water,  and  never  taken  out  but  eaHjr  mjho 
surinir  •  and  it  was  given  as  an  opmlon,  that  it  all  umncr 
"mderwcnt  this  pro^'cess,  the  ships  might  lost  double  the 

'tSt^tuTt'pSSpal  theatres,  but  did  not^thi^^^ 

Ti!^i  or^x'SoTr:r  fird  '^.^ 

New  York.     1  »1^Xv  of  which  I  forget  the  name. 

little  inferior  to  his  comedy. 

Tho  United  States'  bank 'at  Philadelphia  is  a  heautifiJ 
h„nd^?,^  being  a  copy  from  tho  Parthenon,  with  such 
SaUons  M  were  absolutely  indispensable  m  order  to 
alterations  as  wt.  of  business.    It  ha«  no  sido 

Smn^  •  but  A^^^o  is  a  splendid  specimen  of  the 
d^The  Ionic  piUars  in  Uie  interior,  were  brought 
i^  f .  uT  The  orescnt  United  States'  bank,  was  to- 
'"""  J?.J"bvTct  o?C^s  on  tho  10th  .f  April.  1816, 

S^lC^TvKrSJSS  shares  ^of  100 

^^-KL^'Stgonof^^^^^^^ 

p«  „.  ^t^f. '°'5»;«~™^5^^r^\rGene"«l  Was^ 

r^--^Erto«t-lvrth"?ugh  „.  e^actly 
S 


»# 


20 


SIX    MONTIII 


by  thoHo  iiaiiir*,  in  1787.     In  1790,  Mr.  Hamilton,  the 
wcretary  of  the  trciiHury,  iiiado  liis  criebrak-d  report  on 
the  (tato  of  thu  public  dobts  contractud  during  tlic  revo- 
lutionary war.     Ho  proponed  tliat  tliu  dobta  o»  the  conti- 
nental  conf^ruiia,  and  tlioHc  incurri  d  by  the  statcH  indi- 
vidually, Hhoul<l  bo  funded  by  the  (reiioral  (fovcrnmcnt, 
and  that  tho  intere<it  Hhould  be  pnid  by  taxvH  on  artiolea 
of  luxury,  and  on  ardent  Bpirits.    Tln»,  it  wan  Uiou^ht, 
would  give  too  much  power  to  tho  federal  Kovorninent, 
in  opposition  to  the  rights  of  tho  Rtiites  separately  conai. 
dered ;  and  it  was  on  account  of  tJieir  conflicting  opinions 
rospccting  this  fedornl  incaiiure,  tlint  the  two  |iartio»  who 
supported  or  oppoHed  tho  new  constitution,  first  acquired 
the  names  of  federalist  and  democrat.     Their  first  dif- 
ferences  under  •these   appellations,  were   on  tho  bank 
question,  which  afterwardtt  became,  and  is  now  to  a  cer- 
tain extent,  a  test  of  (wliticol  principle.     ItH  establiah- 
ment  hod  Ijcen  opjmscd  on  constitutianal  grounds  by  Mr. 
Jeiferson  and  Mr.  Madison ;  by  tlio  former  in  the  execu- 
tive cabinet,  and  by  the  latter  in  congress,  and  both  di«> 
tinguishod  democrats.      It  was  asserted    that  congress 
had  no  power  to  create  corporations.     Tho  federalist 
was  In  favour  of  a  liberal  construction  of  the  articles  of* 
tho  constitution,  and  an  extension  of  the  powers  thereby 
vested  in  the  federal  assembly  or  congress  of  tho  United 
States,  in  opposition  to  what  are  termed  state  rights,  or 
liowors  clauncd  soporaU-ly  by  the  stotes  in  their  indi- 
vidual capacity.      'Jlie  federalist  was  said  to  bo  friendly 
to  Great  Britain,  and  to  bo  indiflferont  to  the  principles 
of  the  French  revolution.     He  was  in  favour  of  the  alien 
law,  by  which  tlio  president  was  enabled  to  compel  sus- 
pected ibrei^ers  to  leave  the  country  ;  and  of  tho  sedi- 
tion law,  which  provided  for  the  prosecution  and  punish- 
ment of  false  and  malicious  accusations  against  the  pre- 
sident and  members  of  congress.     In  &ct,  these  nica- 
Burea  were  passed  by  congress  during  tho  administration 
of  John  Adams,  who  succeeded  General  Washington, 
and  was  the  second  and  last  of  the  federal  party  elected 
to  the  office  of  president    ^le  democrat  regarded  tfae 
principle!  of  the  federalist  aa  far  too  oristocraticol  for 
the  atmoe|riiere  of  America.    He  was  a  strict  interpreter 
o<  the  articles  of  the  constitution,  and  kept  a  carafbl 
watch,  lest  the  federal  government,  in  its  imited  eapaoitjr, 
■honld  usurp  anv  powers  which  he  oonaidered  aa  the 
rights  and  priviWea  of  individual  statee.      Under  the 
oTenrfaeloiiny  infliuaoe  cA'  the  democrat    priiudplep, 


"ii)»i>i«»%iii«rtmg|iiii<»»i  fin^wrttwiii  riTtf-tiiiiiriii 


1 


Mr.  Hamilton,  the 
celebrated  report  on 
:toil  (liirinff  the  rovo> 
V  dcbta  oi  the  conti- 

I  by  the  Btateii  indi- 
general  (government, 

b^  taxcH  on  articles 
'Ilia,  it  won  UiouKht, 
t'edurol  Kovcrnmont, 
to8  icparati'ly  consi- 
contlictin^  opinionf 
the  two  )Ntrties  who 
tution,  <ir«t  acquired 
at.  Their  firrt  dif- 
were  on  the  bank 
and  is  now  to  a  ccr- 
:iple.  ItH  uatablish- 
■lal  (rroiindH  by  Mr. 
brnier  in  the  execu- 
frrcHR,  and  both  diir> 
urted  that  coni^roM 
ma.  The  federaliat 
on  of  the  urticloa  of 
■  the  powers  thereby 
igrcM  of  the  United 
lied  state  rifrhts,  or 
states  in  their  indi- 
K  said  to  bo  friendly 
int  to  the  urinc'iptes 

II  favour  or  the  alien 
iblcd  to  compel  sua- 
y  ;  and  of  tho  sedi> 
ecution  and  punish- 
ons  against  the  pre- 
In  fact,  these  nica- 
^  the  administration 
sneral  Waahiufjton, 
.'dcral  party  elected 
loorat  reg&rded  tfae 
10  aristooratical  for 
I  a  strict  interprolar. 
and  kept  •  carefiil 
1  its  united  MpMitf  , 

oonsidered  m  toe 
•tatee.  Under  the 
mocrat    prindplem 


BBB8SiSt^.u^. 


IN    AHCRIUA. 


21 


which  have  been  on  the  increase  more  and  more  flrom 
tho  first  year  of  Mr.  Jefferson's  presidency,  the  federalist 
party  have  cx|)crienced  a  (jreat  decrease  in  n\unh«r,  and 
tlieir  principles  have  lost  much  of  their  riifidity-  'n  "i^'i 
the  two  parties  may  lie  sola  to  bo  nearly  extinct,  even  in 
name ;  the  terms  federalist  and  democrat  being  rarely 
mentioned  now.  . 

The  federalist  was  always  tho  enemy  of  universal  suf- 
frage.     He  was  for  imposing  a  sulwtontial  qualification 
on  every  voter  ;  on  the  principle  that  projwrty,  and  not 
persons,  should  be  represented.     In  Pennsylvania  for  in- 
stance,  tlie  right  of  suffrage  is  possessed  by  every  ftoc- 
mon  of  the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  who  has  resided  in 
tho  state  for  two  years  next  preceding,  and  who,  wiUiin 
that  time,  has  paid  a  sUte  or  county  tax,  assessed  at 
least  six  months  before  the  election;  and  a  poll  tax  of 
fifly  cenU  per  annum,  confers  tliis  right  upon  individuals 
who  are  not  in  circumstances  to  pay  anv  other.    That 
corruption  to  a  great  extent  is  ^nerated  by  this  system, 
is  admitted  on  all  hunds ;   it  is  obviously  a  matter  of 
course  that  it  should  be  so.    Even  in  democraflo  Ame- 
rica  there  are  to  be  founii  thousands  who.ri«dlly  ac 
knowledge  the  real  causes  of  their  proepcrity  to  be  »»^ 
titled  with  those  that  haTc  prevented  this  system  from 
figuring  in  its  real  colours ;  aiid  who  fVeely  admit  that 
it  proceeds  firom  a  comparative  exemption  from  taxes ; 
an  unbounded  extent  of  country ;  an  admirable  spirit  of 
enterprise ;  a  population  not  too  large,  and  a  consequent 
abundance  of  emp'        -it— not  (Vom  tho  existonce^of  a 
peculiar  political  I  ,«        ,\.     l 

But  to  return  to  u  .ubicct  of  the  United  States  bank. 
When  Mr.  Jefferson  and  the  democrats  came  into  power, 
tho  renewal  of  the  bank  charter  was  discusaed  as  a  party 
question.  At  this  period  excitement  woa  at  its  height  j 
and  the  fcderaliaU  made  themselves  so  conspicuous  by 
their  indiscriininating  opposition  to  those  measures  of 
commercial  restriction  adopted  by  tlie  democrats  in 
power,  against  Great  Britam,  in  compliance  with  tho 
policy  ofthe  new  French  government,  tliat  they  were 
oonsfdeied  by  a  large  proportion  of  tlie  American  naUon, 
M  the  apologista  for  the  conduct  of  a  country  already  re- 
carded  m  the  light  of  a  pubUc  enemy.  Yet  »uch  vtm 
Se  genertl  ophiion  of  the  good  that  had  been  dlffiised 
tbnmefaoat  the  Union  by  tho  bank,  that  the  ouestion  of 
Oei^al  of  ite  charter,  was  only  lost  by  the  carting 
TOto  of  the  president  of  the  senate,  and  by  one  vote  in 


88 


■IX    MUXTUI 


Urn  liouw  of  ri'pri'M'iitalivi'a.     In  Iimm  thnn  thrrr  ymirt 
after  tlin  iixpirutiiin  of  llic  chartur  in  |H||,  id,,  war  wltli 

<Jri'ttl  Britnlii  liaviriK  tiiken  plii<»  in  If nn  tiim-,  tlui 

flmuici'n  wcro  in  a  »tnUi  ol"  lunrrdilJn  i>nil»rriiwni«nl 
oiiil  tlw  ro-OHtnliliitjMnKUt  ot'  ffio  Unitrd  Mind  »'  luink  rt- 
onininuiuiud  liy  Mr.  Dnlliu,  who  wait  Uicn  «<croUry  to 
tlu!  Irciwury,  t,  .ivi  cj  llic  Hanrtion  of  .Mr.  Mailinon  j  and 
llw)  ntoamiru  imiuird  botli  liranchi«  ol"  nonirri-Hii  iliiring  tlio 
oactindancy  ol'  tliut  very  [tvty  wliitli  wu  |iri'vioii»ly  oi>- 
poaod  to  it. 

In  conaoqutinuo  of  ihr  non.ri'nuwnl  of  tlir  Imnk  rhartor, 
lutnk  credit  to  Uiu  amount  of  i5,(N)0,(l(H)  of  dolliini  wao 
witlidniwii  tVoiii  thu  |Miblic  Krvicc,  and  a  number  of 
local  bonkii  imiii<MliBt(<ly  iiiraiiK  uu, 

Fre«d  fl-om  Ui«  Hulutnry  control  of  tlio  United  8t«tea' 
bank,  tiioy  comniuncvd  a  lyatcm  of  linpnidt'nt  trading, 
and  cxccMivu  iMUUn,  which  ainxidilv  dinordurcd  th«  cur- 
r«iicy  of  the  country ;  and  notwitlwtatidinif  all  her  re. 
■oorMM,  and  all  tier  paUiotiam,  in  the  lost  year  of  the 
laat  war,  tho  Unit«id  Hutoa  were  on  the  wo  of  bonk, 
ruptcy,  aolnly  for  the  want  of  10010  national  institution 
that  would  have  awiated  the  exlmnciea  of  government, 
•nd  iupported  a  oirculatinf  mediuin  of  rcnoral  credit 
throughout  the  Union.  The  loae  of  tiie  United  Htatee 
during  the  three  year*  when  there  waa  no  bank,  waa  e«> 
timated  at  not  Iom  than  46,000,000  of  dollari,  luotoined 
escluaiveW  by  want  of  a  aound  currency  and  an  efficient 
•yatem  or  finance. 

The  United  Statot'  bank  haa  eaUbliihod  branch  banka 
at  twenty.two  of  thu  principal  commercial  citiea  of  the 
Union.  When  it  waa  <ir«t  openud  there  were,  aa  wo 
have  oeen,  but  two  parties  in  the  country,  both  acting 
from  motives  purely  patriotic.  The  number  is  now  in- 
creased,  and  interest  is  not  now,  as  it  was  tlien,  left  out 
of  the  queation.  Tho  bank  charter  does  not  expire  till 
1836  i  bqt  tho  aontiiiienta  of  the  president  on  tho  aubject 
of  its  renewal,  which  so  deeply  involves  tho  commercial 
happiness  of  the  Union,  cannot  but  bo  speculated  upon 
witli  peculiar  intoroHt,  oven  at  this  distance  of  time. 

It  is  said  that  General  Jackson  is  unfavourable  to  it* 
renewal.  In  his  message  of  1830  ho  expressed  an  o|4a> 
ion,  that  tho  bank  had  foiled  in  the  great  end  of  eatslM  ' 
lialiing  an  uniform  and  sound  currency.  This  is  anp. 
posed  to  have  reforenoe  merely  to  the  niroumataneo  pt 
the  bonk,  not  in  all  cosoh  redeeming  tlie  biUs  issoad  M  v 
^aqy  one  of  its  branches  indiscriminately  at  all  the  otlrtnt  V* 


■HHiilmi);li. 


;i 


II 

Iriw  tlinn  thfcp  yMrt 
in  IHII,  ttif  war  with 
I  ill  Itii^  iiii'iin  tiiiic,  tlio 
I'dililo  I'liilmrriiMiiioiil  i 
liiitcil  StnliV  Imiik  ri- 
wan  tlii'ii  Micn^Ury  to 
nt'  .Mr.  Mailinon  ;  and 
ot'coiiKrcMiduring  tlio 
iii'h  wan  pri'vioiiHly  o|k 

'nl  nf  tlir  Imiik  rharter, 
tOIMXNI  of  (lollura  wao 
ice,  and  a  number  of 

of  th«  United  Sutca* 
of  imprudent  trading, 
ilv  diaordurrd  tho  cur- 
tii«tandiii|(  all  bor  re- 
I  the  lost  year  of  tho 
on  the  eve  of  bank- 
e  national  inatitution 
enciea  of  government, 
luin  of  renoral  credit 
of  tiie  United  Slotet 
waa  no  bank,  waa  ea< 
0  of  doUari,  auatained 
renoy  and  an  eflioient 

ibliahod  branch  ■banka 
nmereial  citica  of  the 
d  there  were,  aa  wo 
country,  both  acting 
ie  number  ia  now  in. 
a  it  waa  then,  left  out 
?r  doea  not  expire  till 
csidcnt  on  the  aubject 
'olvca  tho  conunercial 
It  bo  apoculatud  upon 
diutanco  of  time. 
iH  unfavourable  to  its 
ho  oxproaaed  an  ophi* 
lu  great  end  of  mwm  ' 
rroncy.  Thia  ia  anp. 
>  the  ciroumatMiea  ^f 
ng  tlie  biUa  iamiail  1^  ^ 
atoly  at  all  the  othani  ^r 


IK  AMItU«'A. 


ss 


Kill  it  would  bo  an  ..bvio..-  Injualicc  to  <.l.li|io  U.o  b«ftk 
.!:,;;  :S  ineaaun.  UK.  attciVptwocdd.^^^^^^^^^^^^^ 

,«lil,fc  with  iu  .M.l.  1.0.  ;  UK  11  w  ''*'**'  "'',7»."7;iu 

"c  mngc  w.r.   miluvourable  in  one  -UU-,  and  fi^*»««»;'^" 

rrXr.  il...  How  of  n«U.«  iron,  the  .fto  ^*  "^'^  " 'J 

,|"v<.ura.lf.   W0..1.I   «.-m   -i"l*nd  or  cmUact  aU  Uia 

i.?Ili»i.«  of  the  Imiik  ;  a...l  tho  v.ry  ov.l  of  «•  'noq^J^ 

Uu)  currtn.-y,  wIiicjIi  U.«  cUblinhmcnl  w»»  d.»»giw« 

t  remedy   wofiid  1h,  inorea-d  by  a  vain  attempt  to  ,-.  ■ 

•n.ii  iiiiwi«.ibilUi.«.     I  •»'«•<»  «">«i  howfv.r.  pur.ue  th" 

Xcr^X     but  will  only  odd,  thai  all  rc«K,nu.g  ."d 

,^m^1t.|ic.    «*m  to  favour  a  belief  in  Uie  adwilMJ* 

XhX  Sng  e.tabli.h.n,.nt  ha.  ^-^'J^^.^ 

oounlrv      ll  im  b«»uleK,  in  poaM-miuo  of  a  cona  deraow 

rpfund.  a^.r  deducing  .  ven  P^'^-«;;; -J*"''  ''J 

..i..Uu  it  to  moot  any  coiitingoncea  Hint  may  ariae.     in 

termed  a  national  bank,  fo.mded  on  tl.c  .rcdit  of  the 
government  and  iU  rev.nurm  uu  bcnm  ijropoacd  by 
flTcral  Jaek«>n  and  other-.  F  ve  hundred  •K«nt-J«« 
.  m.loy..l  at  Hie  |.re«,iU  moment  in  {'»»•««'*'"«.?'" 'J^ 
.,f  the  United  Ht«U>H'  bank  i  but  tho  eiioriiM.ua  increM* 
,  f  iMitronage  whicli  would  accrue  to  t^ie  K"*"'"'"*"'^''^, 
tlJoiubuSimonl  of  Uie  propoacd  .mtional  bank.  wodW 

1,  nothb*  in  coi.ii>ari«>n  with  the  p.«ver  that  would  be 
^.Ud  nft,  from  iU  having  mider  it.  conUol  U.e  d.^- 
TOtion  of  baiik  accominodaflon.  to  the  amount  of  at  lea-t 
So.000,000  of  dollar..     When  thc«,    •^•«^"°"'*"   ."^ 

«naidired.  it  ia  difficult  to  conceive  how  aucli  a  pJai 
li^^dtad'aupiK-t  among  U.e  .ubjecU  of  a  governn».nt 

■•rnfcaainir  to  be  tlioxoughly  domocraUcaL 

'   Th*  ^^ty  of  Philadelphia  ia,  token  altogrlher,  the 

JtinU^Ui^itedBUtea.  /'h"  B^X -"«'«»  ^-^^t 
winter  raonUia.  BaU.  and  concerU  arc  then  frequent 
and  well  attended  :  in  thia  roapcct  1  waa  imfortunate,  •• 
ri-ln  Uiat  city  in  May-but  I  *".P^y.\«X; 

^ecd  for  n.y  loi,  by  U.e  r'"""'^Td^rSK3 
^•i>rc  which,  although  ahady  enough,  and  pretUly  lajo 
Sr".'n^  what  tl>.f  moat  Lhionablc  P'W-^^'f'  J* 
^^UKlelphia  ought  to  lM);-and  I  could  »»»  *«» J*"""^ 
UrSoSi.phiy  of  beauty  and  elegance  ^  h«  '"^^Tv^^ 
about  aix  o'clock  on  the  afternoon  of  a  hno  lay.  waa 
SSrlohly  de«)rving  of  a  better  oloce  ?/««««;•  »^ 
Ctto  conViienco  aJSertthat,  a.  &  «  '*  ^'''^J^*?*^, 
ItlaLl.  and  vet  I  am  acarcely  wiUtng^  to  pronwmeo  ii 
iijSto  i.  .plendTd  cortigoV  Ken.W«  ««««•«.. 


<>,«'m"'i»ml^l90^*<«k 


liMw 


■mr 


34 


SIX  MONTU» 


t-  }^  ''T'u*"  !^?  conclusion  that  I  should  not  bo  able 
to  deftiscnd  0,0  Mississippi  to  Now  Orleans.     By  the 

A^i.r'""'''  """"  **"='"•  *•>«  extreme  lients  of  an 
Amen^  summer  would  have  been  prevailing  in  that 
very  unhealUiy  climate,  and  a  stranger  is  almost  certain 
to  be  attacked  by  fever  and  ague.  The  voyage  down 
the  nyer  occupies  five  or  six  days;  tlie  voyage  up  the 
river  is  not  performed  in  less  than  ten  or  twelve  :  and  I 
was  consoled  by  learning  that  the  voyage  is  exceedinsly 
tedious,  as  the  low  banlts  offer  no  variety  of  scenery  Tor 
many  days— «,,  much  so,  that  upon  rising  in  the  morn- 
ing,  a  person  might  almost  be  persuaded  he  had  not 
moved  from  that  part  of  the  river  where  he  had  been 
the  previous  cvemng.  I  therefore  determined  to  make 
a  tour  through  part  of  Pennsylvania:  I  had  heard 
"Ti  u  1,^^'^''"*?  °^  ""^  "'^ne'-y'  "fthc  trout  fishing. 
?^  .L  IS  '^  ''9^riing\v  having  engaged  a  place 
m  the  coach  to  Harrisburg,  the  capital  of  flie  State.  I 
started  by  it,  at  the  nondescript  hour  of  two  in  Uie  morn- 
ing, and  arrived  at  Harrisburg  the  same  evening.  The 
road  lay  through  a  well.cultivated,  but  not  parSculorlv 
interestmg  country;  at  least  I  did  not  tliink  so,  for  it 
rained  m  torrents  the  whole  morning;  and  although  I 
was  inside  Uie  coach,  one  arm  was  completely  wet 
through,  in  consequence  of  the  oilskin  panels  being  but 
loosely  fastened.  The  great  heat  of  summer  renders  it 
necessary  that  the  conveyances  should  be  as  airy  as  pos- 
sible;  the  panels,  which  are  made  either  of  leatheror 
oUskin.  are  rolled  up  in  dry  weather,  but  the  «  gentle- 
man m  the  corner"  sometimes  «iomea  off  very  biSlv  on 
a  cold  or  rainy  day.  In  addition  to  this,  it  must  be  re- 
membered that  the  American  coaches  usually  carry  nine 
inside,  and  do  not  afford  too  much  Uberty  to  the  legs 
The  Uu-ec  passengers  who  sit  in  the  middle,  lean  their 
shoulders  against  a  broad  leather  strap,  .which  passes 
across  the  coach ;  and  aa  this  occasionally  gets  unhooked 
in  passing  over  a  forest  road,  their  heads  are  instanUv 
thrown  in  contact  with  the  stomftchs  of  those  who  ara 
behind  them. 

The  moat  considerable  place  we  passed  was  Readfaw 
which  has  much  the  appearance  of  a  second  rate-com^ 
town  m  Enghmd.  Viewed  from  the  Sunbury  road,  br 
which  I  returned  to  it  in  my  way  back  to  PUladdtaAiiL 
Its  situaUon,  in  a  fine  surrounding  country,  appewsto 
much  greater  advantage.  We  pai^  „o  .rther  pSoe  3^ 
note  but  Lebanon ;  la  the  vicinity  of  which  is  to  befinad- 


w 
bi 
si 
it 
la 
fr 
td 
a 

Pi 
h 
al 
si 
P 
I 


li^jpjrillifiitfyii 


1 


IN  AHBBIOA. 


25 


I  thould  not  bo  able 
IT  OrlcanK.  By  the 
ctrcmo  licatR  of  an 
n  prevailing  in  that 
for  is  almost  certain 

The  voyage  down 

the  voyage  up  the 
in  or  twelve  j  and  I 
yage  is  exceedingly 
iricty  of  scenery  for 

rising  in  the  morn- 
-suaded  he  had  not 
ivhcro  he  had  been 
ietcrmincd  to  make 
mia:  I  had  heard 
of  the  trout  fishing, 
ng  engaged  a  place 
pital  of  the  State,  I 
of  two  in  tlio  mom- 
ame  evening.  The 
)ut  not  particularly 
not  tliink  so,  for  it 
ig ;  and  although  I 
■as  completely  wet 
:in  panels  being  but 

summer  renders  it 
!d  be  as  airy  as  pos- 
either  of  Icatlier  or 
r,  but  the  "gentle- 
«  off  very  badly  on 
'  this,  it  must  be  re> 
■  usually  carry  nine 
liberty  to  the  legs. 
i  middle,  lean  their 
itrap,  jvhich  passes 
nally  gets  unhooked 
heads  are  instantly 
a  of  those  who  ara 

ossej  was  Readinff, 
second  ratc-ooim^ 
e  Sunbury  road,  by 
ck  to  PboladetiAiK, 
country,  ai^Mnto' 
d  no  Other  plaoe  of^ 
which  is  to  be  fband 


some  of  the  finest  arable  land  in  Pennsylvania.    Har- 
risburg  is  delightfully  situated  on  the  Susquehanna.    It 
was  here  for  the  first  time  I  saw  that  beautiflil  river ;  in 
breadth  about  three  quarters  of  a  mile.    Its  dear  and 
shallow  stream  is  not  really  slow,  but  at  a  little  distance 
it  appears  as  tranquil  and  unruffled  as  the  surface  of  a 
lake.     Immediately  opposite  to  Harrisbur^  is  an  island, 
from  either  side  of  which  a  long  wooden  bridge  is  thrown 
to  the  opposite   bank  of  tlie  river.     Harrisburg  is  the 
capital  of  Pennsylvania,   and  is  a  thriving,  neat  and 
pretty-looking  town,  containing  about  four  thousand  in- 
habitants.   The  house  of  assembly,  or  capitol,  as  it  is 
always  called  in  America,  is  built  on  an  eminence.   The 
sittings  of  the  senate  and  house  of  representatives  of 
Pennsylvania  were  held  first  at  Philadelphia,  then  at 
Lancaster,  and  subsequently  for  nearly  the  last  twenty 
vears  at  Harrisburg,  which,  from  its  central  situation, 
nas  been  found  much  more  convenient    The  chamber 
where  the  representatives  hold  their  sittings  is  very  large, 
with  separate  desks  for  every  two  or  Uiree  members, 
disposed  in  a  semicircle,  in  the  same  manner  as  the 
French  chamber  of  deputies.    The  chair  in  which  the 
speaker  sits  was  filled  by  the  celebrated  patriot  John 
Hancock,  when  he  presided  in  the  assembly,  by  the 
members  of  which  the  declaration  of  independence  was 
signed  in  the  state  house  at  Philadelphia.    The  senate 
and  representatives  had  just  finished  their  sittings,  afler 
wu.ing  passed  only  two  hundred  and  sixty-seven  acts. 
I  saw  a  list  of  them.    They  chiefly  related  to  internal 
improvements ;  and  many  of  them  made  honouraUe  pro- 
vision for  old  Boldien,  or  the  widows  and  families  of  oU 
soldiers^  who  had  served  in  the  revolutionary  wot.    An 
experiment,  which  would  have  been  deemed  serious  in 
an  older  country,  was  on  the  eve  of  trial ;  an  act  had 
been  passed  for  levying  a  tax  on   personal  property 
throughout  the  state.    The  bulk  of  the  taxes  had  hitherto 
been  paid  by  the  land  owners,  and  a  new  assessment 
mode  once  every  three  years.  The  annual  tax  is  at  the  rate 
vt  one,  two,  or  three  dollars  the  acre,  according  to  the 
Talue  of  the  land.    The  owner  of  personal  property  only, 
however,  enjoyed  an  immunity,  of  which  w  present 
HMarare  was  intended  to  devest  him,  In  makinjp  him 
Mfataxof  one  dollar  in  a  thousand.    Emrr  individool 
iqu  be  oUiged  to  swear  to  the  amount  of  bie  personal 
ttf ;  and  should  he  be  auppoaed  to  sweat  ftlseljiNnn 
I  wUl  be  empowered  to  compel  the  predsotkit^r 
3  • 


,  :"   [JlfglJfijttiijiriiiiiiiiii;     II 


fg*^**" 


•IX  MONTHS 


tay  dead,  bend,  note,  or  bill,  or  of  any  writing  being 
evidMHW  of  a  debt  owinv  to  him.  However,  the  general 
opinion  seemed  to  be,  that  the  graoelcBe  impost  wonld 
be  aoquiesced  in  aa  one  of  fkirnees  and  neceaaity.  On 
aeoomit  of  the  enterpriae  of  canals,  railroad^  and  other 
improvements,  the  rtate  debt  of  Pennsylvania  is  larger 
ilHui  that  of  any  other  of  the  Union,  amounting  to 
14,463,161  dollarsr-4he  debt  of  New  York  amounting 
to  neariy  9,000/100  dollars.  The  individual  state  debts 
are  veiy  likely  to  be  increased  rather  than  diminished, 
in  the  end ;  but  as  no  state  debt  has  in  any  instance 
been  increased  except  tat  the  purposes  of  internal  im- 
provement!), the  augmentatioB  of  the  debt  will  but  add 
eventually  to  tiie  proaperity  and  wealth  of  the  state. 
Suppose  any  state,  New  Ywk  for  instance,  were  to  bor- 
row 4,000,(N)0  dollars  for  some  public  work,  as  a  canal 
or  railroad,  at  a  fixed  rote  of  interest,  and  that  the  capi- 
tal borrowed  were  to  be  reimbursaMe  in  the  year  16S0. 
flooh  a  Nta  of  tonnase  would  be  levied  on  tm  canal  or 
railroad  as  would,  amr  payment  of  the  interest,  leave  a 
■inking  ftmd  available  mr  the  redemption  of  the  capital 
borrowed,  and  the  state  would  be  left  in  possession  of  a 
large  tract  of  country  rendered  produetive  and  valuable 
an  acooont  of  the  additioiid  facility  afibrded  for  the 
oarriageofprodvoe  to  market  Once  mly  since  the  for- 
matiott  of  the  ooastitatio&,  and  diving  the  presidency  of 
John  Adams,  has  a  direet  and  general  property-taa  been 
impoeed  by  tiie  foderal  growmment  in  time  of  peaee. 

The  view  from  the  dwne  of  the  e^tol  at  Harrisburg 
is  ver^  fine ;  but  a  nmdi  bMer  is  obtained  from  the 
■umnutof  a  hill  abouta  mile  behhid  the  town,  although, 
perhaps,  the  town  itself  is  not  Men  to  such  advantage. 
KrwA  fut  of  the  surrounding  conntrv  is  very  well 
omivated ;  oom-fieldB,  pasture  uid  woocUands,  are  dis- 
tribntod  over  hill  and  Inflow;  and  oecasionally  here  and 
there  is  perceived  a  small  fton-house,  of  a  neater  and 
BMve  English  upearance  than  any  I  had  yet  seen.  On 
«verf  sicb  the  landscape  is  terndnated  aa  nsoal  h|y  a 
bouadlSMi  IMIt  The  Susquehaima  seems  to  loae  itatif 
thrwogh  a  gm  in  the  Hue  Mountains;  and  tfarooghaM 
Hm  Wnole  of  tta  eourse,  whieh  is  visible  fbr  a  greaf  4li- 
tanoe,  Ha  banks  and  beratifiil  island*  are  eloMl  tvhh 
the  riehest  ibHage  to  the  water's  edge.  I  pMmtiid 
aUmg  tb»  muHi  bank  of  the  river  towards  MUMaVi 
fdand,  and  afler  a  ride  of  eight  or  nine  nikt,  I  «at««d 
«t  the  gap  I  hwe  Jiwt  mentioBed.    Its  semery  fttrfWy 


IM  AXSRICA. 


97 


of  any  writin|f  being 
Howevw,  the  gflDeral 
Mjcleia  import  wonld 
9  and  necessity.  On 
I,  railroads,  and  other 
'ennayltania  te  larger 
Union,  amounting  to 
Tew  York  amounting 
individoal  state  debto 
her  than  diminished, 

has  in  any  instance 
■poses  of  internal  im- 
the  debt  will  but  add 

wealth  of  the  state, 
instance,  were  to  bor- 
iblie  work,  as  a  canal 
st,  and  tfiat  the  capi- 
lUe  in  the  year  ISSO. 
levied  <m  tm  canal  or 
f  the  interest,  leave  a 
Nbpdon  of  the  capital 
left  in  possession  of  a 
'oduotive  and  valuable 
lility  afforded  ibr  the 
nee  cmly  sinoe  the  fi>r- 
ring'  the  preaidenoy  of 
leiw  property^tax  been 
t  in  time  of  pea«e. 
I  o^tol  at  Harriaburg 
>  ia  obtained  from  tte 
hd  the  town,  although, 
tm  to  such  advantage. 

oountrv  is  very  well 
id  woodlands,  are  dis- 
oecasiomJly  her««nd 
louM,  of  a  neater  aHd 
y  I  had  yet  seen.  On 
linated  as  usnal  bjra 
na  soems  to  Iom  itMf 
tains;  and  thranglMM 
vMUe  for  a  frea*4b> 
tnte  are  eloiM  tvMh 
•  edge.  I  pMMMfd 
rer  towwii  DlMMfSi 
mine  milw,I«»Mld 

Its  seenerjr  ftMlHy 


reminded  mo  of  the  Rhine  at  Drachenfells.  Th»A- 
rupt  and  lofty  hill  on  the  left  is  not  surroounjed  by  a 
"cutled  crag,"  but  it  overhangs,  perhaps,  a  noUer  riyei, 
whose  banks  lire  covered  with  Uie  forest  trees  of  America, 
instead  of  being  formally  scarped  for  the  culture  <ayvaa, 
Uimmed  Uke  gooseberry  bushes.  At  a  short  dut«noe 
from  the  gap,  the  river  is  crossed  by  an  enormoiie 
wooden  bridge  of  eight  arches,  whioh  is  very  newly 
half  a  mile  in  length.  The  bridgoi  m  Amenca  we 
usually  of  wood,  tif  a«Snirable  construction,  neatly  pamteo, 
and  covered  over  like  many  of  the  bridges  in  Bwitiw- 
land.  The  piers  lure  of  stone  of  great  siie,  and  buttresMrt 
towards  the  streain.  This  bridge  is  the  largest  of  Uie 
kind  I  have  seen  a-ay  where.  . 

In  the  garden  of  the  inn,  er  Uvom,  M  »t  «e  uswDy 
called,  is  an  Indian  tumulus,  about  fifteen  feet  in  bewht, 
hemispherical  in  shape,  and  evidently  once  much  higher. 
These  tumuli  are  to  be  seen  in  various  pwta  of  Fenn^yl. 
Tenia,  and  in&ct,  in  all  p«ts  of  America;  often  two  ere 
found  at  np  great  distance  frcan  one  •notbei'.    At  wver. 
pooL  in  that  state,  are  two  of  them,  ebout  three  quartm 
Sf  a  mile  apart ;  but  one  had  hem  P'««>I^.«»«JT,^ 
gotbic  proprietor  of  the  soil-    At  first  it  la  net  d^- 
Suit  to  mteT  from  this,  that  »  great  hiOtle  had  tU« 
place  in  the  vicinite^,  end  that  eaeh  party  bad  ed(«wd 
this  place  for  the  burial  of  the  dead,--that  imiverselly. 
and  eternally  ^stiiwuishing  characteristic  between  man- 
kind and  tnoee  of  the  brute  creation  that  nwke  m 
nearest  approaches  to  humanity.    Where,  however,  ttey 
are  found  singly,  the  researches  of  Mr.  JeOerson  and  of 
others,  induce  us  to  bdieve  that  they  were  heaped  t(«etber 
upon  other  occasions.    In  one  -which  he  opened,  Mr. 
Jefferson  conjectures  that  there  might  be  as  many  as  n 
thousand  skeletons ;  and  appearances  indicated  that  it 
had  derived  its  origin  and  enlargement  from  a  custom  of 
coUecUng  the  bones  of  the  dead  on  the  spot  at  different 
times.    iTiey  were  deposited  m  layers,  but  in  the  utmost 
conftision  of  relative  position ;  the  bones  of  the  most  dis- 
tant parts  (^  the  body  being  crowded  together.    Those 
•f  irfti*"  and  hali^grown  porsona  were  found  among 
thnn.    These  tumuu  are  sometimes  composed  of  eciui, 
end  aametimee  of  loose  stones,  like  the  cairn  and  camedd 
arifeatknd  and  Wales.  .    ^  . 

"A)  eonieetnre,  that  they  were  either  raised  over  the 
daMin  battle,  or  in  accordanee  with  the  custom  sup- 
paM'lv  Mr-  Jeffisraon,  ia  the  mora  probable,  on  acoount 


iife 


wiiiftei.] 


MHi^ 


88 


SIX  MONTES 


of  the  bonei  being  always  found  in  quantitiea.  The 
European  tumuli,  of  whatever  age  or  nation,  have  either 
been  neaped  up  over  the  aahcs  of  some  distinguished 
peraon,  or  arc  found  to  contain  but  a  few  coflinEi,  of  rough- 
newn  Uid  looae  stone.  In  America,  I  Ixilieve,  none  are 
Buppoaed  to  cover  the  remains  of  one  person  only,  deeply 
bnned  as  in  Europe,  under  the  superincumbent  mass ; 
but  in  the  tumuli  of  America  the  external  coating  of 
earth  will  easily  crumble  away  when  disturbed,  and  will 
frequently  discover  the  bones  at  a  triffling  depth  beneath 
the  surface.  Arrows  and  other  implements  of  war  are 
frequently  found  amongst  them.  The  formation  of  these 
tumuli  is  no  where  understood  to  be  a  modem  custom. 
The  Indians  have  a  feeling  of  reverence  for  them,  and 
use  them  as  land  marks ;  but  the  moat  ased  are  unable 
to  ibmish  any  clue  to  the  discovery  of  their  antiquity. 
The  knowledge  of  their  own  ancestors  is  confined  to 
three  or  four  generations,  and  nothing  certain  is  known 
of  the  aborigines  who  formed  these  tumuli.  Humbolt 
himself,  in  his  "New  Spain,"  after  a  learned  dissertation 

'  on  the  subject,  is  obliged  to  admit  that  **  the  general 
question  of  the  first  origin  of  the  inhabitants  of  £e  con- 
tinent, is  beyond  the  limits  -prescribed  to  '■utorv,  and  is 
not  perhaps  even  a  philosophical  question."  lliere  can 
be  no  doubt  that  thev  were  a  distinct  race,  and  more 
civiliied  than  the  wild  Indians  of  the  present  day,  whose 
Asiatic  origin  is  also  a  subject  of  dinpute.  Humbolt 
believes  that  tiie  analogy  between  the  languages  of  Tar- 
tary  and  those  of  the  new  continent  extends  to-  a  very 
■mall  number  of  words.  He  adds,  that  the  want  of 
wheat,  oats,,  barley,  rye,  and  of  all  those  nutritive  grami- 
na  wUch  go  under  tiie  name  of  cereal,  seems  to  prove 
that  if  Amatic  tribes  passed  into  America,  they  must 
have  descended  from  pastoral  people.  We  see  in  the 
old  continent,  that  the  cultivation  of  cereal  namina,  and 
the  use  of  milk  were  introduced  as  far  back  as  we  have 
any  historical  records.  The  inhabitants  of  the  new 
continent,  cultivated  no  other   gramina    than    maiie. 

„  They  fed  on  no  species  of  milk,  though  the  lamas  alpacas, 
and  in  the'north  of  Mexico  and  Canada,  two  kinds  of 
indigenous  oxen,  would  have  afforded  them  mijk  m 
abundance.  These  are  striking  contrasts  between  w 
Mongol  and  American  race.  However,  in  the  trauMO- 
tions  of  the  literary  and  historical  society  of  Quebeu, 
there  has  lately  been  published  a  " catalogae  of  aftw 
(ninety  aix)  remarkable  instances,  which  indnoe  a  bdief 


".•f^- 


■  'a  * 


IN  AMIRICA. 


29 


1  in  quantitiea.    The 
or  nation,  have  either 
if  gome  distinguished 
L  few  coffins,  of  rough- 
la,  I  believe,  none  are 
le  person  only,  deeply 
ipcrincumbent  mass ; 
le  external  coating  of 
en  disturbed,  and  will 
triffling  depth  beneath 
nplements  of  war  are 
riie  formation  of  these 
be  a  Biodem  custom, 
rerence  for  them,  and 
moat  aged  arc  unable 
ry  of  their  antiquity, 
cestora  is  confined  to 
^ng  certain  is  known 
Me  tumuli.    Humbolt 
a  learned  dissertation 
lit  that  "the  general 
nhabitants  of  me  con- 
ibed  to  history,  and  is 
cjuestim."    Tliere  can 
stinct  race,  and  more 
the  present  day,  whose 
of  dispute.    Humbolt 
the  langruagea  of  Tar- 
lent  ezt«idB  to*  a  very 
Ida,  that  the  want  of 
those  nutritive  grami- 
cereal,  seems  to  prove 
I  America,  they  must 
ople.    We  see  in  the 
of  cereal  gramina,  and 
IB  far  back  as  we  have 
habitants  of  the  new 
gramina    than    maiie. 
ough  the  lamas  alpaoaa, 
Canada,  two  kinds  of 
ifforded  them  milk  in 
contrasts  between  tkk 
bwever,  in  the  tranaac- 
^al  society  of  Qnebeii, 
a  "catalogue  of  a  few 
,  which  induce  a  bdief 


uf  tlie  Asiatic  origin  of  the  North  American  Indiana. 
By  Miyor  Mercer,  R.  A."  These  I  recommend,  w 
they  are  very  interesting.  Robertson  says  that "  the  Eaqw* 
maux  Indiana,  are  tlie  only  people  in  America  who,  in 
their  aspect  and  character,  bear  any  resemblance  to  the 
Northern  Europeans."  They  differ  from  all  the  other 
Indian  tribes  in  their  language,  dimosition,  and  habita 
of  life.  He  thence  infera  Uie  probability  of  their  havinf 
originally  passed  over  ttom  tne  North-west  of  Gurope, 
and  adds,  "that  among  all  the  other  inhabitants  of 
America,  there  is  such  a  striking  ''similitude  in  the  iorm 
of  their  bodies,  and  the  t)ualities  of  their  minds,  that  nol- 
withatanding  the  diversities  ocoasioned  by  (be  inJitienoe 
of  climate,  or  unequal  progress  <^  improvement,  we  must 
pronounce  tliem  to  be  dMcended  from  one  source— the 
north  east  of  Asia."  It  may  be  bA«  added,  that  Cuvier. 
when  speaking  of  the  mounon  of  the  Blue  Mountaina, 
inibrms  us,  that  it  ia  the  only  quadruped  of  any  siie,  th* 
discovery  of  which  is  entirely  modenn,  and  givw  it  •■ 
liis  opinion,  that  perhaps  it  is  only  a  Siberian  goat  that 
has  crossed  the  ice. 

The  jvnotion  of  the  Susquehanna  and  Juniata  rivers 
takes  piaiee  at  Punoan's  island.  The  latter  is  a  much 
smaller  river,  varying  from  one  to  two  hundred  yards  in 
breadth.  In  some  plaoes  its  thickly  {orMted  bwDka  rise 
to  a  great  height  above  the  gloamy-looking  stream,  wbgae 
dark  plaoidity  is  oooasionaUy  disturbed  by  small  raiuda, 
or  fitUs,  as  tbey  are  termed,  though  they  hardly  dewrv* 
the  name.  I  observed  a  sunken  raft,  and  one  aolitwy 
fish  hawk  (qaprey).  The  road  oontinnea  akog  the- aide 
of  the  JunialA  fbr  several  miles  i  it  then  lewits  i^  tai 
conducts  th^raveUer  to  Lewistown.  I  obaervBd  nathi*|r 
remarkable  Vl  this  place.  It*  situation,  however,  i^  pio- 
tureaque,  as  it  is  aurronnded  with  abrupt  hilla  andnUMT 
ground*  of  different  elevation,  with  plenty  of  fimetk  w 
uanaL  The  distance  from  l4ewi*tQwn  to  e  place  eaBed 
Brown>  Mills,  i«  not  more  than  five  mitea.  Hera  I 
fimnd  w  excellent  eountir  inn,  k*!)t  by  an  Iriaiimn« 
wi  %  moat  delioious  trovAing  atream,  nnminf  ntiitt 
throntb  the  woeds,  and  emeiiipff  okiw  to  the  wa,  ]| 
ia  wiMKbla  in  every  pert,  WM  iwwnm*  wtlh  tteal,  *MM 
qfthini  weirtinf  more  than  three  ponnda.  Tboae  UIM  , 
wMl  »  ilr,  do  not  a,?enfe  more  than  half  k  ipoond  la 
wMlli  viit  it  i*  no  unoomman  ooenrranee  to  kill  ftw 
•r  w  4am  in  two  or  Aree  heora,  Wbtn  I  Waa  thMw. 
3» 


I-**S 


30 


SIX  MoirrHS 


and  in  fact  daring  the  whole  time  I  pawed  in  Pennayl- 
vania,  the  seaaon  was  early,  and  the  weather  cold  and 
unfavourable,  bo  that  I  killed  but  very  few  fish.  A 
severe  walk  of  twenty-five  miles  through  the  forest,  and 
across  a  range  of  hills  known  by  the  name  of  the  Seven 
Mountains,  brought  me  to  Belfont — a  large  and  thriving 
town,  conspicuous  from  being  placed  on  a  hill  in  the 
midst  of  a  very  pretty  country.  Close  to  Belfont  are 
three  fiill  mountain  streams,  or  creeks,  as  they  are  called 
in  America.  Spring  creek  in  particular,  contains  an 
enormous  quantity  o?  trout,  of  about  the  same  size  as 
those  at  Brown's  Mills ;  but  the  weather  was  still  unfa- 
vourable, and  it  wa»  all  in  vain  that  I  waded  down  the 
stream  for  nearly  four  miles.  I  took  but  seven  or  eight 
moderate-sized  nsh.  The  red  hackle  is  considered  the 
best  general  fly.  The  other  streams  are  known  by  the 
names  of  the  Bald  Eaele,  and  Logan's  creek.  The  for- 
mer takes  its  name  Irom  a  bald  eagle's  nest,  that  was 
annually  built  in  tibe  vicinity,  or,  which  is  more  probable, 
from  a  tribe  of  Indians  so  called,  who  resided  there.  At 
the  head  waters  of  the  other  creek,  is  still  seen  the  place 
of  residence  of  the  celebrated  Mingo  chieft  Logan,  whoso 

-  eloquent  message  to  Lord  Dunmore,  is  too  wwl  known 
to  need  insertion  here.  Many  of  the  aged  ialiabitants  of 
Belfont  stUl  lemember  him.  His  fate  resembled  that  of 
Demosthenes  and  Cicero :  he  perished  for  his  eloquence. 
An  old  oflEkwr  of  the  United  States  aruiy,  who,  soon 
after  the  close  of  the  revolutionary  war,  was  ordered  to 
make  surreys  of  the  country  watered  by  the  AUei^wny 
river,  informed  me  that  Logo's  nephew,  a  remaikaUy 
Sob  young  Indian,  dined  with  him  one  day  in  his  tent, 
and  that  be  asked  him  what  became  of  Lo^gan.  I  killed 
him,  was  the  reply.  Why  did  you  kill  him  7  l^e  na- 
tion <Mrdered  it  For  what  reason  7  He  was  too  great  a 
man  to  live :  he  talked  so  well,  that  although  the  whole 
nation  had  intended  t»  put  any  plan  in  execution,  yet, 
if  Logan  did  not  uiproveof  it,  he.  would  soon  gain  ama^ 
jority  in  hxowt  of  nis  o|Mnions.    Was  he  not  then  Bene- 

fi^  rally  in  the  right  7  Often;  hot  his  influence  dividM  the 
natMB  too  much.  Why  did  they  choote  you  to  put  hUn 
to  deaith7  If  any  one  else  had  done  it,  I  wooU  M-^ 
tainlr  haye  killed  him :  I,  who  am  his  nephew,  ih«I|i|B- 
herit  his  greatness.  WiU  they  not  then  kill  yott  #>t 
Yes :  and  when  I  become  as  great  a  man  as  LoMn  (h^nff 
Us  hand  on  his  breutwith  dignity,)  I  shaUM  cantMl 
todiff!    He  added,  that  he  riMt  Um  iMU  the  AOegbMijir 


mmm 


I  paMed  in  Peniifyl- 
ho  weather  cold  and 
t  very  few  fiah.  A 
rough  the  forest,  and 
le  name  of  the  Seven 
-a  large  and  thriving 
ecd  on  a  hill  in  the 
Close  to  Belfont  are 
ks,  aa  they  are  called 
rticular,  contains  an 
mt  the  same  size  aa 
iathcr  was  still  unfa- 
t  I  waded  down  the 
>k  but  seven  or  eight 
Me  is  considered  the 
ns  are  known  by  the 
ut's  creek.  The  for. 
Baffle's  nest,  that  was 
lick  is  more  probable, 
ho  resided  thiare.    At 

is  still  seen  the  place 

0  chie^  Logan,  whoso 
re,  is  too  vroll  known 
he  aged  iahabitanla  of 
(ate  resembled  that  of 
ihed  for  his  eloquence. 
tea  army,  who,  aoon 
'  war,  was  ordered  to 
red  by  the  Allecbeny 
lephew,  a  remukaUy 

1  one  day  in  his  tent, 
leofLo^.  I  killed 
a  kin  him  1  The  na- 
f  He  waa  too  great  a 
at  although  the  whole 
an  in  execution,  yet, 
would  soon  gain  a  nuu 
Vna  he  not  uien  mne- 
I  influence  divideo  liM 
choote  jrou  to  pot  him 
done  H,  I  wooM  ew-, 
1  his  nephew,  thaB'lB- 
H  then  kill  ywl  alioT 

man  aa  Loflvn  (h^itti' 
ty,)  I  slMtt  ll*  oobImI 
im  new  the  ASeghMfc 


V* 


IM  AHBBICA. 


31 


river.  When  informed  of  the  resolution  of  the  council 
of  his  nation,  Logan  stopped  his  horse,  drew  himself  up 
in  an  attitude  ofgreat  dignity,  and  received  tho  fatal 
ball  without  a  murmur. 

From  Belfont  I  proceeded  on  foot  over  the  mountains  to 
Philipsburgh,  on  the  western  slope  of  the  Allegheny  ri^. 
The  distance  was  about  twenty^eight  miles.  After 
walking  for  several  hours  along  the  side  of  the  Bald  Eagle 
creek,  I  arrived  ot  the  foot  of  the  Alleghanics.  They 
are  composed  of  sandstone,  and  are  more  extensive  than 
any  in  the  states  on  this  side  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
though  their  height  is  inconsiderable.  The  most  eleva- 
ted port  of  the  ridge  in  Pennsylvania  does  not,  as  I  have 
said  before,  exceed  1300  feet;  but  at  the  other  peak,  in 
Virginia,  it  rises  to  3950  feet  above  the  level  of  the  great 
western  rivers,  being  two  or  three  hundred  feet  higher 
than  Ben  Lomond.  The  high  peak  on  the  Rocky 
Mountains  is  the  highest  mountain  in  the  United  States, 
and  attains  an  elevation  of  13,500  feet  Mount  Wash- 
ington, the  highest  ot  the  White  Mountains,  is  6,234 
foot  in  height ;  Mansfield,  in  Vermont,  the  most  lofty  of 
the  Green  Mountains,  is  somewhat  hjgter  than  Ben 
Nevis  in  Scotland,  as  it  rises  to  4379  feet  I  ascended 
the  Alle^Hmy  by  a  good  road,  that  wound  gradually  tip 
the  side  of  the  moimtain,  and  after  a  walk  of  abont 
three  hours  and  a  half,  I  waa  in  fidl  contemplation  of 
the  most  extensive  forest  view  I  had  ever  yet  beheld. 
I  have  seen  many  of  the  dark  and  impenetrable  pine 
forests  in  the  north  of  Europe,  where  the  mountains  are 
far  higher,  and  the  scenery  proportionably  grander,  bnt 
I  never  i«member  a  forest  so  interminable  aa  that  I  am 
speaidng  o£  One  small  patch  of  cultivation  waa  per- 
ceivable in  a  very  distant  valley,  called,  I  believe,  PoM's 
Valley.  The  vast  thickets  of  Norway,  Sweden,  and 
Rnasu,  are  chiefly  of  pine  trees,  and  are  grand  and 
irfoomy  enough,  but  sometimes  tiresome  from  their 
monotmiy.  Nature  has  painted  them  with  her  usual 
ability ;  but  the  cokMiring  she  haa  employed  may  be  com- 
pand  to  that  of  a  dn^jpg  in  Indian  ink,  equally  credi. 
table  to  the  artist,  b^  pleaaiag  to  the  eye  as  a  many- 
tinted  pietore.  There  are  jden^  of  pinee  on  the  Alle- 
ghny,  but  there  ia  also  an  immenae  assemblage  of  other 
Saw.  A  lady  informed  me,  that  being  deairooa  of  aending 
IftBn^and  qiecimena  of  the  different  woode  of  this  part 
iMe  iBoantry,  she  collected  fifty-two  without  any  diffi- 
'^i^i  bottheie  ai«  nuusy  vwn  than  theee.    The  prin- 


'Ill 


fv 


32 


nx  HONTHI 


cipal  material  of  thu  American  navy  in,  oa  I  have  before 
noticed,  aflTorded  by  tlio  livc-oali,  ao  called  from  ito  being 
an  evergreen,  and  from  iU  elasticity,  extreme  durability, 
and  other  ffcncrouH  pro))ertic8.  The  leaf  of  thia  tre« 
reeembiei  the  ilex  of  Spain  and  England,  but  is  ra^r 
Ivgeraodmorepointed,  Itia  not  found  in  Fennaylvania— 
growing  in  the  aouthern  atatca  chicflv,  in  Georgia  and 
the  Carolinaa,  whence  it  ia  conveyea  to  the  mtferent 
dock<yarda  of  the  Union. 
^  Hiere  are  here,  neverthekn,  more  tlian  thirty  varie- 
tiei  of  the  oak,  each  beariii|^  a  diatinct  fruit :  or  tbeae, 
the  white^wk,  which  ia  inftrior  in  quality  but  cornea  thv 
neareit  to  the  navy-oak  of  Great  Britoin;  the  red-oak, 
the  black,  and  the  rock,  or  acrnlMiak,  are  the  moat  com- 
mon. The  other  tn««  of  the  (breet,  are  oaualW  tim 
spaniah-cheanut  (two  vamtiea] — tlie  horac-cheanut  m  net 
indimioua  in  America,  Imt  thrives  well;  I  saw  <>&«  »( 
the  Manor  near  Baltinwrt .  th»  hickory  (two  varietiea]) 
*"•  W«d^walnnt ;  the  AnwrieaiHMphr,  or  tubp.traf,  tb«* 
pn*  of  the  Am«Ho«n  fitreal,  an«  glowing  fteqnent^  to 
op  enormoua  aiia;  yeUow,  white,  apru^  and  hemlock 
pu)C»-4}M  Uieh  ia  MA  found,  or  IS  rarefy  to  ke  net  with, 
in  tbe  United  Stai^t  1  have  not  seen  thmn  in  th* 


in  »Hv  uniHNi  o<«iM(  I  have  not  seen  l|»Bi  in  wn 
Can>a»»~  base  wpo«l> »  commeii  Eoglish-lim*;  tMar- 
ni«pto,  whitMDapIe,rMiaMd  white  elm,  wi|k>w,aMM(raf, 
black  and  ya|k»w  bireh,  aab,  gnm-tiee,  beech,  iron-wood, 
mnUwrry,  dcy-woodi  rhododendron  in  great  quantitioik 
kalrooa,  btifhUa,  ha»l,  red  and  whito  cedar,  dematb, 
vtrjriniaas,  indigo,  and  a  gre«t  variety  of  ferse  and 
wiB  vinM. 

In  the  BatinWi  or  fall,  aa  it  ia  universally  and  pratli^ 
tanned  in  America,  the  ibreet  view  is  excessively  be»ii<. 
tifbl,  in  eonaaqoenee  of  the  briUnnt  aasemblage  ef 
oolanra  ozbibited  by  the  diversity  of  foliage  co(lact«4 
tMathar.  My  eye  roved  over  a  constant  auccaeaiM 
ofinoantain  and  valley,  and  hill  and  holkw,  all  alike 
(dotM  in  the  gferiona  fWeat  garb,  whiL  the  more  4i«. 
tant  tints  became  Uner  and  bluer,  till  they  faded  awu 
at  th«  Artheat  verge  of  the  k^riana-  The  IndiM  M 
kipg  been  dnven  or  bought  e«t  flrean  this  i»art  t^  Km 
oonntry;  iHit  Jhe  rooks  and  thicket*  «f  the  ikteal  It*., 
naathnie  WM  doubtleea  eoneealed  Many  an  ankwihi 
and  witneaaed  many  a  eaniage.  Thqi  kad  reamM 
to  the  aharp  IwMg  af  the  riae,  and  le-eeheed  the  mm* 
twnve  var^whew  t  but  dnriar  the  tiaM  that  I  leiMd** 
ed  on  the  top  eftlie  meuatain,  aU  arewid  «•  ivaa  af  •!- 


wh 

an; 

a  I 

fro 

nai 

bac 

in)] 

hia 

at 

cat 

pla 

mc 

tin 

ma 

the 

ter 

mo 

BUI 

pla 
sp« 
am 
Be 
th« 
ell 
in 


Jl!«! 


is,  aa  I  Iwve  before 
ailed  from  ita  being 

extreme  durability, 
M  leaf  of  thia  tre« 
land,  but  is  rather 
d  in  Pcnnaylvaiu»— 

f,  in  Ucorvia  and 

I  to  the  dilferent 

tlian  thirty  varie- 
)ct  fruit :  of  tbeee, 
ality  but  comca  the 
itain;  the  red-oak, 
,  are  the  meet  com- 
it,  are  oaual^  tlw 
Mtric-cheanut  M  nol 
well;  I  Mw  pnv  at 
ory  (two  Tarietieai) 
ir,  or  tuli|>.tre«,  tb» 
ymiag  ffreqnently  to 
ru^  a«d  hemHMik 
'e(y  to  ke  met  with, 
aeen  tbem  in  th* 
ifliib-lim*:  iMar' 
n«  willow,  aaarwtraf, 
(,  beech,  iron-wood, 
in  Kreal  quantitiea, 
to  cedar,  deinatii« 
^iatj  of  fwM.  ami 

«rea]Iy  and  pratt^y 
m  exaesaiTelv  hunh 
mat  aaaeinblage  «r 
>rfo|ia|*  coUecM 
ionatant  aucriaipa 
)d  hollow,  all  altk* 
vhilt .  the  more  lUt- 
iU  they  faded  awtj 
I.  ThelndiMhwi 
■>  tliie  iMrt  «r  titt 
<U  of  the  ftfM«  ht^ 
■any  wn  mikmitt 
hay  hM  n^poniM 
n-Mhwl  Uw  ««« 
lia*  that  I  iWMiw* 
onnd  aw  mi  m  li- 


»iMd 


n^ 


IN    AMRRICA. 


lent  aa  the  place  wai  lolitary,  with  the  exception  of  the 
occawionnl  atroke  from  the  peocefbl  axe  of  the  back- 
woodsman, that  reaoundod  flrom  a  gMe  about  a  mile 
from  the  apot  where  I  had  aat  down  to  rest  myaelf. 

t  Roon  after warda  paaaod  the  Moahanan  creek,  in 
which  an  expert  figliorman  on  a  fiivourablo  day,  can  kill 
any  qnantity  of  trout  he  pleaaea.  Deaide  the  bridge,  ia 
n  amall  and  aolitary  tavern,  kept  by  an  Engliahman 
from  Glouceaterahiro.  With  him  reaidea  an  old  man 
named  Joaeph  Earl,  a  complete  specimen  of  the  real 
backwoodaman  ;  just  auoh  a  character  aa  Leatheratock> 
ini;,  in  Mr.  Cooper'a  novel.  He  will  take  hia  rifle  and 
hia  knapsack,  and  Oequently  abaent  iiimaelf  for  weeks 
at  a  time  in  search  nf  (^ame.  If  he  kill  a  deer,  ho  will 
carry  off*  the  skin,  and  hang^  up  the  venison  in  a  secure 
place,  and  from  his  intimate  acquaintance  with  the 
mountains,  and  every  settlor  who  lives  in  them,  no  long 
time  elapses  before  he  can  command  any  assistance  ha 
may  require.  The  principal  tenants  of  the  forest  are 
the  cougar  or  painter,  (panther)  as  it  is  very  improperly 
termed  ;  the  bear,  the  wolf,  the  lynx,  (called  the  cata- 
mount,) the  wild  cat,  the  marmot,  the  racoon,  the  opos- 
sum, and  red  and  grey  foxes.  Th»deer,  which  in  some 
places  is  fery  abundant,  ia  the  eerous  virginianus,  a 
species  unknown  in  Europe,  of  a  aiae  netween  the  red 
and  common  fallow  deer,  with  a  amall  parmated  horn. 
Beside  this  there  are  but  two  species  of  deer  found  ia 
the  eastern  states — the  moose  deer,  or  great  Siberian 
elk,  and  the  American  elk,  four  of  whioh  were  exhibited 
in  London  some  years  ago  under  the  coined  name  of 
wapiti,  and  which  have  bred  very  well  in  Etag'and. 
Other  kinds  of  deer,  and  goats,  and  sheep,  and  an  ante- 
lope from  the  Rocky  Mountains,  are  exhibited  in  the 
Zoological  museum.  The  reindeer  is  found  in  the  colder 
latitiues  of  Lower  Canada,  where  it  exists  in  large 
hM"*«.  A  species  of  stag  of  gigantic  size,  with  enor- 
mooB  horns,  which  Humboldt  considers  as  a  distinct 
species,  is  very  common  in  the  forests  and  plains  of 
New  California.  He  thinks  it  probable  that  the  horna 
whioh  were  displayed  by  Montezuma  to  the  companions 
of  Cortex,  as  objects  of  curiosity  on  account  of  their  im>; 
maiMB  sixe,  belonged  to  this  animal.  A  species  of  th*' 
ani^  genus  as  the  European  chevrenil,  or  roebuck,  is 
aliito- 'found  in  Canada  'and  some  of  the  states.  It  ia 
I«mr,  and  longer  eared  than  the  European  animaL 
OfVie  oenma  virginianna,  or  common  deer  of  America, 


I? 


34 


■IX  MONTHS 


■  ■ingle  bunter  will  lometimei  kill  two  or  thna  In  ■ 
day  i  bul  will  more  often  go  withoui  •  ibot,  ■■  they  are 
very  wild,  and  their  eenie  of  amelling  exceedingly  aoote. 
A  itiii  day  i«  unravourable ;  a  windy  day  ii  the  beet,  aa 
the  aportaman  can  then  come  very  near  them  oa  the 
windward  aide.  The  cougar  ia  their  greatest  enemy, 
but  ia  Inckily  not  very  eommon.  A  few  years  ago  an 
American  gentleman  who  had  taken  np  hfai  ahooting^ 
quarters  at  tlie  tavam  I  have  joat  mentioned,  woundM 
a  deer,  and  traokad  it  by  the  Mood.  On  coming  up  with 
it,  he  obaerved  a  cougar  on  the  animal ;  he  fired,  and 
had  the  aatiaihotion  to  see  it  drop  dead.    When  he  ap. 

Ctobed.he  saw  another,  that  had  crouched  behind  tM 
y  of  thx  deer.  He  diaablad  him,  and  killed  him  with 
the  third  *'iot.  Aa  ho  waa  returning,  he  killed  another 
deer,  and  lurought  all  the  four  skins  with  him  to  tim 
UTsrq,  TU  4  eld  Snglisbman  showed  me  the  scalp  of  a 
dier  llat  luid  bam  kUM  dttfisf  the  last  soaeon :  a  con. 
gv  waa  tj  fbD  porsuit  of  him ;  and  Ih*  deer  look  to  the 
water  oieeo  b*  the  taTem.  The  eoofat  apranf  on  hiaa 
ia  the  water,  b«t  made  off  wfaea  h*  saw  one  or  the  old 
man's  seaa  approaehinf  with  a  rifle,  from  which  Hm 
poor  dear  raaaivad  hi*  daath-woawl  immediately  aiUr- 
warda.  I  fiMmd  thai  there  was  a  penally  of  ire  dollar* 
<br  kiUins  a  deei^t  thia  aeaKta  of  the  year. 

The  winged  gww  ti  tbaa*  (breets  ara->th*  wild  tar- 
key,  whieli  bainff  panwd  with  avidity  by  the  epeita- 
man,  ia  heaBining  more  eearea  every  day :  it  is  largw 
than  the  tame  turkey,  and  ita  plumage  eloeely  risamliM 
that  of  the  d*rk<cokmred  demeeticatad  bird,  but  is  rather 
more  briUiaatt  the  pheaaanl,  which  is  a  speciea  of 
woed-groaso:  the  partridge,  which  eboald  rather  be 
termed  a  qoail,  but  which  la,  in  fact,  aa  I  have  hereafUr 
notieed,  neither  one  nor  the  othei-;  the  woodcock,  snipe, 
pigeona,  and  wild  fowl,  in  great  abundance. 

Tba  Ingest  snakee  found  in  these  forests,  are  the  rat* 
tie-eaake,  the  Qopner<head,  or  moqcasin-saake,  so  calM 
ftom  iU  yelk>w  odoar.reeeroUior  that  of  the  mceoasim 
or  Indian  sandal «  and  the  blaek-saake.  The  latt«V 
grows  to  the  length  of  seven  or  eight  Aet,  and  evf^ 
longer.  It  movee  with  great  rapidity,  ia  a  speciee  of  Dw 
boa-coustriotor,  and  ita  habita  and  manner  of  takiM  ila 
nny  are  aimiUr  to  thoae  of  that  tremendona  re^ila. 
The  bite  ie  not  poUonoos.  The  oop|Mr>head  ia  a  very 
dangemua  aaaka,  as  it  givee  no  warning  like  the  ratll*. 
snake.  Its  namq  ia  iU  description,  aa  ftr  aa  it  foea.  Itf 


•-iitriimiuimmmtiitltK'^- 


IN  AMMIC'A. 


86 


liM  two  or  thrM  in  a 
out  •  iliot,  ••  Xbmy  ar* 
ing  exceedingly  ■ente. 
ody  day  ia  the  beet,  m 
ery  near  them  on  the 
tmir  greatest  •■amy, 

A  few  yaara  ago  an 
■ken  np  hie  •hooting'* 
t  mentioMd,  wonndM 
I.  On  coming  np  with 

animal ;  ho  fifed,  and 

doad.  WhMi  h«  ap> 
id  eronohed  behind  tno 
n,  and  liilled  him  with 
ling  1  he  killed  anotkor 
ktnn  with  him  to  th» 
iwod  mo  the  scalp  of  a 
Iho  hut  ••••on :  a  con> 
Id  Iho  deor  took  to  Ibo 
ooagai  ipranf  on  hiaa 
ho  saw  one  of  tbo  old 
rill*,  from  whioh  Uw 
ind  immediately  aiUr- 
L  nonalty  of  4to  dollars 
>r  tho  yoar. 
•oU  arw— tha  wild  tn- 

avidity  by  th*  ncita- 
ivory  day :  it  ia  uurgw 
mago  clcooly  ro^MnliMi 
oatod  bird,  but  ia  rather 
irbich  ia  a  ■paeica  of 
liicl)  ahoald  ratbar  bo 
act,aa  I  hava  horaaftor 
■■;  the  woodooek,  mipat 
•bandanco. 

•■o  foiaata,  are  tho  rat- 
iqoaain-anaka,  ao  calM 
g  that  of  the  moeaoain. 
lek^make.  The  lattav 
r  eight  ibot,  and  a«a» 
dity,  ia  a  apaciaa  oftlw 
d  manner  of  takhMilS 
»t  tremendona  raptUa. 
cqtpar>haad  ia  a  nwy 
varning  like  tha  r»tw> 
n,  aa  far  aa  it  goea.  It^ 


length  ia  about  three  fbet.  Tiie  ratHa-enaha  ie  too  wall 
known  to  ii«>d  much  daecription  :  it  invariably  raleee  ite 
Ull  and  rottlee  beCure  it  etrikce,  eo  that,  in  general,  it 
ean  be  eoeily  avoided.  The  Indiana  coneider  tliti  aa 
proof  iU  noble  nature,  and  aocordingly  tlioy  never 
deetroy  it,  boUevlng  that  it  hae  eomething  divine  in  It. 
A  larfo  rattle.anake  would  maaeura  fiwr  Aat  in  Icngtii, 
perhapa,or  a  little  more,  but  ia  vary  thick  In  proportion. 
When  abonl  to  atUok,  it  auddenly  cwle  itfain  with  the 
Uil  raiaed,  and  rattling  in  the  middle  of  the  ooU,  and 
can  atrika  from  nearly  ita  whole  length.  It  ia  a  vary 
apirUad  animal »  and  fl«m  ite  moving  but  elowly  out  of 
tba  way.  ie  deatroyed  with  little  diffloulty.  Much  hiie 
been  eaid  of  tho  eitramo  danger  of  ita  bite,  and  of  the 
number  of  peraone  bitten  t  but  Uta  the  acoidento  from 
canine  madnaea  in  Engtend.  thay  are  fcr  mora  oflan 
hoard  ofthan  met  with.  It  ie  moat  probable  that  a  par- 
aon  would  die,  unleeo  immadiately  aaet«tMi<— «r  have  at 
all  eventt  a  very  namw  eacapa,  if  bitten  on  any  part  of 
tha  bady  that  liappmed  to  ha  naked;  hot  if  alrwik 
through  hU  olothaa,  ao  groat  a  jfroportion  of  poiaon  la 
by  tbam  abeorbed,  or  prevented  flrom  ooo»ing  in  oontaet 
with  tha  bktod.  that  the  bite,  if  taken  in  time,  ia  not 

dangeroui.  .    .  .t.    v-j 

It  ie  a  well  known  and  aiognlar  fkot,  that  tho  body 
. ■.!.< _:■■  — ^Sik...  .kail' -a  aikikt  nndar 


of  a  poraoo  bitten,  wiU  eomat&MB  ohu^a  wW^  ondar 
tha  infloanceof  tha  poiaoo,  to  tha  colour  of  tka  nake 
that  bit  him.  The  pfent  called  tha  rattla^ka  weed 
(bidena  frondoaa)  ie  a  remedy  need  by  tlia  IndiwM,  and 
aomatimea,  I  waa  arMUMy  informod,  with  grant  afiaot. 
Tha  ieavae  and  root  are  boiled  in  milk  and  na^  aa  a 

KItioa;  tha  milk  ia  also  taken  intarnnUy.  In  Mr. 
tt'a  boUnical  garden  at  Phlladalpbia,  I  WW  •  i(pMi- 
men  of  another  plant  which  ia  also  eonaidaradaaoMMons 
(polygala  smiaga)  called  by  the  Franah  »  Phwba  a  aar- 
panta  a  aaunottas."  It  gMWa  in  damp  and  shady  parte 
of  tha  wooda,  to  a  height  of  about  tiaa  fceti  h^i  ••«»•" 
poiMad  laaA  and  a  sfogia  ihaiibrai  rwH,  "■■■Ninf  • 
Saw  of  stiok-llquorioa.  I  waa,  »«»»»•»",  •aawrad  ^  • 
SmWan  of  aminenoa  at  Phibdalphia.  that  tto  only 
MMdy  ha  had  never  known  to  ikil,  w«»*»  •r^'Sl 
■Untiaiof  a  eoppingglaai  ta  tha  ww«**Jg:*  ^Jff 
taTapoooflil  ofTilniSiiila  in  a  wina  ghaa  «W  wUh 
^^V^niatarad  avary  boor  tiU  tte  •y«l«o*»  ««* 
•  •wMmbla  torn.  It  ia  waU  known  tbat  fcy  aoan 
diltta^  •mrj  anaka  in  tlN  waoda  Moand  •  mMmmtX. 


it-a-mnA. 


86 


•IX  MONTHI 


Thev  eat  them,  and  iro  leliloni  known  to  luffur  fVom 
IIm  dII«,  owin^,  it  ii  nid,  to  th«  quantity  o(  fat  in  their 
•jratcm.  Almost  f-very  wild  animal  ia  their  cnomr; 
■mall  bird*  will  ollen  peck  at  them,  althoudh  at  the 
aame  time  oredrnce  i«  certainly  to  be  vivun  to  tho  »lo- 
ilea  of  hicinalion  or  terror  hy  which  amall  animala, 
■nch  aa  aquirrela  and  liirda,  are  aomatimca  rendered  un- 
able to  eacape  froin  them.  Deer  will  cruih  tliein  to 
death,  by  jumping  on  them  with  all  their  Tour  feet 
brought  eloae  together.  I  waa  Oequently  told  that  rat- 
lle-anakeii  were  common  bora  and  there;  but  akill  I 
Barer  a«w  one :  the  fkct  ia,  that  they  generally  lie  con- 
cealed. A  peraon  travelling  in  the  wooda,  will  nome- 
tloiM  come  aaddenly  upon  Rfty  or  a  hundred  of  them 
teaking  on  the  rocka.  They  all  retire  aa  the  cold 
weather  approaohea,  and  lie  torpid  during  tho  whole 
winter ;  ao  that  a  aportamaa  ia  in  no  danger  from  them. 
A  Frvnch  gentleman,  who  a  year  or  two  ago  waa  ahoot- 
inggrouae  very  early  in  the  acaaen,  on  the  moniitaina 
lu  New  Jeraey,  waa  auddanly  atrnek  near  hia  hip  by  a 
rattle-anake  of  tha  largcat  aiie ;  thanka  to  hia  looae 
Aiatian  trowaarat  tha  tCnga  did  not  touch  him ;  the 
btnte  couM  not  extrieata  itaelf,  and  hong  upon  him  till 
•tniinad  by  repeated  biowa  from  hia  gun. 

Philipabarg  ia  rapidly  inereaaing,  under  the  advan- 
tagea  of  Engiiah  auperintendence :  it  containa  aboat 
eight  hnmlrea  inhabitanta  in  tha  town  and  environa.  It 
ia  almoat  exeluaively  tho  property  of  one  Engiiah  gentle- 
man, who  ia  maaler  of  nearly  70,000  aerea  in  that  part 
of  tba  eountry.  While  I  partook  of  hia  hoapitality,  I 
waa  agreeably  aorpriaed  by  tlie  circle  of  English  society, 
which  I  flnind  eoiMeted  under  his  roof.  Several  Engiiah 
have  made  Philipaburg  their  place  of  reaidence.  Its 
•dvantagea  oonaiat  in  a  remarkably  healthy  situation  on 
tba  wealern  alopa  of  the  Alleghaniea,  where  the  deacent 
ie  eo  gradual  aa  to  faa  hardly  perceptible ;  an  eaay  and 
eoBalaat  communication  with  Philadelphia  and  Pitta- 
burgh  on  tha  Ohio ;  excellent  tront-flabing,  and  abcot- 
ing  In  the  foreat ;  a  very  cheap  market  (a  ahcep  or  dacr 
can  ba  bought  for  a  dollar),  and  excellent  medical  ad- 
vice. Unektand  land  may  be  pnrohaaed  at  one,  twOk  or 
three  ddlara  an  acre. 

The  large  beaver  dame  in  thia  neighbourhood  affbrd 
tha  flneat  paature  imaginaUe.  They  run  fer  aeTaral 
milea  along  tha  aida  of  tha  Moahanan  croak.    What  ia 


ia«i)i 


ri». 


IN   AHBHICA. 


37 


nown  to  lulTur  iVom 
laiilily  of  fat  in  tlieir 
iii  is  their  cnonir; 
am,  BithouKh  tt  Ina 
be  uivun  to  the  »to- 
liich  mnall  animali, 
latinics  rendervd  un- 
will  cruih  tliein  to 
all  their  four  fact 
luently  told  that  rat- 
d  there;  but  aiill  I 
ejr  generally  lie  con- 
M  wooda,  will  nome- 
k  hundred  of  them 
retire  aa  the  cold 
id  during  the  whole 
lo  danger  Iroiii  them, 
ir  two  ago  waa  ahoot- 
m,  on  the  mouutaina 
k  near  bia  hip  by  a 
thanka  to  hia  looae 
not  touch  him  ;  the 
d  hung  upon  him  till 
ia  gun. 

ig,  under  the  advan- 
t:  it  containa  abo«t 
Dwn  and  environ*.  It 
of  one  EngUah  gantiC' 
100  acrea  in  that  part 
of  hia  hoapitality,  I 
sle  of  Engliah  anciety, 
roof.  Several  Engliah 
ce  of  residence.  Its 
f  healthy  situation  on 
es,  where  the  descent 
wptible;  an  easy  and 
liladelphia  and  Pills- 
nt'flabing,  and  aboot- 
irket  (a  aheap  or  daar 
ixcellant  medical  ad- 
Bhaaed  at  dW,  tw«k  w 

naighboarhood  aflhrd 
rhey  run  for  aaranl 
nan  craak.    What  i» 


now  eallod  a  boaver  lium,  is  not  morely  tlia  fane*  or  dam 
which  that  industrious  animal  had  thrown  aoraas  Iha 
strcum,  but  the  whole  meadow  over  which  the  water 
was  spread  in  conscriuonce  of  its  being  erraststi  ia  ita 
course.  The  bonvor  was  held  saoreil  by  Iha  Indiana, 
and  tliair  habitatiuns  wore  probably  undisturbad  ibr 
centuries.  The  stream,  whan  clieckad  in  iia  caraar  by 
the  dam  which  those  extraordinary  animals  had  oa» 
struoted,  found  its  levol,  of  course,  in  avory  nook  to 
which  it  could  ((aiu  access ;  and  treaa  and  shruba  rollod 
away  with  ho  much  moisture.  As  the  boaver  was  do* 
stroyed,  or  driven  out  by  the  progress  of  oiviliaUion, 
the  dams  gave  way,  and  tha  stream  soon  returiMd  to  ila 
former  channel,  and  the  bottom  of  the  pond  or  dan  ia 
converted  into  a  Ana  maadow,  axoeedingly  valuabia  ftt 
iIm  purposes  of  tba  graaior.  A  parson  may  tfmval 
through  tha  forest  for  many  niikis,  and  will  suddanly 
amerga  upon  a  graan  open  spaoa,  with  aoarcaly  •  tne 
or  shrub  upon  it,  although  at  tha  saino  time  it  bo  aor* 
rounded  by  a  leafy  wall  of  the  loftiest  forast  Ifooa.  An 
English  gentleman  had  Just  oommanead  a  htm  oa  ono 
of  thaaa  dams,  and  I  rode  about  aii  uUoa  tbraof  Ik  Ihu 
woods  to  visit  bira.  Tha  place  luul  muok  tha  appaunaaa 
of  (an  English  park,  which  deer  and  otbar  wild  aainala 
would  frequently  crois,  and  somatimas  within  rifla-ahol 
fVom  his  window.  It  waa  mora  thau  a  inila  in  lauftlit 
with  tha  shapa  and  appearanoa  of  a  billiard  taUa. 

At  Philipsburg,  and  in  tha  neighbourhood,  ara  aavaral 
iron  works.  I  visited  a  curious  sorow  OMUulkolary 
there :  the  machine  fiir  heading  tlie  screwa  waa  invawtoi 
on  the  spot,  and  probably  thara  is  not  suoli  aaoUiar  to  ba 
found  auy  where.  It  turned  out  about  aixtjr  acrewa  in 
a  minute,  and  finiahed  thoaa  off  with  a  noatneaa  that 
would  excite  the  aurprise  avan  of  a  maohaniat. 

I  have  beibro  mentioned  that  PhiUdalphia  wiU  shortly 
ba  connected  with  the  Ohio  rivor,  by  means  of  Ilia  Co- 
lumbia rail-rood,  from  which  the  great  Pannsylvaaia 
canal  will  soon  to  finished  to  tha  foot  of  tha  AlloghaaT 
fflooataina,  where  it  will  ba  Joined  by  another  rail-Nad, 
wbioh  will  pasa  Uie  mountains,  and  communieata  with 
Pittaburg.  Anotha'  rail-road  will,  moat  probabbr,  ba 
oanatiiNtod,  ao  as  to  interaact  tha  same  eanal  a  little 
above  Huntingdon.  It  will  coma  from  tha  bituninoas 
epal  district,  which  Ilea  about  Pbilipahurf  and  CiaaiBnM 
oouity,  and  is  spiaad  over  a  great  asilMt  of  ground  on 
4 


fS 


38 


SIX    UONTB8 


the  wMtern  tlope  of  the  Alleghany.  Plenty  of  nione  or 
■nthraoite  coal  ii  to  be  found  in  many  parte  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  in  vast  quantities ;  but  the  bituminous  coal 
used  in  the  transatlantic  cities  is  supplied  either  from 
Iiiverpool,  from  Nova  Scotia,  or  from  Virginia.  The 
partioles  of  the  Virginia  coal,  however,  are  too  much 
divided,  and  it  more  resembles  the  coal  used  by  a  black- 
nnith,  than  the  Newcastle  coal.  I  have  understood  that 
bituminous  coal  has  been  lately  discovered,  although  in 
vary  small  quantities,  in  Pennsylvania,  on  the  eastern 
side  of  the  mountain.  The  anthracite  coal  throws  out 
a  very  powerful  heat,  but  is  very  troublesome  and  un- 
manageable, requiring  a  long  time  before  it  will  kindle 
properly;  bunting  without  flame  or  smoke,  and  creating 
•n  nnpleasant  and  rather  unhealthy  dryness  in  the  at- 
mosphere of  a  room.  An  experiment  had  been  success- 
fiilly  tried  in  New  York,  by  which  the  anthracite  coal 
bad  been  rendered  subservient  to  the  purposes  of  the 
■taam-engina.  It  was  contrived  that  a  stream  of  hy- 
drogen-gas, generated  by  partof  the  engine,  should  flow 
constantly  over  the  burning  coal,  so  that  a  powerful 
flame  was  thus  fed  under  the  boiler.  But  in  all  cases 
where  a  manageable  fire  is  required,  the  biturriinoas 
coal  ia  iiir  preferable.  By  means  of  the  Phiiipsburg 
rail-road,  the  whole  country  will  be  supplied  with  this 
valuable  mineral,  at  a  very  moderate  expense,  from  the 
inexhaostibla  stores  on  the  western  slope  of  the  Alle- 
ghany. The  necessity  of  making  cheaper  iron  is  be- 
coming daily  more  imperative  in  the  United 'States. 
For  tliu  end,  to  sav  nothing  of  the  carriage  of  timber, 
the  PhilipiJMirg  rail-road  will  be  very  advantageous,  as 
it  will  bring  dnwn  the  coal  to  be  converted  into  coke,  to 
be  used  in  the  melting  fbrnaues;  and  it  will  pass 
through  the  midst  of  the  Juniata  iron  district,  where 
niore  than  twenty  forges  and  furnaces  already  exist  in 
fbll  activity ;  and  whose  increasing  importance  calls  for 
a  more  adequate  and  expeditious  mode  of  conveyance 
than  it  at  present  commands.  The  whole  country  will 
be  muob  benefited ;  and  independently  of  the  real  and 
lasting  advantages  to  be  gained  by  the  construction  tf 
the  Philipeburg  rail-toad,  an  early  attention  to  the  plan, 
ftMn  the  iwoper  quarter,  will  be  but  joatlee  to  the  itdi- 
tions  of  a  gentleman,  who,  with  his  brothers  before  him, 
baa  devoted  time  and  eapiul  to  the  enterpriae,  and  hwi 
called  into  eiielence  a  highly  respectable  eommtmity, 


.r- 


ai 
W 


to 

H 
an 
th 
to 
of 
H 
pi 

Pl 
ce 
di 

th 

Wl 

otl 

fol 

so 
he 
w 
di 
hi 
sii 

tu 
wi 
bl 
an 
is 
th 
bu 
ad 
ab 
sit 
an 
br 
th 


vai 
in 


MWMMtMSMta 


ly.  Plenty  ofiiione  or 
nany  partaof  Pennayl- 
the  bituminous  coal 
supplied  either  from 
from  Virginia.  The 
owever,  are  too  much 
t  coa!  used  by  a  black- 
[  have  understood  that 
liscovered,  although  in 
Ivania,  on  the  eastern 
racite  coal  throws  out 
'  troublesome  and  un- 
le  before  it  will  kindle 
or  smoke,  and  creating 
;hy  dryness  in  the  at- 
nent  iiad  been  success- 
!h  the  anthracite  coal 
to  the  purposes  of  the 
that  a  stream  of  hy- 
the  engine,  should  flow 
al,  so  that  a  powerAil 
ler.  But  ill  all  cases 
[uired,  the  bituiiiinoas 
ms  of  the  Phii^isburg 
be  supplied  with  this 
•rate  expense,  from  the 
lern  slope  of  the  Alle- 
ig  cheaper  iron  is  be- 
in  the  United*  States, 
he  carriage  of  timber, 
I  very  advantageous,  as 
converted  into  coke,  to 
c«s;  and  it  will  pass 
ita  iron  district,  where 
rnaces  already  exist  in 
ing  importance  calls  for 
IS  mode  of  conveyance 
The  whole  country  will 
idently  of  the  real  and 
by  the  constniction  6f 
ly  attention  to  the  plan, 
Dot  jQstiee  to  the  ndf- 
liis  brotbera  before  him, 
the  enttirpriM,  and  has 
espectable  eommunity. 


miiimiimtitm 


IN    AHKHIVA. 


39 


and  the  most  thriving  and  useful  settlement  in  the  back 
woods  of  Pennsylvania. 

I  left  Philipgburg,  and  returned  to  Belfont,  whence  I 
took  the  road  to  Northumberland.  In  about  six  hours  I 
again  came  in  sight  of  the  j^isanehanna,  flowing  through 
an  extensive  valley,  with  its  lofty  southern  bank  robed  to 
the  very  summit  by  a  covert  so  thickly  interwoven  aa 
to  be  absolutely  impassable.  I  proceedeil  down  the  side 
of  the  river  till  I  arrived  at  thn  ferry  at  Dunnsburg. 
Here  I  met  with  a  piece  of  singular  incivility  and  im- 
pudence. The  insolent  young  Charon  allowed  me  to 
place  my  luggage  in  his  leaky  bark ;  but  as  I  waa  pro- 
ceeding to  take  my  seat,  he  "  calkilated,"  with  the  moat 
disagreeable  twang  (at  least  I  thought  so)  that  I  had 
vet  heard,  "  that  I  must  pay  him  a  fip  (five-penny  bit) 
before  I  put  my  foot  into  his  boat."  It  was  aU  in  vain 
that  I  pointed  to  my  portmanteau,  intimating  that  it 
would  bis  '*  assets"  for  the  payment  of  my  poMage  to  the 
other  side.  Nothing  would  satisfy  him  Imt  my  fip  be- 
forehand ;  and  I  was  obliged  to  pay  it  It  appeued  that 
some  stage-paasengera  had  gone  off  without  paying,  and 
he  did  not  wish  to  be  cheated  a  second  time.  The  guard 
who  arrived  with  the  mail,  was  so  enraged  at  his  con- 
duct, that  he  actually  took  out  one  of  the  horses,  crammed 
him  through  the  river,  and  arrived  safely  on  tho  other 
side  with  me  letter-bags. 

Within  a  mile  or  two  of  Dunnsborg,  are  swne  Indian 
tumuli ;  but  I  did  not  stop  to  see  them.  I  travelled  on- 
ward through  a  most  deliffhtfiil  country,  aboondinr  in 
black-oak ;  the  bark  of  which  is  tent  down  the  river, 
and  shipped  off  in  great  quantities  for  England,  where  it 
is  used  In  dying.  I  enjoyed  a  very  fine  view  firom 
tho  hill  over  which  the  road  passes  near  Moncey ; 
but  I  afterwards  saw  the  same  prospect  to  much  greater 
advantage  from  Northumberland.  This  pUoe  conUbs 
about  two  thousand  inhabitants,  and  is  most  delightfully 
situated  on  the  nock  of  land  that  separates  the  northern 
and  western  branches  of  the  Susquehanna.  The  oele- 
brated  Dr.  Priestley  spent  the  latter  years  of  his  life  in 
this  place.  He  died  about  twenty-five  years  ago.  I  waa 
ttiaitred  by  an  oUl  and  intimate  firiend  of  his,  who  waa 
irWi  him  but  a  few  months  bcfbro  he  died,  that  thew 
itmtMtt  ibnndation  for  a  prevalent  belief,  that  for  soine 
mSf&B  previously  to  his  daath,  he  changed  hia  oiriniona 
in  fiivoor  of  the  divinity  of  Christ. 


TMlliliiillllM 


40 


SIX  MONTHS 


CSood  land,  in  a  state  of  cultivation,  is  worth  twenty, 
thirty,  forty,  or  even  a  hundred  dollars  the  acre,  in  this 
partof  tlic  country.  The  average  profit  of  land  amounts 
iotwelvo  and  a  half  per  cent  Thirty  bushels  of  wheat  is 
a  mod  crop.  The  wages  of  the  married  labourer  are 
fifteen  doUars  a  montli  (the  United  States  dollar  is  equal 
to  4».  6i.)  Single  men,  who  board  at  the  house  of  their 
employer,  receive  but  ten.  Where  I  made  inquiry,  I 
ibnnd  the  rate  of  labourers*  wages  to  bo  much  the  same 
tturoofhaat  the  States. 

I  eRMNwd  the  western  branch  of  the  Susquehanna  by 
a  new  and  huidsome  wooden  bridge,  built  as  usual  oa 
■tooe  pier*.  Its  length  waa  1316  feet,  and  it  ooat  70,000 
dollars.  I  then  immediately  ascended  the  heights  on 
the  other  side.  From  them  I  had  a  full  view  of  both 
bnnebea  of  this  "shining  river,"  an  appellation 
which  none  deeenres  better  than  the  Suaquehuina.  I 
fnSmni  the  aeenery  aroond  Monoey  to  that  in  the  di> 
rection  nt  Wyoming.  The  sun  waa  declining  behind 
the  prec^nce  on  whkh  I  stood,  whieh  was  thrown  more 
and  more  into  diade,  aa  the  red  rays  gteneed  through 
'the  pinea  on  ita  summit,  and  swept  downward  into  toe 
broad  and  beantifbl  valley  beneath  me.  The  windinga 
at  the  river  were  visible  to  a  great  distance.  Although 
oonaiderabfy  larger,  it  atrongly  reminded  me  of  the 
Thamea  seen  &au  Richmond.hilL  Its  tranquil  bke-like 
Btream  meandered  through  the  oountrr,  encircling  seve- 
ral iaihadu :  at  one  titM  gliding  in  auenoe  through  the 
fereal,or  emerging  to  roll  its  waters  over  a  rich  sad  ex- 
tensive meadow,  it  fireahencd  every  thing  in  iU  course ; 
and  when  it  had  fVilly  performed  the  task  of  ornament 
a^l  Mnfiilnnan  allotted  to  it  by  nature,  it  seemed  to  lose 
itself  through  a  gap  in  the  Blue  Mountains,  from  whieh 
in  reality  it  issued. 

Beautiihl  as  it  b,  yet,  were  tliis  England,  I  could  not 
lielp  thinking,  how  different  would  be  the  appearance  of 
the  country !  I  am  gnzing  on  a  view,  as  apleiulid  as 
any  one  of  the  same  cluracter  I  ever  beheld  in  any 
lamt, — I  see  before  me  a  noble  river,  winding  its  way 
through  an  exquisite  landscape,  of  hill  and  dale,  ana 
Wood  and  verdure,  abounding  in  every  resource  that 
could  make  a  country  life  agreeable ;  but  it  is  in  vain 
tliat  my  disappointed  eye  roves  over  th?  scene,  and  l«BMi 
on  the  most  roa^ficent  situations  fof  park  and  palace « 
where,  thought  I,  arc  tiic  "  stately  homes  of  {Ui^andf* 


mtmmt 


MI  AMKKIUA. 


41 


on,  is  worth  twenty, 
lars  Uw  acre,  in  this 
irofitof  land  amounts 
y  buiihols  of  wheat  is 
married  labourer  are 
State*  dollar  ia  equal 
at  the  houee  of  their 
B  I  made  inquiry,  I 
to  be  much  the  same 

the  Susquehanna  by 
ge,  built  as  usual  on 
set,  and  it  oost  70,000 
mded  the  heights  on 

a  fiill  view  of  both 
er,"  an  appellation 
the  Soaqoehanna.  I 
oey  to  that  in  the  di> 
ras  declining  behind 
ieh  was  thrown  moro 
ays  gb&ee4  throuffh 
pt  downward  into  the 
k  ma.  The  windings 
t  distance.  Although 
reminded  mo  of  the 

Its  tranquil  lake-like 
nntry,  encircling  Seve- 
rn suenoe  through  the 
rs  over  a  rich  aad  ex- 
ry  thing  in  its  course ; 
the  task  of  ornament 
ture,  it  seemed  to  lose 
lountaina,  fVom  which 

England,  I  could  not 
d  be  the  appearance  of 

view,  as  apfendid  as 

I  ever  beheld  in  any 
iver,  winding  its  way 

of  hill  and  dale,  and 
n  every  resource  that 
lable ;  but  it  is  in  vain 
rer  the  scene,  and  rwMi 
sfor  parkaiid  Mhcet 
f  homes  of  {kigland?'* 


—where  is  the  marble-fronted  hall,  and  the  village  church 
beside  it,  with  its  spire  pointing  to  the  heavens  ?  The 
powerless  genius  of  embellishment  wanders  disconsd^ 
along  the  beautiful  banks  of  the  Susquehanna,  and  bit- 
terly  complains  tliat  he  is  fettered  by  the  spirit  ofii  emo- 

I  am  far  from  meaning  to  mier  m  the  above  uasMge, 
that  there  is  any  lack  of  churches  in  the  United  StatM. 
On  tlie  contrnry,  tliey  are  numerous.  As  an  English- 
man,  I  am  liere  speaking  merely  with  reference  to  situft- 
tion,  and  tlie  association  of  ideas  excited  in  my  mind. 

The  Americans,  in  general,  are  not  fond  of  compari- 
sons between  England  and  their  own  country,  except  in 
cases  where  the  balance  is  in  their  favour ;  but  sUU,  I 
have  often  observed  that  there  is  no  subject  of  conversa. 
tion  more  gladly  discussed  by  an  American  gentleman, 
and  more  particularly  by  those  who  have  country  house* 
of  tlieir  own,  than  the  splendour  of  the  seats  of  «»">•■ 
bility  and  gentry,  and  the  perfection  of  society  which  is 
enjoyed  at  them.  There  is  nothing  in  England  so  a^ 
to  elicit  from  them  a  remark  of  honest  regret,  as  their 
knowledge  of  the  very  remote  probability,  1  may  almoat 
add,  tlio  utter  hopelessness,  of  their  ever  being  we  to 
boost  of  seats  and  villas  at  all  equal  to  those  on  this  side 
of  the  Atlantic,  so  long  as  the  present  form  of  govern, 
ment  exista  in  luU  force.  Who  would  bui  d  a  reaUjr 
splendid  mansion,  whicb^  after  his  death,  wUl  proba^ 
become  a  ruin,  or  be  sold,  and  converted  into  an  homi- 
lol  ?  or  who  would  clear  and  beautify  a  park  of  any  ex- 
tent,  to  be  divided  and  ploughed  up  by  his  needy  '»eoM. 
sors  f  1  have  seen  country  houses  in  America,  wboee 
d«li(rhtfulsituation,andgeutlemanlyappear«Hse,(a.thougll 
it  must  bo  aUowed,  they  often  look  their  be^  at  a  d» 
tance.)  only  serve  to  render  the  prospect  of  division  the 
more  melancholy.  I  liave  been  kindly  received  at  many 
of  them :  I  have  usually  noticed  a  due  attention  to  com- 
fort and  elegance,  and  invariably  to  kindness  and  hoc- 
pitality ;  but  I  have  not  been  able  to  avoid  a  remark,  that 
there  did  not  appear  to  be  much  difference  in  the  luze  ot 
the  houses,  or  the  extent  of  tlie  grounds,  as  if  there  ex- 
isted a  general  and  mournhil  acknowledgment,  that  a 
•Bit  medium  was  to  be  observed  between  the  expoise  in- 
caned  with  reference  to  present  enjoyment,  and  the  jmr 
bKUIity  of  an  ultimate  loss  of  capital,  when  the  iutura 


mmim^ 


I  J,,    J  ,,Mi_ 


•!*■ 


42 


SIX  MONTHS 


wu  regarded.    I  could  name  a  few,  but  very  few,  ex- 
ceptions. 

Whatever  the  Americana  may  think  of  their  institu- 
tions in  other  respects,  tliere  are  many  sensible  Ameri- 
cans—and I  have  met  with  them — ^wlio  will  acknowledge 
the  inctiicacy  of  those  to  counteract  the  disadvantages, 
not  to  say  miseries,  sometimes  arising  IVom  Uio  non-ex- 
islenoe  ot'  the  law  of  primogeniture.  'Hie  object  is,  to 
exclude  the  preponderance  ot  wealth,  because  it  tends  to 
generate  an  aristocracy  of  political  power.  The  non- 
existence of  the  law  of  primogeniture  is,  I  think,  witli 
liveat  deference,  but  lamely  defended  by  Chancellor  Kent, 
in  bis  admirable  Commentarios  on  American  Law,  and 
which,  by  the  way,  are  most  richly  deserving  of  a  place 
in  every  library,  if  it  be  merely  on  account  of  the  learn- 
ed dissertations  on  the  history  of  every  republic  of  note 
that  has  ever  existed.  He  quotes  Adam  Smith  in  sup- 
port of  his  opinions ;  the  Marquess  Uainier,  his  French 
ta«iwlator;  and  the  Baron  de  StacI  Ilolstein, — and  al- 
though he  acknowledges  the  attendant  evils,  yet  ho  says 
it  vrouM  be  an  error  to  suppose  that  tlioy  have  been  al- 
rwdy  felt  But  surely  there  are  some  which  he  does 
not oontemplate  in  his  work;  but  which  must  bo  ac- 
knowledged to  have  a  miserable  ciTcct  upon  the  state  of 
Misiety.  A  sale,  not  unattended  with  sacrifice,  takes 
pUoe  at  the  decease  of  nearly  evenr  person  who  dies  in 
poeeeosion  of  landed  property.  This  is  followed  bjr  a 
minute  division  of  tlie  proceeds  amongst  the  next  of  kin. 
Aa  to  the  law  of  dower,  it  is  much  the  same  as  that  of 
Bngiand  generally ;  but  where  the  sale  has  been  made, 
the  produce  is  considered  as  real  estate  so  far,  and  tlie 
Widow  receives  an  annuity  from  one  tliird  in  lien  of  her 
dower.  This  does  not  effect  the  distribution  of  the  re- 
mainder, which  is  divided  as  in  Eingland.  It  often  hap- 
pens, that  the  share  of  each  person,  if  young,  ie  just 
enoi^fh  to  purchase  his  destruction. 

Very  fteqoontly,  but  in  some  States  more  than  otliera, 
its  most  prominent  application  is  detected  by  the  eKiMla 
of  a  vicious  indulgence  in  ardent  spirits,  principally 
amonc  the  seoond  and  lower  classes.  DrunkeniMM  aliU 
prevnil*  to  an  alarming  extent,  notwithstanding  the  ba- 
nign  presence  of  the  temperate  societies.  I  have  heard 
the  most  melancholy  and  appalling  accountij  of  its  nmu 
ges  in  private  life ;  and  in  one  place  I  was  infiirnied  of 
its  disgusting  influence  over  judicial  morality.    Tlie  root 


IN   AMERICA. 


43 


but  very  few,  ex- 

ik  of  their  inatitu- 
ny  sensible  Ameri- 
lo  will  acknowledge 
the  difladvantagci, 
ig  firom  tho  non-ex- 

Tho  object  is,  to 
because  it  tends  to 
power.  Tlie  non- 
e  is,  I  think,  with 
ly  Chancellor  Kent, 
American  Law,  and 
eserving  of  a  place 
:count  of  the  learn- 
:ry  republic  of  note 
lam  Smith  in  sup- 
jtainier,  his  French 

Ilolstein, — and  ol- 
it  evils,  yet  he  saya 
;  thoy  have  been  al- 
mo  which  ho  does 
which  must  bo  ac- 
ct  upon  the  state  of 
ritli  sacrifice,  takes 
person  who  dies  in 
lis  is  followed  by  a 
ngst  the  next  of  kin. 
tlie  same  as  that  of 
lalo  has  been  made, 
tate  so  far,  and  the 
tliird  in  lieu  of  her 
■tribution  of  the  re- 
[land.  It  often  hap- 
n,  if  young,  k  just 

esmore  than  othen, 

tectedby  the  effiMle 

spirits,  principUly 

.    DrunkemMM  atiU 

rithstaading  the  he- 

Aties.    I  have  heard 

accountb  of  ita  rwna- 

I  was  inlbrmed  of 

morality.   The  root 


of  tho  evil  is  in  the  expectation*  which  ore  formed  :  it 
is  the  certainty  of  actual  po^ession  of  property  at  a 
future  time,  accompanied  by  ignorance  aa  to  its  amount, 
that  so  often  cheriblies  in  Uie  children  the  most  dioaolute 
habits  of  idleness,  with  all  their  attendant  ewta.    Sup- 
nosing  both  of  them  in  the  same  easy  circumstaiwea  as 
country  gentlemen,  and  fathers  of  iKmilieis  how  different 
must  of  necessity  bo  tho  sentiments  of  every  AmerM»n 
and  an  Englishman,  when  tiiey  survey  their  resncUye 
fire-sides !     Botii  see  around  them  their  wives  and  chU- 
dren,  in  the  possession  of  affluence  and  comfort,  and 
happy  in  the  enjoyment  of  each  other's  society.    But  in 
the  event  of  his  death,  how  gloomy  may  be  tiie  picture 
drawn  by  the  one,  in  opposition  to  the  one  contemplatoa 
by  the  other  I    A  divided  esUte  and  a  dispersed  ftmily, 
present  themselves  to  the  mind  of  the  American;  or 
perhaps  a  small  part  of  them  living  together,  but  unable 
to  command  any  share  of  the  luxuries,  and  not  many  of 
the  comforta  they  enjoy  during  his  lifetime,  in  oonee. 
quence  of  a  secession  of  property  by  marriage,  or  de- 
crease of  it  from  dissipation.    The  Englirimian  ieele  a 
debt  of  gratitude  to  the  oonatitntion  of  hie  country :  to 
tiie  event  of  his  death,  his  house,  in  tiio  possession  of  his 
eldest  son,  will  be  a  home  for  hi*  widow  and  a  plaise  of 
meeting  for  his  children.    Hia  younger  eons  have  been 
brought  up  imdor  the  idea  that  they  are  to  be  the  archi- 
tects of  their  own  fortunes,  and  suoh  a  doctrine  baa  not 
rendered  them  unhappy,  because  it  has  enferoed  the  vir- 
tue  of  contentment.    "Ilie  law  of  primogeniture  perpe- 
tuates, through  the  eldest  son,  a  nie«aes  of  parental  aP 
fection  and  authority ;  and  where  there  is  a  title  te  de- 
soend,  there  is  a  further  inducement  to  the  eMert  son  to 
emulate  the  virtues  or  the  actions  of  an  illnstrioue  fit- 
thcr  ;  or,  if  that  father  has  brought  disgrace  upon  aAa> 
tinguished  name,  or  sullied  the  esoutdieon  or  a  distin- 
g^hed  fiunily  (Which,  be  it  added,  is  sometimes  the 
Case,)  the  son  may  be  naturally  deeiroos  of  wiping  away 
the  stain,  and  o[  giving  the  benefit  of  his  example  to 
aociety,  by  hie  imttation  of  tiie  character  of  a  noUe  an- 
caeter.    There  is  yet  a  fbrther  deficiency  of  inducement 
to  exertion  existi^  in  the  American,  aiul  in  every  other 
demoeraey.    inuigland,  a  young  man  in  the  enjM- 
nwiit  of  a  Buffident  income,  and  who  is  conse(^ueNtIy 
not  obliged  to  labour  at  any  profession  with  a  view  to 
te  increase,  yet  with  the  possibility  of  obtaining  a  title. 


fimmtmt 


44 


dlX  MONTIIH 


will  exert  liia  abilitie*  to  the  utmoat ;  but  in  America, 
the  Bti'.ttul's  of  titled  diatinctioii  beingr  unknown,  it  muMt 
often  happen  that  the  finest  talenta  are  doomed  to  remain 
uneuiplojred. 

I  croaaed  the  north  branch  of  the  Suaquehanna,  and 
poaaed  on  to  the  town  of  Sunbury,  on  the  bank  of  the 
main  river,  and  about  two  miles  distant  from  Northum- 
berland.   Sunbury  is  a  very  pretty  country  town,  with 
a  delightful  piomenado  along  the  side  of  tho  river.     In 
all  parta  of  the  vicinity  there  nre  some  beautiful  pros- 
pects ;  near  it,  a  very  large  dam  has  been  thrown  across 
the  stream,  where,  by  the  junction  of  its  two  branches, 
it  spreads  out,  and  forms  a  basin  three  quarters  of  a 
mile  acroas.    I  observed  some  fishermen  hauling  their 
nets,  and  went  up  to  them.    They  had  taken  some  cat- 
fiah,  and  several  aalmon.     The  cat-fish  has  obtained  its 
name  from  its  appearance  :  its  head,  which  is  out  of  all 
proportion  to  its  bodj,  ia  large  and  round,  with  the  addi- 
tion of  two  worm-like  appendages  projecting  beneath 
the  eye*,  like  the  whiskers  of  a  cat    It  is  altogether  a 
dark,  ugly-kwking  fish ;   but  is  eatable,  with  a  flavour 
aomethug  like  that  of  an  eel,  but  inferior.    In  the  lar- 
IV  western  riven  it  sometimes  attains  a  weight  ef 
eichhr  or  one  hundred  pounds.    Ilia  fish,  improperly 
ouled  the  salmon   -n  no  reapecis  resembles  the  real  sal- 
mon of  Great  Britain.    It  has  none  of  the  peculiarities 
of  the  salmo  genus ;  and  does  not  rise  at  a  fly.  In  figure 
it  is  not  remarkable ;  in  colour  it  ia  more  similar  to  the 
pilw  than  to  any  fish  I  am  acquainted  with.  The  weight 
of  those  usually  taken,  is  about  a  pound ;  but  some  of 
them  are  larger.    A  fly-fiaber  would  have  but  moderate 
apart  ob  the  Smquehanna;  but  he  might  kill  a  great  va- 
riety of  fish,  if  he  oondesoended  to  use  a  bait,  and  might 
oooaaionall^  take  a  large  trout  with  a  minnow.    The 
riv«r  coatauM  pike  and  eels,  of  immense  size ;  trout,  not 
namerous;  rock-fiah,  oat-fish,  suckers,  common  and  sil- 
ver peroi»— a  beautiftd  fish ;  and  a  very  small  species  of 
lamprey,  that  ia  only  used  as  a  bait    The  shad  is  abo 
fimnd  m  great  quantities  in  this  and  almaat  all  the  riv«ra 
at  the  eastern  states.    It  ia  excellent  eating,  and  usoti^ 
weigfaa  about  four  pounds ;  but  I  thought  tlie  flavour  it 
the  Baaqophanna  salmon  equal,  if  not  superior,  to  mtf 
Ml  in  the  United  States.    I  ahould  almost  proNBB 
that   it  was  peculiar  to  that  river,  aa   I   have   tn- 
qnaatly  met  vnth  natives  of  other  States  who  have  iMver 
heard  of  it 


•#riKiMMii 


US 

modt;  but  in  America, 
being  unknown,  it  muat 
ta  ore  doomed  to  remun 

'  the  Suaquehonne,  and 
ry,  on  the  bank  oi'  the 

distant  tirom  Northum- 
itty  country  town,  with 
I  aide  of  the  river.  In 
e  aome  beautiful  proe- 
haa  been  thrown  acroaa 
in  of  its  two  branchea, 
lain  three  quartera  of  a 
iahermeu  hauling  their 
ey  had  taken  aome  cat- 
at-fiah  haa  obtained  ita 
lad,  which  ia  out  of  all 
d  round,  with  the  addi- 
«a  projecting  beneath 
eat  It  ia  altogether  a 
eatable,  with  a  flavour 
it  inierior.  In  the  lar- 
I  Qttaina  a  weight  ef 

The  iiah,  improperly 

reaemblea  the  real  aal- 
Dne  of  the  peculiaritiea 
'.  riae  at  a  fly.  In  figure 

ia  more  aimilar  to  the 
nted  with.  The  weight 
1  pound ;  but  some  of 
tuid  have  but  moderate 
i  might  kill  a  great  va- 
o  uae  a  bait,  and  ought 
with  a  minnow.  The 
nmenae  aize ;  trout,  not 
skera,  common  and  ail- 
a  very  anudl  ipeciea  of 
•it  The  shad  ia  alao 
nd  almaat  all  the  riven 
ent  eating,  and  naulflif 
thought  tile  flavour  « 
f  not  miperior,  to  mtjf 
Mnild  alraoat  prawniwi 
iver,  aa  I  haw  tn- 
Statea  who  have  onvt 


IN  AMBRIUA. 


45 


At  Sonbur? ,  I  chanced  to  be  told  that  three  York- 
ahirenien  had  juat  been  Uken  up.  I  would  bet  tJiroe 
to  one,  aaid  1  to  myself,  that  the»r  orima  u  horae-ateal. 
log !  and  so  it  proved  when  I  made  inquiry. 

1  here  turned  my  atepa  away  from  the  Susquehanna, 
which  fbr  pUcid  beauty  aurpwwed,  in  my  opu^,  any 
other  river  m  the  States,  and  proceeded  toward*  Philadel. 
phia,  by  way  of  Pottsvillo  and  Reading.    Soarcely  mor« 
than  a  year  ago  there  were  but  a  few  houses  at  the  former 
plaoa;  but  in  oonaequenoe  of  the  immediate  vicinity  of 
enormoua  bads  of  anthracite  co»l,  and  the  unproyad 
means  of  oonveyanoe  to  Philadelphia,  iu  a»e  and  Im- 
portaaoe  had  increased  in  a  most  extraordinary  manner. 
The  country  around  Philadelphia  ia  very  flat }  wttat 
I  could  not  find  a  rising  groond  to  take  a  skotoh  frami 
at  what  I  conaidered  tbu  beet  dutanoe.    But,  I  think, 
in  pasaing  down  the  river,  in  my  way  to  BaltiaMto,  I 
perceiveda  small  cliff  on  the  left  bank,  that  wouM  have 
answered  the  purpose,  being  distant  about  two  mileo 
and  a  half.    A  view  in  a  flat  country  rw|uirM  great  mw 
nutanesa,  if  it  bo  taken  correctly,  and  would  havo  oo«u- 
pied  too  much  time;  besides,  befoTQ  oommeneiof  » 
drawing  of  either  of  the  larger  cities  in  the  Vnicn,  it 
really  became  a  matter  of  consideration,  that  I  had  oat 
one  cake  of"  Newman's  light  rod  "  in  my  colour-hw. 

A  fine  ateamer  cariiM  me  down  the  Debwaro. 
About  thirty-five  miles  firom  Philadelphia,  we  PUMd 
Wilmington  and  Brandywine.  We  were  then  landed 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Cbeaapoake  and  Delaware  canal, 
and  were  towed  onward,  at  a  brisk  trot,  in  one  of  the 
canal  boaU,  and  soon  entered  the  Elk  river,  near  the 
head  waters  of  Chenpeake  bay.  The  country  was  flat ; 
and  a  great  proportion  of  it  was  covered  with  forest 
Here  we  went  on  board  another  ateam-boat,  Uiat  rat* 
tied  us  along  at  a  tremendous  pace  down  the  Chesa- 
peake, passing  the  mouth  of  toe  Susquehanna.  The 
captain  assured  me  that  upon  ono  occasion,  during  a 
oomp^meeting,  he  had  carried  no  leas  than  fifteen  hun- 
dred persons  at  a  time;  he  landed  them  during  the 
night,  and  about  two  hundred  got  away  witliout  paying 
their  peasage. 

In  an  hoar  or  two,  the  North  Point,  at  the  entrance  of 
the  Patapsoo  river,  became  visible.  General  Ross  hmd« 
|l4  hare,  with  the  British  force  of  5000  men,  on  the  ISth 


MMtrfMatiiii) 


46 


■IX    MUNTlia 


that  eiLued  •hortly  .fterwardt.  I  rode  flrom  Baltimore 
to  the  epot  where  fie  fell,  merked  by  ••"«»"  P'»"'  '»?"• 
monumSnt.  bythe  -ideof  the  red.  The  l"tfi»"J'  •« 
out  of  fourteen  lay  through  a  very  pretty  wood,  afford. 
°ng  a  mo.t  grateful  .hade?  When  wo  were  w.thm  two 
mL  fVom  the  city,  we  paaiH^d  Fort  M«c  Henry,  which 
we*  bombarded  upon  the  name  ocoawon,  'l""^* J™"" 
the  extremity  of  the  range  of  a  shell.  SoT?*  *5^: 
where  they  fell,  penetrated  the  ground  to  a  depth  ot  five 

Baltimore,  when  riewed  (Vom  the  Ch«»apealie,  ap- 
pear*  to  be  built  over  eereral  low  hill»,  or  •«?•».  ■"" 
•urroundod  by  other,  that  are  coniid..r.Wy  »"Bh?'- 
lu.ituation  i.  much  finer  than  that  of  Philadelphi.- 
It  i.  not  .0  ttne  a.  that  of  New  York  ;  bet »"  •o""  «- 
•peeU,  i.,  I  think,  .operior  to  Boiton.  When  ap- 
proached by  water, the  mo.t  con.pieuoue  objjecl.  are— 
Wanhlngton'.  monument,  the  .hol-towera,  1 1«  Roman 
Catholic  cathedral,  and  the  Unitarhm  ehnreh,  all  K.t. 
Ured  in  dilTerent  parU  of  the  cHy.Wa.hH.glon'. 
monument  i.  a  plain  column  of  marbfe,  '•'Tf,?"  * 
Moare  baeo,  175  feet  in  height,  and  .urmoonte*  by  a 
2umu\  .tatuo  of  Wathington.  It  i.  ••••;  <iX!i^<I 
diaUnoa  on  every  aide,  and  command,  the  Bneal  and 
moat  e«t6n.i»e  pro-poct;  but  I  am  rery  much  moiined 
to  doubt  the  laato  that  placed  any  other  than  an  alle- 
gorical object  on  the  top  of  a  lofty  p.Uar.  Th»  •'»  of 
the  column,  and  it.  aimpliclty,  are  calculated  lo  mc .  . 
admiration:  but  in  my  humble  J-Jk^"'"''  '»  *°"" 
have  been  much  belter  to  have  had  a  really  fine 
atatue  placed  inaide  the  base  of  the  col-imn,  than  to 
perch  the  general  upon  a  height  that  would  make  a 
fiving  admiral  feel  giddy.  Lord  H.ll'.  ni"nu,nent. 
near  Shrewabury.anJthat  to  the  !"«""?7,»f  «*""•' 
Brock,  at  Queenrtown,  are.  1  think,  objectionable,  for 
the  aame  7ea.on«.  The  battle  monunent  i.  much 
prettier,  although  U  ia  .omewhal  florid  in  ita  orna- 
menu:  it  i.  fifty-foor  feet  in  height.  The  column  la 
rci!^ilar'fa«:e^..  .ymbolic.l  -f  the  Union,  twrnej 
round  with  fillets,  bearing  the  name,  of  Ihoso  who  Ml 
on  the  lath  and  13th  of  September.  1814;  and  anp- 
porting  an  allegorical  statue  of  a  female,  pewomft-lnf 
the  city  of  Baltimore,  with  'bald  eagle,  the  VtluA 
Statea'  emblem,  at  her  aide.  The  Archbiahop  of  Ma. 
fyland  is  the  MctropoliUn  of  the  State..    The  Catho- 


lic c 
imit 
vide 
the 
Gue 
ing 
Stei 
the 
mer 
usu 
wh< 
Ito 
fici< 
pici 
like 
Bal 
rani 
exp 
doll 
divi 
are 
Intt 
wh 
ciei 
phi 
aeu 
wh 
wa 
tioi 


fv 


id'AtMai^Hia 


-"■r 


IN  AMBRICA. 


4T 


I  rode  flrom  Bmltimore 
by  •  imall  plain  itone 
I.  The  last  four  inilaa 
■J  pretty  wood,  afford- 
n  wa  were  within  two 
ort  Mnc  Henry,  which 
occanion,  almost  fVom 
shell.  Some  of  them, 
round  to  a  depth  of  ll»e 

.  the  Cheaapeake,  «p- 
>w  hilla,  or  alopee,  and 

considerably  higher. 

that  of  Philadelphia, 
jfork  ;  hot  h»  some  r«- 
i  Boston.  When  ap- 
•ptcuom  objects  Bre^ 
(H-towerr,  ttier  Ro^an 
[•rian  ehareb,  all  acat- 
cHy.  Waahinflon'a 
.  marbfe,  raised  on  a 

and  Burmoanted  by  a 
It  ia  seen  from  a  f  reat 
ninanda  the  Snesf  and 
am  rery  much  imslined 
iny  other  than  an  alle- 
ifty  pillar.  The  siie  of 
ire  ealcniated  to  excite 
B  judgment,  it  would 
ive  had  a  really  fine 
if  the  cplumn,  than  to 
>ht  that  would  make  a 
ord  Hill's  monument, 
he  memory  of  General 
hink,  objectionable,  for 
B  monu.nent  is  much 
hat  florid  in  its  orno- 
icight.  The  column  ia 
of  the  Union,  twined 
lames  of  those  who  fell 
imber,  1814;  and  anp- 

a  female,  peraoniiyinc 
bald  eacie,  the  UnilM 
rhe  Archbishop  of  Ma- 
ie  States.    TlieCatlio^ 


lie  cathedral  is  a  handsome  buildinf,  with  a  dome  in 
imitation  of  the  Pantheon.  The  inside,  which  is  di- 
vided into  pews,  contains  two  »ery  good  pictures  from 
the  French  school :  a  descent  from  the  cross,  by  Paul 
Guerin,  presented  by  Louis  XVI.;  and  St.  Louis  bury- 
ing his  dead  officers  and  soldiers  before  Toms,  by 
Steuben,  presented  by  Charlea  X.  The  descent  from 
the  cross  is  much  and  deservedly  admired.  It  has  tha 
merit  of  being  free  from  that  tedious  detail  that  la 
usually  to  Be  observed  in  the  works  of  French  artists, 
who  paint  every  thing  oa  it  is,  and  not  as  it  appears. 
It  occurred  to  roe,  that  th«  body  of  Christ  did  not  snf. 
ficienlly  rest  on  the  ground,  as  intended.  The  latter 
picture  displays  more  of  the  French  taste.  I  did  not 
like  it  so  well,  but  many  prefer  it  to  the  other.  At 
Baltimore,  is  the  University  of  Maryland,  which 
ranks  very  high  as  a  medical  schnol.  The  average 
expenses  of  a  student  are  one  hundred  and  twenty 
dollars  per  annum.  It  has  also  professors  in  law  »nd 
divinity.  St.  Mary's  College  and  BalUmore  College 
are  also  justly  celebrated  throughout  the  Union ;  the 
Intter  will  accomodate  one  hundred  and  fifty  atodents, 
who  are  instructed,  by  twelfe  profeaaers,  in  the  an- 
cient  and  modern  languages,  mathematiea,  natural 
philoaophy,  Ac.  The  «ty  alao  containa  a  good  mu- 
seum, which  I  did,  and  many  more  publio  bnildings, 
which  I  did  not  visit,  oa  I  could  not  learn  that  there 
was  any  thing  in  them  particularly  deserving  of  atten- 
tion.   The  theatre  was  not  open. 

The  water*  of  the  Chesapeake  and  the  Patapeoo  are 
the  favourite  resort  of  the  convaa-baok  duck,  which  I 
had  alwaya  been  told  waa  the  greateat  delicacy  ima- 
ginable; and,  "like  nothing  else,  air  I  I  assure  ye  I" 
The  sporting  commences  early  in  November,  and  af- 
fords most  excellent  sport.  An  experienced  shot  will 
sometimes  kill  three  dosen  in  a  morning  with  a  single 
gun  J  and  occasionally  they  are  shot  on  the  wing  with  a 
single  rifle.  The  oanvos-boek  duck  very  much  resemUes 
the  red-headed  wigeon,  or  common  dun-bird.  Lucien 
Bonaparte,  who  has  so  well  continued  Witatt'*  work  on 
American  Ornithology,  haa  suoeeeeniUy  ahown  that  it 
is  unite  a  dilforent  bird.  It  is  about  half  as  lorg* 
ogUn,  with  a  black  and  different  formed  bill  and  black 
leg«.    Tboee  of  the  red-headed  wigeon  ore  of  a  dark 


•Mfii 


46 


■IX    MONTH! 


Utd  eolour.  Th«*  breed  on  the  bordon  of  the  greal 
lekee,  or  •bent  Hudeon'i  Beyi  but  in  the  winter 
monthe,  they  are  found  in  prodff  ioui  quentitiet  on  the 
Cheeapeake,  the  Patepeco,  and  the  Potomac.  Ita  fla- 
vour ii  owinf  to  the  root  of  the  ValliMneris  America- 
na, or  wild  eelenr,  on  which  it  fbeda,  and  for  which  it 
will  diva  to  a  Apth  of  eight  or  Un  feet.  The  red- 
beaded  wigeon,  when  in  eompaay  with  the  eanraa- 
back,  will  often  wait  till  it  haa  riaen  (Von  the  bottom, 
and  then  anatoh  flrom  it  the  hard-earned  moracl.  The 
tent  vhamli  of  America  talk  of  the  oanvaa-baek  with 
an  intereat  that  bordera  on  aiibetation,  and  iaiometimee 
Tariramaaing.  '•Sir,"  aaid  an  old  fellow  to  me,  "1 
wiaiied  to  give  a  duck  fiiaat,  and  aeeordingly  I  bought 
nine  eouple  of  them,  all  fireah  killed,  and  all  of  the 
right  weight.  I  ituffed  them  into  every  comer  of  my 
gig  i  and  would  not  auffer  the  cook  to  touch  them,  ex- 
eept  in  my  preeenee.  I  inmai  them  all  myeelf,  in  dtf- 
ment  waya,  in  my  parionr,  ao  aa  to  have  them  all 
done  aMwdlng  to  ngure,  eir !  Well,  air !  all  my  com- 
pany bad  arrived,  except  an  old  Oarman ;  we  could  not 
wait,  aad  ant  down  without  him.  When  he  came,  he 
exelaimad,  'Whatl  noahing  b«l  duokbal'  I  aUrted 
op  in  a  rage,  air  I  a  violent  rage,  air!    'Noahing  'ut 

doekha  t*  I  repealed  after  him :    Why,  you  d d  v^  *d 

■ctMOMirel,  eaid  I,  your  own  Emperor  of  Analria  never 
had  Bueb  a  dioaer  t  he  could  not,  air,  though  he  gave 
the  beet  jewel  in  hie  eiown  for  it."  I  taatad  theee 
birda  aeveral  timee  before  I  quitted  Amerlea,  and  they 
oertainlv  are  extremely  good.  The  meat  ii  dark,  and 
akonld  ba  aant  to  table  under-done,  or  what  in  Amerl- 
ea ia  called  "  taie."  I  think  the  flavour  might  be 
imitatad  by  a  piece  of  oommon  wild  dock,  and  a  piece 
of  fine  jniey  voniaon,  taatad  at  the  eame  time.  The 
word  "  rrta**  need  ia  that  aanae,  and  which  ia  given  by 
Johnaon,  on  the  authority  of  Dryden,  ia  no  doubt  ooe 
of  aaaay  wUeh  have  retained  in  America,  a  meaning 
iu  wUeo  they  an  not  now  uaed  in  England,  bat  whim 
waa  doabtlaea  aarriad  over  the  Atlaatio  by  the  aattlera 
of  a  hundred  yaara  aco.  I  eonftae  that  I  waa  for 
■one  time  ia  orror.  I  heard  every  one  around  m 
giving  ordata  that  hia  meat  ahould  be  "rare,"  ana  I 
thougnt  it  a  miapronunciation  of  the  word  raw. 

The  envlrona  of  BaltiaMre  are  exceedingly  pretty : 
almeet  every  eminence  ia  crowned  with  a  sowUry 


M 

«  bordon  of  the  grett 
'I  but  in  th«  wiator 
fioM  quantilMt  on  the 
the  PotoniM.  Iti  fla- 
ValUamaria  Ameriea- 
hada,  and  for  which  it 
>r  tan  faat.  Tha  rad- 
any  with  tha  eanvaa- 
riaan  ftom  tha  bottom, 
Uaarnad  moracl.  Tha 
tha  canTaa-baeli  with 
atioD,  and  iaaomatimaa 
old  fallow  to  ma,  "  1 
i  aeeordingljr  I  boucht 
kiUad,  and  all  of  tha 
lio  a«ary  comar  of  my 
oak  to  touch  tham,  ex- 
than  all  myaalf,  in  dif- 
iM  to  hava  tham  all 
Wall,  air !  all  my  com- 
Oannan  t  wo  could  not 
Whan  ha  eama,  he 
It  dookbal'  I  aUrted 
[«,  air  I    'Noahing  'at 

Why,  von  d dv'd 

poror  of  Anatria  navar 
M,  air,  though  he  gave 
or  it."  I  taatad  thaae 
llad  Amariea,  Mid  they 
The  meat  ia  dark,  and 
oaa,  or  what  in  Amari- 
the  flavour  might  be 
wild  duok,  and  a  piece 
,  the  eama  time.  Tha 
,  and  which  ia  given  by 
>ryden,  ia  no  doubt  one 
in  America,  a  meaaiag 
i*  Emglaad,  bat  whieh 
AUaatio  by  the  aattlara 
wnftaa  that  I  waa  far 
every  one  around 
lould  be  '•rare," 
>f  the  word  raw. 
ire  exaeodinfiy  pretty : 
wned  with  a  eonnliy 


IN   AMBIIOA. 


40 


ad  nw 
•nfl 


hooae,  mrroanded  by  gardena  and  pleaanre  grennda 
richly  wooded,  and  laid  oat  to  the  beat  advantage,  ao 
aa  generally  to  afford  a  peep  through  the  treea  at  iome 
part  of  the  Patapioo,  or  the  Cheaapeaka.  They  are 
admirably  vi^pted  for  a  foto  ohampetre,  or  a  atraw- 
berry  party,  aa  it  ii  called  at  Baltimore.  I  had  the 
honoQr  of  an  invitation  to  the  only  one  that  waa  given 
daring  my  atay  in  that  city.  The  company  aaaemblad 
about  iix  o'clock.  Qoadnllea  and  waltiea  were  kept 
up  with  great  apitit,  firat  un  the  lawn,  and  then  in  the 
houae  till  about  eleven.  In  the  mean  time  atrawbar- 
riea  and  cream,  iooa,  pine  applea,  and  champagne, 
were  aerved  up  in  the  greataat  proniaion.  I  had  un- 
deratood,  and  am  quite  readv  to  admit,  that  BaKi- 
more  deaervedly  enjoya  a  high  reputation  for  ftmale 
beauty.  I  am  apeaking  of  the  American  ladiea  in 
general,  whon  I  remark  that  it  la  no  injuatiee  to  tham 
to  maintain,  timt  where  you  will  aee  twenty  pretty 

firia,  you  will  not  aee  one  really  handaome  woman, 
have  (Voqdently  obaerved  the  prettleit  fiMturaa,— 
aueh  oa  more  reminded  ne  of  England,  than  of  any 
other  country ;  bat  I  think  that  moat  Europeana  who 
have  formed  a  correct  taate  firom  the  "atone  ideaP*  of 
Oreeee,  would  agree  with  me  that  ladiea  with  preten- 
aiona  to  that  higher  degree  of  beautv,  are  not  bo  often 
to  be  met  with  in  America  aa  in  Eingland.  There  ia 
one  particular  in  which  they  would  do  wall  to  imitate 
my  lair  countrywomen.  They  have  great  charma  for 
the  breakfkat  table ;  but  yet,  elegant  and  ladyJika  aa 
many  of  themnndoubteidly  are,  how  often  have  I 
been  compelled  to  wiah,  that  the  breakfkat  table  had 
not  quite  ra  many  charma  for  them.  Thev  mtut  know 
that  to  eat  ia  unhminine ;  and  that  ladiea  abould  in 
the  nreaenco  of  gentlemen,  appear  atry  hungry,  ia  a 
decided  proof  or*  deficiency  in  national  mannera,— 
juat  aa  much,  or  efen  more  ao,  than  that  men,  be  they 
who  or  what  they  may,  ahoald  ait  with  their  hata  on 
in  the  draaa  circle  at  New  York.  The  infloenoe  of  a 
oout  woold  eatend  to  and  would  remedy  all  thia.  I 
ahonid  here  again  remark,  that  the  Arat  aodety  ia  aal- 
dom  aeen.at  the  theatre,  and  would  not  be  guilty  of 
amh  beha'viour. 

It  ia  a  matter  of  great  anrpriae  to  a  atraager,  thnt 
tliaft  ia  not  one  lingle  promenade  at  Baltimore.  There 
5 


■IMl*M 


50 


UX    MOITTHI 


%n  Mna  vary  •tigibU  •iluationi  iinmtdiataljr  •dJalB< 
lam  tba  eiU,  and  wliioh  to  all  oppatranc*  ara  ao  aaril/ 
oonvarlitfla  into  a  |»ublio  walk,  that  it  ia  dilAcull  to  un- 
daraUnd  whv  th«  ladiaa  do  not  inaiat  upon  ila  eom- 
manaaiMnt.  I  would  moat  humbly  adviaa  tbam  to 
da  ao.  ,     „         ,, 

I  waa  hoBourad  with  an  invitation  to  "  Iba  Manor, 
th«  eounirr  raaidonea  of  Mr.  Carroll, 'of  Carrolltoa. 
Tha  hooaa  waa  built  long  bofora  the  ravolulion,  and  la 
a  surioua  apaciman  of  Anglo-American  archileclura, 
aonowhat  raaambling  one  of  thoaa  large  old  parion- 
•ga  hoaata  whieb  are  to  be  aaan  in  lonie  partH  of  bng- 
laad.  It  atanda  in  tha  midat  of  an  astenaivo  domain, 
ill  K  high  atata  of  cultivation,  and  estremoly  wall  and 
MaU*  kept,  oonaidaring  that  it  ia  worlied  by  ilavaa. 
1  could  have  Anoiad  myaalf  in  England,  but  fur  tha 
laoaa  aigtag  faiioaa  of  aplit  logx,  which  uA'tr  to  tha  «ya 
bnt  a  poor  apology  for  tha  KngUah  hedge  row. 
Hadgaa  of  au*  kind  would  not,  generally  ipeaking, 
thrWa  wall  in  tha  United  Siataa.  It  would  bo  necea- 
aary,  I  waa  told,  that  they  ahould  ba  banked  up,  m  or- 
dar  to  kaap  tham  IVoaa  being  waahed  away  by  tha 
baav*  ntinai  and  it  ia  probable  that  during  the  ex- 
trama  beat  of  tha  aummer  mootha,  ibay  could  not  ob- 
tain moietura  auffleiant  to  preaarva  them  from  being 
dried  up  aatiraly.  They  ara,  however,  often  to  be 
«a«a«laae  to  a  gantlaman'a  houae,  where  tliey  can  ba 
aaaataaUy  atUnded  to.  I  ahould  conceive  that  the 
aloa  hadgaa  of  Spain  and  Portugal  might  aucceed  in 
tha  Unitad  BUtae.  It  it  neither  a  fault,  nor  a  iniafor- 
tiwa,  that  thara  ia  no  water  ecenery  at  "  the  Manor. ' 
Tha  rivaia  and  lakea  of  America  are'UHually  on  a  vaat 
and  magniAaoDt  aoale,  fitted  eilhur  to  bound  or  to 
daloga  a  aontinant;  email  atreamr  are  aim  common; 
butt*  lake  for  inataooa  of  a  mlia  or  two  in  length,  ia 
aaMom  to  ba  aaan,  aseeptip^  in  New  England,  wbara 
thar  ara  plantifol.  Before  I  arrived  there,  I  do  not 
i)itA  that  I  ha4  aaen  mora  than  half  a  doaeu  ponda, 
and  thoaa  all  io  Kentucky.  InaUad  of  being  theof  ht 
aa  advantaga,  a  piaca  of  water  ia  avoided ;  no  Amart- 
aaa,  flom  eCoioa,  would  build  on  ita  banka,  aa  tha  as* 
halationain  tha  hot  waathar  randar  aueh  aaitoatiaa 
VMT  nnhaallhy.ajwapting  in  tha  mora  nottharly  Malaa. 

At  tha  manor  I  parto«>k  of  that  hoapitaUty  whidi  ia 


I   I,      II  i|aii>,«>ii 


IN  AMMRIilA. 


St 


iinmtdMUly  adjoia- 
■rtnc*  arc  m  aaaU/ 
;  it  ia  dilfleull  to  na- 
itiit  upon  ill  eont- 
b\y  adviM  Uiam  to 

on  to  "  th«  Manor," 
rroll.'of  CarrolltoD. 
j«  ravolution,  and  ia 
orioan  architaotura, 
M  larga  old  paraon- 

■onie  parta  of  Enf  • 
n  axtaniive  domain, 
sK'lramoly  wall  and 
I  worked  by  alaf  aa. 
.ngland,  but  fur  tha 
hioh  utfer  to  the  aya 
Dgliah  hedge  row. 
generally  ipeaking. 

It  would  bo  necaa- 
ba  banked  up,  in  or- 
•ihed  away  by  tha 
that  during  the  ei- 
I,  they  could  not  ob- 
»e  them  from  baing 
iwavcr,  uflnn  to  be 
I,  where  tliay  can  b« 
1  conceive  that  the 
il  might  BUeceed  in 
.  fault,  nor  a  iniafor- 
try  at  "  the  Manor." 
tra'uKually  un  a  vaat 
lur  to  bound  or  to 
r  are  alao  common; 
or  two  in  length,  ia 
lew  England,  wbara 
ved  there,  I  do  not 
1  half  a  doaen  poada, 
lad  of  being  thought 
avoided ;  no  Amari- 
iU  banka,  aa  the  ox* 
dar  aueh  a'aitaftUo* 
BoraaoiUMrljraUlMa 
hoapitaUty  which  la 


■o  kindlf  and  uni»er«ally  ei'^nded  to  every  *]*|y>"* 
rhovi"t.  Baltimore  with  a  proper  letter  of  lntr.aoo. 
Jon  Mr.  Carroll  hima.-lf  la  the  moat  e«traord Inary  la- 
Swiualin  America.  Thi.  venerable  oldg«tem.- la 
In  hia  ni. .  lyflfth  year,  ia  a.oeedlngly  cheerW,  enjoya 
mo.  excellant  h.afth.  and  ia  In  g^,f»»^''l^.\fj^}r 
ftoultioa.  He  i.  the  only  aorvlvor  of  the  !»•«/'«<*  *^« 
.igned  the  Deol.raHon  of  '"•'•«7«*"~  »"  J^  i'Ai| 
Julv  1776.  He  haa  alwaya  adhered  to  the  ftdoral 
fficiplea,  and  hi.  valuabli  eaUU  ia  one  of  the  irary 

Ct. at  lave  «!•-•"•««' »»•««»""' 'Vl'^lU^JSi 
poa.e.aor.     Mr.  Carroll  ia  tho  gvandlhthof  oTtki  |*dl«» 

Welle.ley  and  Caermarthen,  ■-    .-LI  ,^ 

No  one  who  viaita  Baltimore  ahould  •«i«^J*H  "* 

,...cl.  known  bythena«oofclijyo>a^thg^,y  «^ 

commonly  neat  «'»f'«:««^'?^  •"teTtJISS  K'ooS 
«,metime.arer»ggidllkaabrlg.    ^Mrtodoalf «w^ 

monly  about  JKK)  looa.  They  a«  c«t  J^^^-gt^ 
at  thi  bow^  with  a  giaat  ^^tJ^^^fJ^J^lj!^^ 
ini  in  the  water,  thoTiead  la  «»««**>^y  *7*^/Jl?rj 
tht  atom.  m>  that  althoogh  th.  ^^y^ST!^  22 
anglea  with  tho  holl.  Ihoy  appear  lo«*f  «"J  «*• 
Ihfn  they  really  do.  Thoy  ''j"  ri^' ?«l«tl^vS 
nto  of  aoven  knoU  an >»"'. ''»^"*'"' *f. Za^tTS 
aela  can  make  only  «vo  and  a  halC  or  •»««»«*  •J^ 

m.kti  a  vova«  lo  Iha  Havaana,  whoto  thoy  aro  aoM 
fcX:7iSor««  Sonth  Amorlo^  wtanjthjj^a 
bought  by  amag«lefa  or  pi^t^Aw  ^^'^r.^T^^Z 
thoy  are  admiSbly  adaptod.    Thoy  aio  boilt  aoiwhon 

■o  well  aa  at  Baltimore.  .  n.i,  !---■« 

Two  rall-ioada  h«l  •-•"^«??'r^Ji.^ii^H 
ono  oalled  tho  Baltimore  and  Ohio  rail-road,  booanao  K 
^rT.Sndodto'J.ln  that  river.  Tbo.o««tU«.  rfconn- 
try  through  whlo^it  wo.ild  pa*,waa  aa  yot  •••"**'»'■ 
a  Llect  Sm,  who  would  thua  bo  ablo  to  aooow  ftoaajho 
owhora  a  refliaal  of  the  land  throogh  whleh  It  paaao* 
without  beir-  oblieed  to  pay  an  »"«»««?•  P'^-./^ 
other  la  calle3  the  SuaoueUnna  rail-road,  "^  ^"  »; 
intondod  to  join  that\\ver  at  York-haven.  ••»«» '^'T 
ZZ  below  ^Harriaburg.  D-DuUtlona  >'•  ^""J 
iVr-.  Baltimore  to  Philadolphia,  to  ohUin  the  neooeaary 
r^^^  to  carry  it  into  the  atato  of  I^n^'-  a ' 
Ut  Ihoir  applicationa  have  been,  I  waa  i"*»««^,J,'*2 
rifiiod.    The  imU-ioad,  however,  la  atiH  oontlnnod, 


^1 


mtm 


tmm 


■in* 


62 


SIX  MONTHS 


from  a  well-grounded  persuasion  that  the  inhabitants  of 
the  western>parts  of  Pennsylvania,  convinosd  of  the  ad- 
vantages  that'wiU  accrue  to  them  bv  its  affording  them 
tnother  means  of  carriage  for  their  bituminous  coal, 
iron,  and  timber,  will  ultimately  succeed  in  obtaining  a 
majority  in  Congress  in  &vour  of  its  completion.  But 
does  not  a  jealousy  of  this  kind  arise,  afler  a  contempla- 
tion, however  distant,  of  the  political  horizon?  Has  it 
not  a  pruspedlive  reference  to  the  interest  of  the  Stat^ 
separately,  when  the  federal  government  shall  ba  no 
more? 

By  the  constitution  of  Maryland  the  governor  docs 
not  possess  the  right  of  a  veto  over  the  acts  of  the  ge- 
neral aasembl:^. 

More  flour  is  annually  inspected  at  Baltimore,  tlian 
at  any  other  pert  in  the  United  States  excepting  New 
York.  The  amount  for  the  year  1830,  was  597,804 
iNurrele;  but  b^  the  leturns  made  since  the  first  of  Janu- 
ary, 1831,  it  M  Buppoaed  that  the  quantity  in  this  year 
wm  exceed  600,000  barrels.  The  wheat  that  is  shipped, 
is  sent  alnxMt  exclusively  to  England;  but  it  bears  a 
vary  small  raoportion  to  the  floor,  although  it  sells  befp 
(er  in  the  Snglish  market— about  70,000  bushels  of 
wheat  were  shipped  this  year  Syt  England.  The  quan- 
tity ia  general  is  good,  exoepting  that  a  portion  of  it  is 
•ooietimM  tainted  with  garbck ;  a  nnisa^Mx  that  is  al- 
most naavoidaUe,  because  the  plant  grows  spontaneous- 
ly in  the  wheat  distriots.  It  u  said  to  have  been  first 
introdueed  by  tho  Hessiaiu,  during  the  revolutionary 
war,  and  it  has  since  increased  so  much,  that  it  cannot 
be  got  rid  oC  The  wheat  exported  ftom  Baltimore  ia 
nown  in  the  State  of  Maryland,  and  in  many  parts  of 
Virginia  and  Pennsylvania.  Money  had  been  plentifiil 
for  the  last  two  years,  and  investments  that  would  pro* 
dace  five  per  cent,  were  not  easily  to  be  met  with.  A 
niacket  over-stocked  with  imports  ftom  Europe  and  In- 
dia, was  the  assignable  cause  t  trade  was  oompuatively 
leas  brisk,  and  many  capitalists  withdrew  their  fnnda 
ftom  aetivo  business,  for  the  purpose  of  investment  in 
the  stoek  of  buk,  insurance,  and  rail-road  eompenioa. 
A  great  quantity  of  money  was  likewise  lying  in  the 
market  in  oonseqoence  of  the  nationid  debt  lying  in  m 
ooorseof  rednotion  by  the  payment  of  government  loana. 
However,  when  I  was  there,  mouey  waa  more  soaroe, 
and  worth  more  than  six'per  cent.;  the  exchange  o^ 


IN    AMERICA. 


53 


lat  tho  inhabiUnta  of 
convinced  of  the  ad. 
b^  its  affording  them 
eir  bituminolu  coal, 
icceed  in  obtaining  a 
ts  completion.  But 
«,  after  a  contempla- 
cid  horizon?  Haa  it 
interest  of  the  Stat^ 
irnment  shall  be  no 

the  governor  docs 
the  acts  of  the  ge- 

1  at  Baltimore,  tlian 
lates  excepting  New 
1830,  was  597,804 
Inoe  the  first  of  Janu- 
^nantitv  in  this  year 
wheat  that  is  shipped, 
land;  but  it  boars  a 
although  it  sells  be(- 
t  IQjm  bushels  of 
Sngland.  The  quan- 
that  a  portion  of  it  ia 
I  nnisafice  that  is  ah 
It  grows  qnntaneous* 
id  to  have  been  first 
ngthe  revolutionary 
much,  that  it  cannot 
sd  ftom  Baltimore  ia 
ind  in  many  parts  of 
lAy  had  been  plentifiil 
lents  that  would  pro- 
r  to  be  met  with.  A 
Bnua  Europe  and  In- 
de  waa  oomparatiTely 
rithdrew  their  fonda 
KMM  of  investment  in 
rail-road  oompaniaa. 
ikewise  lying  u  tbe 
onal  debt  bftng  in  m 
t  of  government  loana. 
tey  waa  more  aoarWi 
It.;  the  exchange  (m 


Pncrknd  had  risen  as  high  as  eleven  per  cent.,  and  a 
KSquantUy  of  specie  h.'d  been  exported  to.that  coun- 

''^At  Ballimore,  1  first  saw  the  fire-fly.    They  begin  to 

n«,»r  about  sunset,  after  which  they  are  sparkling    n 

•K-    M^n.     In  some  places  ladies  will  wear  them  in 

all  directions.    »"  ""'^P  .        y  ^^  ^e  very  brilliant. 

MisctiievouB  u-v  ,        J  J  advan- 

fasten  them  all  over  lum_    Jhey^sh^^^^  „„«ders.a„d  the 

r^tSs'' thaCc  brfiking  upon  hi™,  afford»rnu.e. 
menTto  his  tormentors  by  hopping  about  .n  a  state  of 

''"  ACl'Thirlv  miles  from  Baltimore,  on  the  western 
.«  it  U  termed,  stands  AnnaH*".  t^e  capital  of 

rsemblv  of  Maryland  hold  their  ""ip?'*'"'*'*.  »"•*'» 

:.r;fithatGeU^w..Kr«.T^^^^^^^^ 

[ttrTrnJurarrle  independencJ  of  the  Unite,. 
'TB^ltii'^ll'Luiestudiesof  two  very  ^^^^^^ 

r uf Cope":  "aini  ought  to  be,  I  wjl  ve«- 

fnurpri.e.thev^iceofpcjl.1^^^^^^^^ 


64 


SIX  MONTHS 


capitol  of  the  United  States  is  built  upon  tlio  most  lofty 
part  of  it,  which  is  ascended  by  a  fine  flight  of  stepa,  and 
altogether  has  a  very  imposing  appearance,  being  visible 
«t  a  great  distance  from  almost  every  side.  It  is  of  free, 
•tone,  whidi  is  found  on  the  river  about  tliirty  mile*  below 
the  city.  In  front  is  a  magnificent  portico  of  Corinthian 
columns,  and  behind  it  there  is  another;  in  the  same 
style,  (though  larger,)  as  that  at  Wanstead  House  in  Ea. 
aes,  or  Wentworth  Castle  in  Yorksliire,  which  is  a  copy 
of  Wanstead.  On  the  top  are  threo  domes;  that  in  the 
centre  would  look  a  great  deal  better  if  it  were  deeply 
fluted,  Uke  the  dome  of  St.  Paul's;  at  present  it  would 
be  much  better  out  of  the  way,  as  it  gives  a  general  op- 
pearanoe  of  heaviness,  to  what  would  otherwise  bo  doserv- 
•dly  thought  a  very  fine  building.  From  Uic  balustrade  is 
obtained  a  delii^tful  view  of  the  river,  and  the  ajfround- 
Uf  country.  The  centre  of  the  interior  of  the  capitol,  is 
pooiumd  by  a  large  open  space  under  the  dome,  contain- 
ing four  pictures,  that  look  very  well  at  a  little  distance : 
the  sabjecta  are  the  Signing  of  the  Dedaratior  < "  T^de.' 
pendence,  the  Sonendw  of  General  Burgoyni  thr  <ir 
reiuftr  of  Lard  Comwallis;  and  General  Woshi:' M 
UKtUBg  hi«  command  at  Annapolis.    They  ore  J 

b^  CoL  Trumbull.  The  remainder  of  the  capitol 
pied  by  the  apartments  and  offices  connected  vi.>u  the 
■taate,  the  house  of  representatives,  and  the  supreme 
court  of  the  United  States.  The  pillars  which  support 
the  rot^of  the  chamber  of  rejiruBuntatives,  are  of  breccia, 
m  padding-atone;  peirhaps  tJje  mostsmgolor  formation 
of  the  kind  that  is  to  be  found  anywhere,  not  ezocpting 
t^  at  Monaerrat  in  Spain,  which  is  entirely  composed 
of  breccia.  Fragments  of  granite,  quartz,  limestone,  and 
other  rocka,  have  been  pressed  together  in  the  most  e«- 
traordinary  manner,  by  some  stupendous  power,  and 
from  a  Uttle  distance  the  composition  might  bo  mistaken 
fwr  the  verd  antique.  It  is  found  on  the  Potomac,  about 
thirty  miles  above  Waahington.  The  president's  house 
u  a  haadaome  building,  wiUi  an  Ionic  p«Mrtioo ;  and  the 
only  uie  m  the  Stnies  that  resembles  the  modem  residence 
of  a  British  nobleman.  It  is  cxacUy  at  the  distance  of 
one  mUe  and  a  ludf  in  a  straight  Imo  from  the  capita, 
ud  the  houses  are  conUnued  beyond  it  for  nearWuo. 
ther.  Numerous  largo  streets  radiate  from  the  caaitol 
and  the  president's  house,  as  contros-.a  method  of  laying 
out  a  city  fur  handsomer  than  that  which  has  been  adoftM 


IN   AHBItlOA. 


65 


t  upon  tho  moat  lofty 
ie  iliglit  of  steps,  and 
caronce,  being  viaiUc 
ryaide.  It  is  of  free- 
out  tliirty  milea  below 
portico  of  Corinthian 
inother;  in  the  same 
anstead  House  in  Em. 
hire,  which  is  a  copy 

0  domes;  that  in  the 
ttcr  if  it  wore  deeply 
;  at  present  it  would 
t  gives  a  general  ap- 
d  otherwise  bo  doserv- 
E^rom  tlie  balustrade  is 
rer,  and  tlie  sKound- 
erioroftlio  capitol,  is 
ler  the  dome,  contain- 
)U  at  a  little  distance: 
Dedaratior  < "  T;>.c|e. 

1  Burmyn<  thr  >w. 
noral  Washi:'  i 

«.    They  are  ai 

of  the  capitol  < 
)  connected  w^fii  tho 
"M,  and  the  supreme 
pillars  which  support 
tatiyes,  are  of  breccia, 
st  singular  fonliation 
'where,  not  excepting 
is  entirely  composed 
quartz,  limestone,  and 
ither  in  the  most  ex- 
ipendous  power,  and 
in  might  be  mistaken 
n  the  Potomac,  about 
rhc  president's  house 
>nic  portico ;  and  the 
the  modem  residence 
1^  at  tho  distance  of 
luio  from  the  capitd, 
pd  it  for  nearly  ano* 
iatc  from  tho  capitol 
B— a  method  of  laying 
hich  Jus  been  adopM 


at  Philadelphia,  where  tho  streets  croes  each  other  at  right 
angles.  Who  tliat  has  seen  the  "  Perspective"  at  Peters- 
burgh,  can  ever  forget  it?  where  the  principal  streets  ar^ 
all  pointed  towards  the  beautifully  gilt  steeple  of  the  Ad- 
miralty, that  is  seen  glittering  at  tho  end  of  each  of  them. 
It  must  be  allowed  that  this  arrangement  has  ito  disad- 
vantages in  the  shape  of  tlio  houses,  and  apartments,  one 
end  of  which,  if  they  are  regularly  divided,  must  be  lar- 
ger than  the  other. 

In  the  dock-yard  at  Washington,  1  saw  a  sixty-gun 
fVigate  in  a  state  of  forwardnew,  and  a  small  schooner 
constructed  on  a  plan  that  luul  never  been  applied  to  a 
vessel  of  war,  being  of  the  same  shape  fore  and  all,  and 
having  no  internal  timbers.  The  blocks  made  thero,  are 
not  aU  of  one  piece,  as  they  are  at  our  dock-yard  at  Forts- 
mouth.  A  double  block,  for  instance,  is  composed  of  se- 
ven pieces  of  wood,  exclusively  of  the  sheave.  They  are, 
no  doubt,  much  stronger  when  made  in  this  manner ;  but 
a  man  can  make  but  one  in  half  an  hour. 

Tho  college  at  Georgetown,  adjoining  the  city,  is  aCa- 
tholic  estabUshmcnt;  its  meinbeis  are  Jesuits,  and  who, 
as  usual,  are  increasing  their  influence,  by  purchasing 
lands,  &c.  Attached  to  the  ooUejie,  is  the  nwanery  oi 
the  Sisters  erf  Visitation,  oontaining  about  fifty  nuns. 
They  tell  there  of  a  Hohmlohe  miracle. 

Washington,  like  most  of  the  American  cities,  can 
boast  of  several  beauUfiil  rides  and  walks  in  lU  vicmtty. 
Arlington,  the  seat  of  George  Washington  P.  Custis,  Esq., 
occumes  a  most  conspicuous  and  commanding  situaUon, 
on  the  south  b^ik  of  the  Potcmiac.  It  is  virnblo  for  ma- 
ny nulos,  ond  in  the  distance  has  theanioManoe  «r  a  su- 
perior  EngUsh  country  residence,  beyond  any  place  I  had 
scon  in  the  States :  but  as  I  come  close  to  it,  as  .usual,  1 
was  wolblly  disappointed.  It  contains  a  woafeto  por- 
trait of  Waaliington,  when  a  Major  in  the  Btmm  aervicc. 
and  wearing  of  course  the  blue-ond-buff  uniform. 

Not  fiur  from  the  race-ground,  and  about  three  mues 
from  Georgetown,  is  the  residence  of  a  gentleinan  who 
has  paid  greater  and  more  indefatigable  attention  1»  the 
culture  of  tho  vine  th^  any  other  person  in  America. 
The  vineyards  around  his  house  produce  eevoral  diflur- 
ent kinds  of  grapes;  from  which,  considering  how  few 
yflars  have  elapsed  since  the  attempt  woe  first  made,  be 
tan  be  said  to  have  been  very  BueoeMlU  in  producing 
MMe  very  good  and  palatable  wines.    Amongst  others. 


li 


66 


SIX  MOKTHi 


the  best  ia  di^ified  by  the  very  aristoeratio  nuiM  of 
"■Tokay."  It  is  made  from  the  "Catawba"  )|;rape,  whidi 
he  himself  first  fomid  in  a  cottager's  garden,  not  far  from 
a  tavern  bearing  the  sign  of  the  Catawba  Indians,  distant 
about  twenty  miles  from  Washington.  From  this  cir- 
cumstance he  called  it  the  Catawba  grape.  The  Cataw- 
ba is  a  river  of  South  Carolina,  but  no  grape  of  the  kind 
is  found  near  it  The  oottagers  could  eive  him  no  satis&c- 
tory  account  of  it,  and  he  never  could  find  out  whether  it 
was  indigenous,  or,  which  is  most  likely  the  (act,  import- 
ed. It  is  rather  a  large  grape,  thick-skinned,  but  at  the 
same  time  vcrv  transparent,  with  a  fine  purple  blush,  and 
iar  more  fit  for  making  wine  tha*  to  form  a  part  of  a  des- 
■ert  As  yet  it  appears  to  tlirive  bettor  than  any  kind  of 
(prape  that  has  been  trted  in  the  United  States ;  so  much 
M,  that  at  Pittsburgh,  and  Lancaster,  and  other  places 
whero  there  are  vmeyajrds,  they  have  cleared  away  a 
larg«  portion  of  the  European  plants,  in  favour  of  the  Ca« 
tawba  vine.  He  informed  nw  that  he  had  sent  cuttings 
of  it  to  every  State  in  the  Union  excepting  Florida,  Ar- 
kansaw,  and  Kentucky.  A  long  time,  however,  must 
elapse  before  the  Amenean*  can  compete  with  the  wines 
of  Europe :  as  yet,  comnaratively  spmking,  little  can  be 
known  there,  either  witlmfereiioe  to  the  best  fruit,  or  to 
the  soil  and  temperatore  necessary  to  bring  it  to  perfec- 
tion. Upwards  of  seventy  kinds  of  the  wild  vine  are 
found  in  the  American  forests,  but  not  more  than  half  of 
them  bear  fruit,  At  Boston  I  tasted  a  grape  called  the 
Isabella  crape,  whose  flavour  was  still  harsh,  but  was  a 
great  aocl  decided  improvement  in  evcr^  respect,  upon 
the  soiirqesB  of  the  fox-grape  of  the  woods,  from  which,  I 
was  informed.  H  had  b^n  originally  produced.  I  am,  of 
course,  speaking  of  the  Catawba  and  other  grapes,  only 
in  thei^lirine-making  capacity ;  the  grapes  raised  in  the 
United  Sl^es  for  the  table,  are  exceedingly  good  and  very 
plentiful. 

As  a  matter  of  oourse,  I  visited  Mount  Veman.  A 
steam-boat  conveyed  me  to  Alexandria  in  an  hour.  Alex- 
ttddria  was  taken  by  the  British  squadron  on  the  99th  of 
Angnst,  1814,  and  the  stores  of  flour,  tobacco,  and  cotton, 
were  carried  off  by  them.  It  contains  a  population  of 
9000  persons,  and  carries  on  a  trade  in  noiu-,  tobaoeoi 
fish,  and  lumber,  to  the  southern  States  and  the  West  In- 
dies, although  BaltiniOTe  has  run  aiway  with  the  gn»tm 
part  of  its  oommeroe.    A  ride  of  nine  miles  on  a  well 


S£ 


ii 


p» 


in  AXBBICA. 


69 


ariitocratio  naiiM  of 
itawba"  i^rape,  which 
I  garden,  not  far  from 
iwba  Indians,  distant 
ton.    From  this  cir- 

grape.  The  Cataw- 
no  grape  of  the  kind 
1  pivo  )iim  no  satiafiic. 
Id  find  out  whether  it 
kelv  the  fact,  import- 
k-skinned,  but  at  the 
line  purple  blush,  and 
I  form  a  part  of  a  des> 
ttcr  than  any  kind  of 
ited  States ;  so  much 
ter,  and  other  place* 
lave  cleared  away  a 
s,  in  favour  of  the  Ca> 

he  had  sent  cuttings 
[cepting  Florida,  Ar- 
time,  however,  must 
oupete  with  the  wines 
peaking,  little  can  be 
to  the  best  fruit,  or  to 
to  bring  it  to  perfeo- 
}f  the  wild  vine  are 
not  more  than  half  of 
»d  a  grape  called  the 
itiU  harsh,  but  was  a 

everjr  respect,  upon 
woods,  from  which,  I 
1  produced.  I  am,  of 
lid  other  grapes,  only 
3  grapes  raised  in  the 
idingly  good  and  very 

Mount  Vernon.  A 
ria  in  an  hour.  AJex- 
ladron  on  the  39th  of 
,  tobacco,  and  cotton, 
ains  a  population  of 
de  in  flour,  tobMWOi 
ites  and  the  West  In. 
ray  with  the  groater 
tine  miiea  on  a  wall 


shaded  nad,  conducted  mo  to  Mount  Vernon,  now  in 
poaaesiion  of  John  Augustine  Washington,  Esq.,  nephew 
to  the  General,  and  to  tho  late  Jndfre,  whose  worth  and 
learning  are  recorded  by  an  insoniAion  in  the  court- 
house of  Philadelidiia.    Of  the  house  itself  there  is  little 
to  be  said.  I  saw  there  a  piece  of  an  old  mug,  which  bear* 
upon  it  a  small  head  of  the  General,  said  to  be  the  bast 
likeness  of  him  that  is  known  any  where.    From  tiw 
lawn,  there  is  a  fine  view  of  the  Potomac  with  Fort  Waab- 
ington  nearly  opposite,  which  was  abandoned  at  the  ^ 
proach  of  the  British  squadron  in  1814.     In  passing 
Mount  Vernon,  the  ships  fired  a  salute  it  well  deserved. 
I  must  confess  that  I  waa  greatly  disappointed  at  the 
sight  of  the  tomb  that  containa  the  ashM  of  Washington. 
Ididnot  expect  grandeur,  bat  I  thought  tohavesecA 
something  more  respectable  than  either  the  oU,  or  the 
new  •imE^  to  which  the  coffin  waa  femoTcd  two  yean 
ago.    But  far  the  inscriplioa,  I  shanU  have  taken  tkem 
fefacoaplaofiochoiiaaa.  AnaToidaneeofemrythiaglikc 
pretenaiaa  udeairabia  only  ao  long  aa  it  ia attended  with 
Boatnaaa;  botlbBNiaBOtawBirlntcanbeikiriirealkda 
path  to  rither  of  tiiani.    Inlaid  of  ftalinc  as  I  wiabed, 
whilst  in  ocmteinplatiBn  of  As  hat  kuufOmnia  of  thia 
really  great,  becanas  ggodoMiit  my  mind  was  only  ooeu- 
pied  %  intradm  trihrtiom  on  tfie  insignifirant  and 
pamierJika  appaanaot,  «f  tha  n^ula  aoene  befiwe  me.) 
TbTtaan  of  La  Fayatte.  wfataviriliMtha  tomb  inlSas/ 
might  have  partly  flowad  from  oliw  aonroea  than  thev 
mere  conaciouaneaa  that  ha  «U  afamdiBg  in  thepreaanea  \ 

mT  fkA  m«A«*«l  *AM«*S«««  tJtVXm  tAA  ^AmmA  anil  MMMiaMlflSI  111    ' 


of  the  mortal  remains  of  hia  old  Mend  and  I  .  . 
arms.  There  haa  been  aome  talk  of  famovmg  tha  ocffin 
to  the  centre  of  the  hall  in  the  capital,  aadof  •moaoment 
to  he  raised  over  it,  but  I  have  midenloodllMl^.tt  is  not 
aeriously  contemplated.  If  it  wara  rfawd  tlMM|^m>ght 
one  day  be  the  means  of  saving  the  union.  Sbir  feiei- 
hle,  Jtow  eflEfactive,  in  a  moment  of  denser,  mi|fht  be  an 
aloqatnt  qipeal  to  iu  pieaence,  made  by  the  judgea  of 
the  Btqiveme  court,  or  the  orators  of  the  American  eon- 
grass! 

I  waa  never  fortunate  enough  to  hear  a  mocking  bird 
iniU  wild  state;  I  had  frequently  heard  them  in  caoea, 
bat  no  where  in  soch  perfection  as  at  Washington,  ttim 
bbd,  one  ^the  noblest  in  nature,  is  an  inhabitant  of  the 
aoothem  atatesouly,  and  is  thus  deacribedby  Wibon,tha 
oeMcated  Oimlholagist    "The  plumage  of  the  mocking 


*mm 


58 


BIX    KONTm 


n 


bird  would  scarcely  entitle  him  to  notice,  but  his  figure 
ia  well  proportioned,  and  even  handeome.  The  eue, 
elennoe,  and  rapidity  ot  bia  movemonl*— the  animation 
of'Hia  eye,  and  the  intelligenco  he  diaplaya  in  liatening 
and  laymg  up  lesaona  from  almoat  every  apedea  of  the 
feathered  race  within  bia  bearing,  are  really  aurpriaing, 
■nd  mark  the  auperiority  of  hia  ^niua.  He  baa  a  voice 
capable  of  almost  every  modulation,  from  the  dear  mel- 
km  notes  of  the  wood-thruah,  to  the  savage  scream  of 
the  bald«a^le.  In  measore  and  accent,  he  tUtbiblly  i«l> 
Iowa  hia  originals ;  in  force  and  aweetnesa  of  expreaaion, 
he  greatly  improvea  upon  them :  hia  admirable  aong  riaea 
paramount  over  every  competitor.  Hia  own  native  notes 
are  bold  anil-  MU  and  varied  beyond  all  limits.  In  the 
height  of  hia  song,  hit  ardour  and  animation  appear  niw 
boutdedi^-he  sweeps  round  with  enthusiastic  ecstasy — ^he 
mounts  or  descends  as  his  song  swells  or  dies  away ;  and 
M  itty  friend  Mr.  Bartram,  (an  American  naturalist,)  hw 
bMntilblly  expressed  it:  'he  bounda  aloft  with  the  rapi- 
dity  of  an  arrow,  as  if  to  reoover  and  reoall  his  very  soul, 
exi^red  in  the  last  elevatod  stntin.'  While  thus  exerting 
himflf,  a  bv-standw  deatitnte  of  sight  would  suppose,  that 
the  whde  feathered  tribe  had  assembled  together,  each 
•trivingto  produce  his  almost  effort,  so  perfect  are  his 
imi*fttMw«  He  many  time*  deceives  the  sportsman,  and 
■ends  him  in  search  of  birds  that  are  not  within  amile  of 
hiin,batwhosenotashaexactlyimitates.  Evenbirdsthem- 
■ehrea  are  impoaea  upon  hv  his  admirable  music,  and  are 
decoyed  bv  the  feneied  calta  of  their  mates,  orarb  driven 
with  Hemaitation  into  the  depths  of  the  forest,  at  the 
scieaaia  o^wluit  they  suppose  to  be  the  sparrow-hawk." 
He  is  of  a  siM  between  the  thrush  and  the  nightingale, 
bat  shuwd  like  the  latter  bird.  His  plumage  in  general 
iaof  Kauereous  brown  cdour,  with  a  broad  bar  of  white 
on  the  UStg,  which  he  is  very  fond  of  disph^ying.  I  am 
afraid  that  I  never  heard  them  in  perfection;  but  to 
judge  from  what  I  did  bear,  I  should  suppose  that  aj. 
though  infinitely  more  varied,  his  natural  notes  were  nei- 
ther BO  full  nor  ao  rich  as  those  of  the  nightingale.  But 
there  ara  many  who  think  differently. 

One  morning  I  was  much  amused  bv  the^  debut  of  a 
new  volunteer  corps,  calling  themselves  the  Highlander, 
— ^Washington  being  one  of  the  flattest  places  in  the 
Stetea.  The  dress  would  have  looked  well  enoM|^  had  it 
been  uniform,  but  I  wa*  told  there  was  not  idaidenou|^  of 


II  iiillttiliiiifttl'ilrit  I 


I  notice,  but  hia  figure 
luidMine.  The  eaie, 
imonla — the  animation 
9  diaplaya  in  listening 
it  every  ipeciea  of  the 

are  really  aurpriaing, 
niua.  He  haa  a  voice 
n,  from  the  dear  mel- 

the  aavagc  acream  of 
«oent,  he  ioithfiilly  fi>l- 
iveetneaa  of  ezpreaaion, 
da  admirable  aong  riaea 

Hia  own  native  notea 
ond  all  limita.    In  the 

animation  appear  uik 
tthuaiaatic  ecataay— he 
rella  or  diea  away ;  and 
goerican  naturaliat,)  hw 
ida  aloft  with  the  n^n- 
lad  recall  hia  very  aoul, 
*  While  thua  exerting 
ght  would  auppoae,that 
lembled  together,  each 
fort,  ao  perfect  are  hia 
res  the  aportaman,  and 
u«  not  within  a  mile  of 
itates.  Even  birds  them- 
tanirable  muaic,  and  are 
sir  mates,  orarfe  driven 
I  of  the  forest,  at  the 
be  the  aparrow-hawk." 
ih  and  the  nightingale, 
lia  plumage  in  reneral 
h  a  ln«ad  bar  of  white 
id  of  diapkjnng.  I  am 

in  perfection;  but  to 
hould  suppoae  that  al- 
natural  notes  were  nei> 
'the  nightingale.  But 
itly. 

uaed  bv  the  (debut  of  a 
lelvea  the  HighlandaM, 

flatteat  plaoea  in  the 
ked  well  enough  had  it 
was  not  plaid  enoui^  of 


IK   AIUMIOA.. 


69 


U,e  aame  pattern  to  bo  obtained  in  the  citv.  The  bonnet 
SSi^ery  theatrical  appearance,  and  would  not  have  been 
SSlf  80  W.  had  not  tKrcye  been  attracted  by  the  wai.t- 
St^dSe  broad  lacing,  of  the  coat,  all  of  which  were 
Ta  very  dark  sky.bluc.  I  have  a  great  respect  for  the 
S"n7«nd' -ought  it  might  have  hxikcd  decent,  even 
rC.    -o"  as  it  was,  into  small-clothes,  had  they 

l.       -nniu.        'remely  tight.    Still,  howev       '      -«.  . 
tumeofthe  .-        •  men  might  have  pn-sec       ■  j^ 
n  not  Se  enormous  bows  at  the  knee,  been  ^r^VP^ 
of  tri-coloured  ribbon,  and  the  general  effect  much  height, 
^ed  by  the  long  nankeen  gaiters,  wh^ch  covered  the  leg 

^'"n  S:  Sot  tA  world  knows,  sit  the  sena.«^ 
Uie  house  of  repreaentatives,  »«  »»•?  ""P^^^Tr^f 
Ae  United  States.  And  here  I  may  be  permitted  to  re- 
SLK  when  writing  generally  on  •««*  •  •«bject  « 
the  United  States,  every  candid  person  wUimako  allo*- 
^ces  for  the  iml««»bfuty  o^aVoidmg  •  3^«^»  »[ 
fhinM  alreadv  wS  known  and  well  described.    Under 

tSpSeSon  tjlati  shaU  f">^^-^y  ^ ''^'ZJ^ 
Sis  hS  I  think  the  safest  mode  is  to  apologise  at  once, 
S  ihiid.     None,  however  is  -«««2^'  »«^ 
enterine  at  large  upon  a  subject  so  tedsoua  and  so  endteaj, 
D^uW thTSouJto  of  theWerentstatea  in  their  aep*. 
?^«^,»cUy  a.  to  the  federal  iudiciary.    I  rnVJ?",": 
S^  ttSSe  Unit«l  States  are  divided  into  ^jven  jud^ 
S^LSnd  thirty-two  judicial  «>«»"«;••  Y^fpenLu 
one  district,  with  the  exceptions  of  New  York,  FennayU 
vania,  Virginia,  Tennessee,  Louisiana,  ^f.J^»^' 
wMch  are^ch  of  them  divided  into  two  fiatricto.  TW 
Te  tliree  courU  belonging  to  the  «?"«^?>  °'  f  «^^  ^ 
vemment:  the  district  court,  the  circwt  court,  fcnd  the 
™eeoJli.    The  disUiot  court  posi^-e8«iomU«d 
nrfminal  admiraltv  and  maritime  jurisdiction,  and  alao 
uLTcigKce^f  all  cases  affecting  the  reyenue^imd 
aU  crimw  and  offences  committed  wiihm  the  dutriot, 
which  we  punishable  by  moderate  corporal  punishment, 
Tr  toerdCprisonmc^t.    It  is  held  by  a  ^i«' J-J^ 
(there  being  one  in  each  «»i«trict,)  .;^ng  alo^fb«  Ume. 
a  vear-  hia  salary  varies  from  1000  to  dOOU  «"»"  ■ 
veTAn  aJpeolUe.  fVom  his  decbion  i^;^^^"^ 
Strive  of  cSSu,  the  matter  in  J»P!f  "STS^s^w 

«Jb,  of  fifty  «^o^!«.  H'»^TXi^aCSSSS! 
origiMl  junMUction,  civil  and  crunlnal.    «»  oini  jur— 


—  ^jfti 


II 


60 


•IX  MORTHS 


jtofaP  eximda  to  kII  controveniea  botwoen  eitiwni  of 
<^imit  lUtei,  and  between  a  oitiien  and  an  aUen.  All 
oflmeee  against  the  ponal  lawa  of  the  United  Statea,  can 
be  triad  in  thi«  court  It  ia  alwi  a  court  of  equity.  The 
dreuit  oowt  is  held  before  the  district  jwlge,  aitting 
*w*o*  •  y««r  with  the  iudg«ofthe  aupremo  court  An 
appaalUea  from  its  deoisiona  to  the  supreme  court  of  the 
witad  States,  where  the  matter  in  dupute  exceeds  two 
thoiMaad  dollars.  In  criminal  cases,  a  point  may  bo  ro- 
aarvad  for  the  oirfnion  of  the  judges  of  the  supreme  court, 
whieh  ia  aent  down  to  the  circuit  court  to  be  proceeded 
won^rwarda.  In  six  of  the  aUtes,  Alabama,  Miaais- 
aippi,  Louiaiana,  Indiana,  lUinoia,  and  Miaaouri,  there  is 
no  oircoit  oourt,  because  the  judges  of  the  aupreme  court 
ooold  not  find  time  to  ah  there  twice  a  year ;  but  the  dis- 
trict ooorta  pOMBB*  the  powera  and  juriadiction  of  a  cir- 

IWrt^MM  oomt  of  the  United  Statea,  ia  a  very  hivh 
•ad  hwwriMy  tribunal,  etaipoaed  of  a  chief juatioe.  iriih 

H"*^.^*"'*  **"  ("*"-)  "«•■*«  «wociatejua. 
Uoaa,  with  a  adory  of  4500  doUara  each,  who  hold  a  sit. 

^'V^^I^'  rt Washington,  commencing  on  the 
aeeond  Manday  in  January.  The  court  aiu  five  honra 
•my  day  for  two  months,  deciding  in  that  time  uaually 
•boot  eightv  cmuea,  u  nioh  are  reported  aa  those  of  tlie 
kw  ooorts  in  Engkuid  uaed,  and  ought  atill  tob«,b7an 
oOow  of  the  oourt    Ita  original  jnriadicUon  M  M&ied 

to  aU  MMh  iaaea,  a£boting  ambuaMiara,  coiiral«,:#d^ 
ooiirala,a«acaartof  law  oanexereiae  coMiataatly  with 
Uwbw  ofnatknsi  and  it  has  original,  but  not  axelMive 
jnriMiietion  of  all  auiU  brought  by  ambaaaadora,  and 
oOwr  public  minutora,  in  which  a  conani  or  vice-eodaul 
ia  a  part^.  But  ito  dignitv  reata  chiefly  on  iu  appellate 
.  jnnadiction,  which  extenda  to  all  eaaea  and  appeaia,  and 
wriU  of  error  from  the  circuit  oourta :  likewlaa  in  all 
oaaea  where  the  conatitntion  and  lawa  of  the  Mend  m. 
vernmont,  or  the  conatruotion  of  any  treaty  Milpnd  into 
by  tho  federal  government,  or  ita  validity,  or  any  richt 
or  interMt  under  a  treaty,  haa  bmn  a  aubjeot  of  eoatro. 
vvrav  m  the  atato  Uibunala.  Ita  deoiaiona  and  opiniddi 
on  the  oonatruction  of  the  eonaitution,  are  the  aaftrard 
of  tba  Unioa.  But  ita  amwllato  juriadiotiMi  ia  mSA: 
and  extenda  to  no  caaea  but  where  the  power  ia  afliriMi. 
tively  given.  In  order  to  enable  it  to  issue  a 
■raa,  proof  ia  required  that  it  is  an  exor«iae,or  i 


-«~^rtm-M!iiMaaMMiaaM 


•nwmMMi 


llllyl'li  tlft-' 


IN    AinitlOA. 


ei 


«•  between  dtiMm  o< 
liien  and  ui  alien.  All 
the  United  Stirtee,  can 
I  court  of  eqtdt/.  The 
district  judge,  utting 
he  lupreme  court  An 
H)  aupreme  court  of  the 
in  dispute  exceeds  two 
ises,  a  point  may  be  re- 
ts of  the  supreme  court, 
t  court  to  be  proceeded 
itates,  Alabama,  Missis- 
',  and  Missouri,  there  is 
|es  of  the  supreme  court 
ieea^ear;  butthedis- 
id  jurisdiction  of  a  cir- 

id  States,  is  a  rery  high 
d  of  a  chief  justice,  wHh 
I  and  six  ssaociate  jus- 
beach,  who  hold  a  sit. 
n,  commencing  on  the 
te  court  sits  five  hours 
ing  in  that  time  usually 
'eported  as  those  of  the 

ought  still  to  be,  by  an 
jarisdieUon  if  fpi&ied 
•dors,  oonsub,^  Tiee. 
ireise  oonaisteDlly  wHh 
ginal,  bat  not  nclmive 
t  by  ambassadors,  and 
a  consul  or  vice-consul 
chiefly  on  its  appellate 

eases  and  appeals,  and 
courts ;  likewise  in  all 
I  laws  of  the  Aderal  go- 
any  treaty  mtond  into 
I  validity,  or  any  right 
len  a  subject  of  eontto* 

decisions  and  opinkiiii 
iition,  are  the  safiigwnl 
jurisdiction  is  dsfiaSt; 
re  the  powtr  is  afflriaii. 
I  it  to  issue  a  auiida- 
in  exoreise,or  neeowi.^ 


ry  to  an  exercise,  of  iu  appellate  juiisdietion.  The  su- 
preme court  hus  juriHdicliun  in  all  controterjies  where 
the  United  Sutes  (hall  bo  a  party  in  controversies  be- 
tween two  or  more  states ;  between  a  sUte  and  the  citi- 
zens of  another  state ;  between  oitisens  of  diffeient 
Itates ;  between  eitiiens  of  the  same  state  claiming 
lands  under  grants  of  diflbrent  states ;  and  between  a 
state,  or  the  citlxens  thereof,  and  ibreign  states,  citi- 
zens, or  subjects.  A  strict  and  admirable  attention  to 
justice,  is  observable  in  these  arrangements.  Evary 
description  of  case  which  might  be  partially  decided  by 
tlie  courta  of  the  litigant  states  is  brought  to  the  bar  of 
the  great  national  tribunal  to  be  disposed  of. 

During  the  last  sittings  of  the  supreme  court,  a  ease 
of  great  constitutional  interest  was  heard  befbre  it.  It 
wasenUtled'The  Cherokee  Nation  rer»i«  the  State 
of  Georgia."  The  Cherokee  nation  having  been  re- 
peatedly harassed  by  the  incursions  and  other  nnneigh- 
bourly  proceedings  of  the  inhabitants  of  Georgia,  appli- 
ed to  the  supreme  court  for  an  injunction  to  restrain 
the  state,  its  governor,  and  othsr  offioers,  from  exeeat- 
ing  and  enforcing  the  kws  of  Georgia  within  thu  Cb»- 
rokee  territory.  The  counsel  tbt  the  Cberokeee  argnad, 
that  not  being  a  state  of  the  Union,  the  Cherokc«  natkw 
was  to  be  oonaidered  as  a  ibraign  state,  and  was  render- 
ed oapable  of  suing  in  the  suprame  eo«irt  by  virtue  of  Um 
clause  I  have  menthmed  above,  in  whieh  the  jndiekl 
power  of  the  ooart  is  extended  to  oontroversiee  between  • 
state  and  the  dlisens  thereof,  and  fixeign  statae,  oitinns 
or  saUaeto :  bat  Chief  Joatioe  Marshalldeeided,  that  the 
rehtien  of  the  Cherokees  to  the  Unitad  Statee  reeembled 
that  of  guardian  and  ward ;  that  they  could  not  be  oon- 
sldered  either  as  a  foreign  state,  or  as  a  state  of  the 
Union;  and  that  therefore  they  were  rendered  inoapa- 
bfc»  ofsi^  in  that  court.  His  judgment  i^m  stren^- 
en«d  1^^  wording  of  the  articles  of  the  constituUon, 
in  which  Congress  is  empowered  to  roguhite  commerce 
with  foreign  natkMis,  and  the  several  states  and  the  "  In- 
dian tribes,"  who  being  in  this  manner  specifically 
mentitmed,  could  not  have  been  considered  as  a  foreign 
state  or  nation  by  the  original  firamers  of  the  constitu- 
tion. Imagine  tne  astonishment  of  the  poor  Cherokee* 
opon  being  told,  that  the  highest  tribunal  at  the  city  of 
twir  Gioat  Father  coald  afford  them  no  redress.  The 
aflbir  will,  of  coarse,  come  before  floBfftess.    Chief  Jus- 


6!2 


■  IX   MONTHB 


tie*  Marahtll  decided  aocordiiiK  to  the  letter  ofthe  con- 


diny 
ofCh 


•titulion ;  but  the  opinion  orchtncellor  Kent,  of  New 
York,  ii  iiiroly  dcaervin;  nf  tlio  grealeil  attention,  •■ 
containing  an  exptBition  apparently  nnure  aKiecable  to 
juatice.     He  coi<»ideri  the  Indian  tribei,  "  not  only  ai 
■tatri,  but  aa  foreign  atatee,  beoauae  they  do  not  conali- 
tute  any  ingredient  or  eaaential  part  of  eur  own  body 
politic.*^    Ho  conaidera  the  clauae  juat  referred  to,  may 
have  contained  the  additional  grant  of  power  to  regulate 
oomimrce  with  the  "  Indian  tribci,"  out  of  abundant 
caution,  and  to  prevent  any  jioaaible  doubt  of  tiie  appli- 
cation to  them  of  the  power  to  regulate  coniinerce  with 
"foreign  nationa."    The   iaal  worda,  he  apprehenda, 
would  have  reached  the  Indiana;  but  the  couMtitution, 
in  aeveral  other  inatanoM,  baa  gone  into  a  like  apecifi- 
oation  of  pnweia  which  were,  by  neceaaary  iutplication, 
iaeluded  in  the  more  general  grar.t    Thua,  for  inatance, 
power  ii  given  to  oongreaa  "  to  declare  war,"  and  it  ia 
immediately  aubjoined  "  to  grant  lettera  of  marque  and 
repriaal."    They  have  power  to  "coin  money,"    and 
"  to  regulate  the  value  thereof:"  they  havo  power  »  to 
raiae  armi«i,"  and  "to  provid*  and  maintain  a  navy :" 
and  it  ia  imhiediately  aubjoined  "  to  make  rulea  fo'  the 
governnMnt"  (and  not  government  only,  but  it  ia  added) 
»  and  regulation  ofthe  army  and  land  force." 

All  the  Judgea  in  the  American  courta  enjoy  an  im- 
munity from  wiga.  and  the  judgea  of  the  aupreme  court 
alone  are  clMhed  i»  "  ailk  attire."  Their  robee  are  black, 
and  fcehloned  according  to  the  taate  of  the  wparer.  I 
•nminad  four  or  five  of  them  which  were  hanffinf  up 
in  the  court,  and  found  that,  although  perfectly  judicial, 
they  diaplayed  no  email  attention  to  taate  in  their  cut 
and  g^ialappearanoe.  A  proper  degree  of  di|(nity  ia 
lequiNfl  andobaerved  in  the  aupreme  court ;  buainoaa  la 
tliere  conducted  aa  it  ought  to  be  in  every  court  of  iua> 
tice ;  but  aoma  of  the  atate  courta  are  remarkably  deA- 
cient  in  tbia  reapect :  even  in  the  court-houae  at  Phila- 
delphia, during  the  aitting  ofthe  circuit  cottrt,  I  have 
•een  a  gentleman,  a  counaellor  of  eminence,  coolly  aeat 
himaelfon  the  table  whilat  a  judgment  waa  being  givap, 
and  in  that  attitude  I  have  heard  him  addreaa  acme  in> 
torlooutory  obeervation  to  the  court,  and  preaa  them  up- 
on iU  ktUntion  with  great  eameatnewi  and  abilUv.  I 
cannot  undaratand  why  more  difoityiboth  Jadioiuaad 
ibrenaio,  ahoold  not  be  obMivad  in  tha  ooarU  oTtha 


•f 


la 

to  tho  letUr  ofths  con- 
tncellor  Kent,  of  N«w 
I  greuloit  attention,  a> 
titly  more  aitievible  to 
n  tribei,  "  not  only  aa 
.UM  Ihev  do  not  conill- 

part  of  eur  own  body 
e  juat  rol'erred  to,  may 
inl  of  power  to  ro(ulal« 

bua,"  out  of  abundant 
jbie  doubt  of  tiie  applU 
egulate  commerce  with 
yorda,  ha  apprehenda, 
,  but  the  constitution, 
rone  into  a  Iil(o  apecifi- 

neceaaary  implication, 
r.t  Thua,  for  inatance, 
daolar*  war,"  and  it  ia 
I  lettera  of  marque  and 
o  "coin  money,"  and 
'  they  havo  power  "  to 
and  maintain  a  navy :" 

'•  to  make  rulea  for  the 
ent  only,  but  it  ia  added) 
d  land  force." 
Ban  oourta  enjoy  an  im- 
[•a  of  tho  aupreim  eouit 
,"  Their  robea  an  blaok, 
taate  of  the  wearer.  I 
which  were  hanffiiif  up 
iKMigh  perfectly  judicial, 
LtoD  to  taste  in  their  cut 
iper  degree  of  dignity  ia 
>reroe  court ;  buamoaa  ia 
be  in  every  court  of  iua- 
irta  are  remarkably  deA- 
Lhe  court-houae  at  Phila- 
:he  circuit  cobrt,  I  have 
of  eminence,  coolly  aaat 
dgment  waa  being  giTW, 
ird  him  addreaa  acme  in> 
sourt,  and  preaa  then  Rp- 
meetneaa  and  ability.  I 
lignity,  both  jodiflial  aad 
rad  in  tha  ooartt  of  tha 


Itl    AMIKICA. 


63 


United  8lKl<M.  I  havo  often  been  in  the  company  of 
American  lawyera,  who,  as  individuals,  were  men  of 
(gentlemanly  manners,  and  excellent  generul  inforinalion, 
which  they  have  ever  evinced  a  rendineuto  impart: 
but  I  do  not  remember  one  whoever  mentioned  the  sub- 
ject at  all,  without  admitting  that  a  proper  want  uf  tho 
respect  due  to  the  time  aud  place  is  fVequentljr  but  too 
visible  in  the  American  ouurta  i  and  yet  there  ia  no  Ini' 
proverncnt. 

Silence,  being  indispensable,  is  well  preuerred ;  but 
counsel  and  attorneys  may  be  occasionally  seen  with 
their  legs  dangling  over  the  back  of  a  chair,  or  possibly^ 
resting  on  the  table.     A  corresponding  carelessness  of 
manner  is  of  courso  exhibited  bv  the  spectators.  I  have 
even  observed  persons  with  their  hats  on  in  court,  and 
upon  inquiry  have  been  told  they  were  Quaktira ;  but 
once  or  twice  I  remember  having  taken  the  liberty  of 
doubting  the  information      1  hope  I  shall  not  be  suppos- 
ed to  mean,  that  ne  greater  decorum  ia  observed  in  tha 
principal  courta  of  the  larger  cities  than  in  thoaa  held 
at  places  of  minor  importance ;  I  am  speaking  of  them 
generally  as  I  found  them  when  in  travelling.    I  hap- 
pened to  arrive  at  some  placo  where  w  ooort  waa  ait- 
ting,  and  "just  dropptd  in"  for  half  an  hotir  ea  p««- 
Mnl ;  hut  atill  there  ia  alwaya  a  aumelhing  even  in  tha 
bast  of  them  which,  to  an  English  eye,  appeara  uudig- 
nifled  ana  indecorous ;  although  there  can  be  no  doufct 
that  their  appearance  is  not  mended  by  the  total  ab. 
aence  of  wigs  and  gowns  fr->m  all  of  them. 

Tho  spirit  of  equality  renders  it  allowable,  and  tha 
impoa'-bilily  in  distant  towns  of  making  the  profeoaion 
answer  by  eiiy  other  airangement,  rrnders  it  necessary, 
that  a  barrister  and  volicitor  should  frequently  eommenoa 
business  as  partnors,andplay  into  each  other's  hands.  A 
judge  will  frequently  travel  from  town  to  town  unat- 
tended, in  his  gig,  dr  on  horseback  with  his  aaddle- 
bags  before  him,  or  in  the  stage-coach,  and  dine  at  the 
village  table  d'hote  with  shop-keeparn,  parudo  majors, 
and  advertising  attorneys.  Human  nature  will  out  In 
tha  absence  of  other  titlos,  it  is  the  pleasure  of  the  Ame- 
ricans that  they  ahonid  be  dignified  by  the  rank  of  Oe- 
aaral.  Colonel,  or  Aide-d'^-osmp;  but  more  especially  I 
ftond  bv  that  of  Major.  Au  Engliali  gentleman  assur- 
ed ma  tnat,  being  on  board  m  ateameron  the  Ohio  river, 
ha  waa  first  introduoad  h«  a  friand  aa  plain  Mr.,  then  aa 


64 


•IX    MONTIU 


CapUin !  mton  afkcr  Im  wm  MldrtMMl  ■■  Major,  uid  be- 
lbr«  the  aiHl  orUia  day  ha  waa  fbrmalljr  introduoad  aa  ■ 
tianeral.  Tliera  is  uiually  a  Major,  or  an  Aldo,  aa  tbey 
call  IkaniMlvmi,  in  avary  aUge  coach  company.  TIm 
captain  or  a  ataamboat,  who  waa  praaidinf  at  tha  dtnnar 
Ubie,  happanad  to  aak  rathar  iovdly,  "  General,  a  liltia 
fiah  7"  and  wai  immadiately  anawerad  in  tha  affirma- 
tive by  twanty-fira  out  of  tha  thirty  gentlemen  that  were 
preaent. 

One  would  have  tmaginod,  that  in  tha  United  Btalei, 
where  an  equal  partition  oftha  righta  ofmanliind  ia  the 
boaatad  Toundation  of  tha  government,  Juatice  would 
have  bean  treated  with  peculiar  courtaiy  ;  but  aha  ia 
not  properly  honoured  there.  Juatice  ia  not  eicluaively 
a  rapubliaan  in  principle,  whatever  the  Americana  may 
think.  Bha  muat  reinain  unaltered,  whatever  may  be 
tiM  fcrm  of  MvernnMDt,  aa  tb*  valoa  oftha  diamond  ia 
Um  aam*  whathar  ito  Boaaaaaor  be  a  prince  or  a  paatant. 
Daring  my  tt— *'"T1*'  viaita  to  Um  eeorta  of  juatioa  in 
the  United  SUtaa,  looold  not  help  thinking  how  fortu- 
naU  it  waa  that  Juatice  waa  blind,  and  could  not  thoro- 
fora  ba  ahookad  by  the  want  of  decorum  I  observed  there. 
Wkat  waa  my  aurpriaa  on  entering  the  aupreme  court  in 
tiw  •Kpilel  at  Waahington,  to  perceive  her  wooden 
ignra  with  the  eye*  unAlleted,  and  graaping  the  acatea 
lika  a  grocareBH !  W  ith  ^raat  deftrenoa,  I  woald  auggaet 
that  the  whole  of  thia  unworthy  group  ahonld  be  ramov- 
•a.  The  day  may  arrive,  aa  I  hava  aaid  bafbr«,  when 
the  aupreme  court  may  bo  the  ommw  of  aavinf  the 
Union. 

An*  auggeationa  recommendatory  of  an  amendment 
or  additional  clauie  in  the  oonatitutian,  emanate  iVom 
the  jndgoa  of  iJiiH  nxalted  tribunal.  When  it  ia  thought 
necaaanrythat  the  conatitution  of  any  particular  aUto 
ahoold  be  altered  or  amended,  the  lagiaUture  authoriaee 
tba  people  to  expreaa  their  oj^niona  aa  to  whether  they 
are  or  are  not  in  ftvour  of  oalUng  a  gwwral  oonventian. 
Thia  ia  uaually  arranged  at  the  time  of  a  general  alao- 
tion.  If  there  be  a  majority  in  fk  vour  of  the  ccnvMOiaa, 
tha  legiaUtura  then  oalla  upon  the  people  to  elect  par. 
acne  to  aerve  aa  membera  or  delegatea,  and  it  fine  tha 
time  of  meeting,  i  f  an  v  amendmonta  are  made  by  the 
convention,  thev  are  anbmitted  to  the  people  ftr  their 
approval;  and  ifa  majority  decide  upon  tlieir  edoption, 
thejr  firthwitb  become  part  of  the  eooatitatioa. 


* 


mum 


IN     ANRRICA. 


6b 


Med  •■  Major,  utd  be- 
rmally  inlroduoad  m  ■ 
ior,  or  an  Aid*,  ■■  they 
cokoh  company.  TIm 
pr«udin(  at  iha  dinner 
diy,  "Ueneral,  a  lilUa 
iwarad  in  the  affirma- 
ty  genllemen  that  were 

t  in  th«  United  Hlatei , 
yhta  of  manlilnd  ia  the 
'nmant,  Juatioo  would 
r  courteny  ;  but  ahe  ii 
■tic«  ia  not  oxcluairely 
er  the  Americana  may 
red,  wltatover  may  bo 
alua  of  Um  diamond  ia 
)  •  prinee  or  a  peaaant. 
M  eoarta  of  juatioe  in 
Ip  thinking  bow  fortu- 
d,  and  oould  not  there- 
soruDi  I  obrervetl  there. 
\g  the  aupreme  court  in 

peroeive  her  wooden 
uad  grmaping  tha  aoaiea 
krenoa,  I  would  mggaat 
group  ahonld  ba  ramoT. 
ara  aaid  bafbra,  wliea 

oMMa  of  aariiif  the 

,tory  of  an  amandnMnt 
It^ition,  amanata  fVom 
li.  Whan  it  ia  thought 
of  any  partieular  atala 
a  lagiaUiura  authoriaae 
MM  M  to  wbathar  they 
I  a,  ganaral  oonTantiun. 
tinwofa  ganaral  alec- 
ivour  of  the  oonfaatlon, 
tha  paopla  to  alaat  par. 
igataa,  and  it  fijna  tha 
menu  ara  nia4a  by  tha 
to  the  paopla  ftr  UMk 
de  up«ia  thair  adoiiUaii, 
I  oonatitntioa. 


Whan  it  it  uonaidered  that  tha  luprama  oourt  liaa  a 
federal  juriMlintion  extending  over  a  union  of  twenty- 
rourata(««,  many  oft liem  an  Urge  or  larger  than  Kngland, 
whose  hiimhia  and  individual  importance  are  increaa- 
ing,  and  which  are  divided  and  aubdivided  by  party, 
and  by  conHicting  and  annually  ariaing  intareila,  and 
which  arc  becoming  more  and  more  democratic  in  vrery 
■uccoeding  year,  and  ronaoquently  more  and  more  op- 
poMil  tnthn  apirit  in  which  the  conititution  wat original- 
iv  I'ramod,  aoma  idea  may  ba  formed  of  the  inipnrtanca 
(hat  ia  attached  to  the  deciaiona  of  thii  court,  'vhoae  au> 
thoritiea,  fVom  flrat  to  lait,  am  tnlended  aa  a  afbgnard 
to  the  Union.  The  independence  of  thia  court,  and,  in 
(kct,  of  all  tlie  (bd<iral  judiciary,  may  b*  termed  the  ahaat- 
tnclinr  of  the  United  Statea.  Ita  power  conatitutoa  their 
chief  hope;  the  abuae  of  it  ii  the  only  medium  of  y^ 
rtnny,  and  it  Ihareforo  the  principal  aouica  ofapirehen- 
tion.  The  judgea  of  all  the  federal  oourta  hold-  tneir  of- 
ficea  during  good  behaviour,  and  are  removable  only  by 
impeachment.  It  would  raaaonably  bo  auppo.4od  that 
the  individual  atute*  would  follow  tha  example  of  the 
general  government  in  the  appointment  of  their  judgea  t 
but  thia  It  not  the  oaae.  In  aeyen  of  the  atatea  they 
are  elected  for  a  term  of  yeara  only :  in  Rhode  laland 
thav  are  elected  annually  ;  in  five  of  the  atatea  they  are 
obliged  to  go  out  of  office  at  aixty,  lixty-fivo,  or  aevanty 
veara  of  age.  Thia  law,  in  the  enlightened  atale  of  New 
York,  haa  deprived  it  of  the  valuable  tervicet  of  Chan- 
cellor Kent,  the  author  of  the  admirable  (^mmentariea 
on  tlie  lawt  of  America.  There  are  many  democrata 
who  actually  wiah  timt  the  judgea  of  the  aupreme  court 
tbould  bo  elected  for  a  term  of  yeara  only.  Thia  cua- 
torn  ia  notorioualy  produotiva  of -sufficient  hardthipa  in 
tome  of  the  more  remote  atatea,  where,  on  account  of 
the  amallneaa  of  the  aalary,  amounting  to  not  more  than 
two  or  three  hundred  pounda,  the  bench  ia  aomatimea  All- 
ied by  voung  and  inexperienced  man,  who  are  the  chil- 
dren of  party,  and  whoaa  deciaiona  muat  be  occaaionalljr 
affeetad  by  tha  hope  of  re-election. 

Entailed  eatatea  a^e  but  littla  known  in  the  United 
Statea :  in  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  and  Louitiana,  not 
•t  all.  In  many  of  tha  atatea  they  arr  'inthing  in  eSbet 
but  an  eatato  in  fta ;  the  limitation  ir>  ^-  haing  of  no 
▼ahM, anapt it  ba  in epaoial tail.  hu\  <  Ulcaaaaoe- 
tataa  tail  may  ba  barred  by  a  aimpla  dead  of  bargain  and 


m 


66 


BIX  HONTHS 


■ale  and  which  i»,  in  fact,  the  almott  universal  aMur- 
STm;  Iwle  Md  relea«»  being  but  little  known.  In 
S*J.1Pt.  thedoctrineofthe.Ut«te.on«^^^ 
onerationVexoepUng  in  the  state  of  New  >««.«"•"'" 
hS  taTCntinued  since  the  new  codepas^din  18^. 
"KcoSigs  of  the  courts  of  equity  are  for  the 

^heaatates  have  chanceUore,  whose  ««»«■'"''*;? 
Uke  tbSeTthe  other  judges.    The  state  of  New  York 

hadiuTbwnobUged  to  ippoint  a  "i**""^.*^'' X 
SSrfSreincS«.seofb,l^ess.    The  duties  of  the 

chu^Uor.  as  for  as  they  go.  are  the  same  as  tho?«  "^ 
.  Sriord  dianceUor  of  fengl"««;  but  in  many  of  the 
Iute?^ejuri«licUon  in  bankruptcy  or  insolv  xcy..j«- 
S«Se.  The  terms  bankruptcy  ani  insolven  awo^d 
SSscriminately.  although  the  di«tincUon  is  of  c«u«e 
^uallv  known  and  understood  among  lawyers.  By 
?£r.S5eSTthe^.tituUon,the«neralgo»erm^^ 

iTai^ad  to  nasa  uniform  laws  on  the  subject  of  bwk- 
ni^r^  No  KSral  bankrupt  law  has.  however,  been 
Mi  alttoSgh  such  a  measure \|« br««>««?~»*Si" 
arS;  In  th?  United  State,  ap^wtionof  ttop^ 
CrM  bevond  that  of  any  other  oonntry.is  engaged  more 
«  CSTraffio  of  «wie  kind  or  other  in  the  couree  of 
?LW!  and  the  difficulty  of  coming  to  any  eV"»^ 
£^^  M  to  who  may  «  may  not  b.  o«»«dered  a 
Knjt,  ha.  been  the  ww-a  why  no  g")^**  ^S 
STsubfe^t  ha.  been  pa««l  by  the  <«l«^««8^-^5 
^tes  likewise  iiave  the  power  of  peanng  •*"frP* 
w^  b«*S5  would  only  be  I«oducti«  of  confomon. 
«mS^v  would  iot  be  allowed  'o  uive  Ito  •»«» y/^^^jT 
"^^i««th«tween  oitisewi of diffiwent stotes;  the 
l^l^r^  SS^d-SSSuLitadi«a««e«ndertta 

SSnSt«rin«ilv«Xuwsafonestoto.  could  not  aftct 
!!^SSma^tobeexecutedinaM»l>er.  Aaamatter 
TJ^w^"tatos  bwrin«.lvent  tow.of  thrir  own. 
;WSfclSil?TecogMMd  and  mf'^J^'^ 
thAmaTfo  a.  they  conveniently  eaa  Iw.  In  ■««>•  «^ 
S?e?t.Sn"y,^^thedebt,Ureiea..dkj^Mn^f^ 

tte  debt  IS  diMharged,  but  future  «w«ltt'^»"^5yP2,5^ 
t^  or  dMcent,  a^  liable,  though  ««*  »»»•  P«*S*l!S1^ 
SS'SLlS     The  whole  law  on  the  .u^^l«il» 

STunilwl  llato.  ismu^  the  same  -i«»»4£«Jft 
A^ithtar to  th.  United  State,  can  only  t»JJMBM»* ny 
i,i^1[X-euad.r  the  UmUd  Stotei?  in«rf..«t 


* 


„4))^^MMg>*i*>«"'=''<'>"»'^' ■**»»*  t^-A.Ja»-- 


t  univenal  luiur- 
it  little  known.    In 
tutMof  UMBU  in  flill 
if  New  York,  wliere  it 
>w  code  piMed  in  1KI9. 
of  equity  ate  for  the 
id  in  England.   Many 
whose  office!  are  held 
he  atate  of  New  York 
vice-ohanoeUor,  on 
a.    The  duties  of  the 
the  same  as  those  of 
but  in  many  of  the 
tey  or  inaolv   xcy  is  se- 
id  insolven.    are  need 
stinctitHi  is  of  course 
amoof  lawyers.    By 
le  ceneral  government 
a  tile  subject  of  bank- 
w  has,  however,  been 
bis  been  often  otrntem- 
i^wtion  of  the  paoiile, 
NUitry,  is  engaged  mora 
other  in  the  course  of 
iming  to  any  equitable 
y  not  be  ocnsidered  •> 
vhy  no  general  law  on 
B  federal  oongreae.  The 
'  of  passing  bankrupt 
irodnctive  of  oonftision, 
ive  the  efict  of  resoind- 
ofdiArent  states;  the 
It  a  discharge  under  the 
stale,  oould  not  aflbot 
n  saother.  Asainatter 
rant  Ittws  of  their  own, 
lod  wspioled  in  all  of 
eaahe.  InaomeflaMs 
iasedhytheai;inatlwH^ 
anqtHMtioHe  if  gift,  i». 
I  not  the  prwnea  e(f  ft. 
a  the  mibJM^Mi  b«H  in 
me  as  thaMf  ftiglaitd. 


.^ 


in  only  t>:|^assd  by 
Stater  insolvent 


tiled 


IM    AHBRICA. 


67 


law.    In  order  to  be  enabled  to  apply  for  a  release  un- 
der the  insolventlaws  of  any  particular  state,  a  debtor 
must  have  resided  in  that  state  for  a  certain  period,  ge- 
nerally one  year;  and  on  the  surrender  of  all  property, 
(if  he  has  any,)  he  obtains  a  discharge  from  prison, 
which  is  also  a  discharge  from  the  debt  itself,  and,  as  a 
personal  discharge,  is  respected  throughout  thu  Union  ; 
but  as  a  discharge  from  the  debt,  it .  oilen  operates  as 
such  only  in  the  state  that  grants  the  discharge.     Be- 
tween oitisens  of  the  same  state  it  releases  the  debt  as 
well  as  the  person ;  between  citizens  of  different  states, 
or  between  a  citizen  and  a  foreigner,  or  between  fo- 
reigners, the  discharge  depends  on  circumstances.    If 
the  suit  be  brought  in  the  courts  of  any  particular  state, 
and  the  party  has  been  released  by  the  laws  of  tha^ 
state,  the  debt  is  considered  equally  cancelled  as  if  the 
controversy  had  been  between  citizens  of  the  same  state. 
If  the  debtor  to  the  United  States  has  applied  for,  and 
obtained  the  benefit  of  the  United  States'  insolvent  law, 
it  can  only  be  in  cases  where  a  judgment  has  been  ob- 
tained against  him,  and  he  has  been  taken  in  execution. 
He  must,  however,  remain  in  prison  for  thirty  days,  and 
surrender  all  his  property,  which  he  must  swear  does 
not  exceed  thirty  dollars,  over  and  above  his  necessary 
wearing  apparel ;  for  if  he  has  property  beyond  Hut 
ainount,  he  cannot  obtain  the  benefit  of  tLis  law.    By  this 
discharge,  the  person  only  is  released,  so  that  property 
subsequently  obtained  ftom  any  souree  is  reapoosible.  In 
all  other  eases  of  discharge,  under  the  insdvent  laws  Of 
individual  states,  before  noticed,  the  person  or  the  Mbi 
are  diaoharged,  (as  mentioned  above,)  but  still  with  the 
reservation,  that  all  property  acquired  by  deaoeut,  gift, 
or  devise,  shall  bo  subjected  to  execution,  but  not  the  fu- 
ture aequisitioas  of  the  debtor  by  other  means. 

Fugitive  debtors  from  other  oountries  can  be  sued  and 
impriaooed  only  as  if  they  were  citizens  of  America, 
that  is,  by  exUbitiiig  against  them  a  bailable  cause  of 
action.  TiMy  araet  remain  in  priscm,  if  taken  iminedi- 
ately  on  their  aninl,  uatU  entitled  by  a  residence  in  the 
•Ula  (waaUy  for  one  year)  to  aroly  for  the  benefit  of  the 
iastlvttnt  laws.  8Uto  oitisenship  is  required  only  in  a 
fow  of  <h»«tates,  the  more  general  Uw  beiiy,  that  they 
— j"-!  MtehtrjiTi  after  a  year's  residence  m  the  state 
in  which  «af  happen  to  be  sued,  whetlwr  tbey  have  be- 
-     ■  .-         oitizensofthe 


oitiMMW  not.    Foreigners 


!| 


-aj&t: 


68 


SIX    UOMTlia 


Unitod  Slatei  aiUr  five  years'  residence.  The  acts  of 
ii«tura)ization,  Um  last  of  which  was  passed  in  1816,  re- 
quire that  an  oath  bo  taken  before  a  state-oourt,  by  a 
foreigner  of  good  moral  character  three  years  before  his 
admission,  of  his  intention  to  become  a  citizen,  and  to 
renounce  his  native  allegiance ;  and  at  the  time  of  ad- 
mission he  must  satisfy  the  court,  that  he  has  resided 
five  or  six  years,  at  least,  within  the  United  States,  and 
likewise  talie  an  oath  to  renounce  and  abjure  his  native 
allegiance,  and  to  support  the  constitution  of  the  Unit- 
ad  mates. 

America  is,  in  some  respects,  a  laboratory  ibr  the  rest 
of  the  world.  It  is  the  fittest  region  for  experiment. 
From  the  first  of  January,  1833,  imprisonment  for  debt 
lias  ceased  in  the  state  of  New  York ;  the  fact  is,  there 
ia  so  much  more  false  capital  in  the  United  Slates  tlun 
in  England,  that  a  creditor  is  not  oilen  one  dollar  the 
richer  for  having  put  his  debtor  into  confinement.  The 
•sample,  if  it  succeed,  will  probably  soon  be  followed  in 
Massaohnaetts,  whore  there  is  a  strong  putv  in  favour 
of  a  similar  experiment.  AVhilst  I  was  in  that  state,  a 
ineeting  waa  held  at  Boston,  to  consider  of  its  propriety ; 
bat  the  united  arguments  of  many  speakers,  tended  to 
proTO  nothinr  more  than  what  was  most  probably  ac- 
knowledged beibrehand,  by  three-iburths  of  those  who 
heard  them,  and  into  which  all  that  can  be  said  on  the 
■object  must  ultimately  resolve  itself,  namely,  that  the 
■offering*  of  an  innocent  debtor  ftro  highly  unjuft,  and 
■rach  to  be  lamented  ;  but  that  it  would  bo  vtry  objec- 
tionable to  have  no  means  of  confining  one  whose  con- 
doet  had  been  fraudulent.  By  the  constitution  of  the 
■tata  of  Illinois,  imprbonment  for  debt  is  disallowed,  ex- 
cept in  cases  of  fraud,  or  the  refusal  of  the  debtor  to  de- 
liver up  his  property  for  the  benefit  of  his  creditors. 

The  question  aa  to  the  power  of  any  court  or  officer  to 
remove  a  child  from  his  parents  on  aoooont  of  their  mis- 
oondoct,  remains  unsettled ;  but  ifeithtr  of  the  parents 
wore  dead,  and  the  survivor  an  unsnitafale  person  to  taiha 
aara  of  the  child,  application  would  to  mada  to  tha  or- 
phan's ooqrt,  which  exists  in  everv  state.  Ita  aotboritjr 
resembles  that  of  the  lord  chancellor  in  casw  of  iiifluit|i 
being  wards  of  court.  Wills,  both  of  real  and  peraoMl 
•■tate,  are  proved  there ;  and  all  axaoulora  ttod  adiai- 
nktraton  pass  tbair  accounts  in  this  court,  Omd  whoa* 
daeitkmf  an  apfiA  Ilea  to  tha  chaDoeUor.    All  '    ' 


A, 


oft 


l*-^ 


Ji 


lidliMy-iMiBHiiiWit 


dence.  The  acti  of 
IS  patted  in  1816,  re- 
'o  a  ttate-oourt,  by  a 
hree  yeart  before  hit 
me  a  citizen,  and  to 
id  at  the  time  of  ad- 
t,  that  he  hat  retided 
lie  United  Statct,  and 
and  abjure  hit  native 
stitution  of  the  Unit- 

aboratory  for  the  reat 
gion  for  experiment, 
mpriionment  for  debt 
>rk ;  the  fact  it,  there 
le  United  Slates  tlun 
.  often  one  dollar  the 
to  confinement.  The 
ly  toon  be  followed  in 
trong  pwtv  in  favour 
I  wan  ID  that  ttate,  a 
aider  of  its  propriety ; 
J  ipeakera,  tended  to 
vaa  moat  probably  ac. 
hfburtha  oif  thoae  who 
hat  can  be  aaid  on  the 
;eelf,  namely,  that  the 
iro  highly  unjust,  and 

would  M  very  objeo- 
Sning  one  whoae  con- 
w  oonttitution  of  the 
debt  it  disallowed,  ez- 
lal  of  the  debtor  to  de- 
it  of  hit  oredilort. 
'any  court  or  officer  to 
I  aooovnt  of  their  mia- 
ifeitterof  the  parents 
■nittble  penon  to  tnka 
lid  to  made  to  the  or- 
1  atale.  Ita  autborMjr 
[lor  In  caaoa  of  iiiftat|i 
>i  of  real  and  penoMl 

exaouton  andadoil- 
his oourt,flMa  whew 
shanoeUcir.    AH  datda 


IN    AMERICA.  M 

are  by  law  required  to  be  registered.  Wills  ore  proved 
and  witnetted  at  in  England  ;  and  a  timilar  '"w  pre- 
TonU  a  witneaa  from  takinff  a  legacy.  A  case  of  fraud 
uaed  in  obtaining  a  will,  the  only  fraud  of  which  the 
Englith  court  of  chancery  does  not  take  notice,  is  de- 
cided by  the  chancellor  in  some  states ;  in  otiiers,  it  is 
usual  to  send  it,  as  in  England,  to  a  jury. 

The  whole  taw  of  mortgage  is,  generally  speaking, 
much  the  same  as  in  England. 

The  proceedings  in  a  chancery  suit,  differ  only  in  the 
pleadings  being  a  little  more  simple:  a  bill  for  inatance, 
contains  merely  the  sUting  and  interrogating  parte,  and 
the  prayer.  Witnessea  aro  examined,  as  in  England, 
upon  written  interrogatories.  The  effect  of  an  answer 
and  the  mode  of  using  it  in  court,  are  alao  timilar. 

There  it  no  auch  officer  as  an  accountant-general. 
Masters  in  ehanoery  are  known  onl^  in  eome  of  tlie 
ttetes.  Their  daties  are  somewhat  simitar ;  and  mat- 
ters are  leftrred  to  an  v  one  of  them  whom  the  pt'ties 
may  agree  upon.  In  New  York,  I  observed  that "  Mr. 
A,  iiaSBf  in  chancery,"  was  almost  as  frequenUy  to  be 
seen  on  the  door,  as  the  names  of  a  counsellor  and  sou- 
oitor.  In  those  states  where  there  are  no  masters  in 
chanoerr,  the  conn  has  a  »  Permanent  Aoditor,  who 
diseharcM  nearly  all  the  datiea  assigned  to  the  uiastors 
in  Bngbnd.  . 

The  ferm  of  an  action,  the  pleadings,  and  the  method 
oTobtaimn*  evidence,  are  essentiaUy  the  same  as  thost 
used  in  England,  generally.  In  some  states  the  aetwa 
of  ejectment  is  unknown ;  in  others,  it  has  merely  un- 
dergone some  modification.  Real  acUons,  such  M^wn.r 
of  right,  write  of  entry,  are  much  used;  the  periodorU- 
mitatiott  has,  however,  been  altered  tram  that  of  Eng- 
land. The  Englith  taw  of  pretcription  it  acknowtadg- 
ed,  with  a  very  nw  necessarily  constitutional  exceptions. 
The  period  of  limitation  alkiwed  in  an  action  of  axsump* 
sit,  alao  varies  in  difibrent  states;  in  some  it  is  three 
years,  in  others  it  is  rj^  as  in  England.  Where  the  ac- 
tion oTaJMstment  is  in  use.  the  period  of  Umitation  uin 
sooM  states  twenty  years,  as  in  England ;  in  others, 
sneaywrs  is  thought  sufficient         .    „    ,     .     ... 

Juries  are  generally  constituted  as  in  England,  with 
tl»  exoeption  of  special  juries,  which  are  never  forme^ 
ThlMfhoat  tbs  United  States  a  floqaaelktr  u  aUowed 


H^ 


70 


SIX    HOKTHI 


to  make  a  speech  for  the  prisoner,  and  act  generally  in 
hi*  behalf,  as  in  a  civil  cause. 

Every  state  in  the  Union  has  its  rules  for  the  admis- 
non  of  counsellurs,  solicitors,  and  attorneys..  They  ge- 
uerally  require  that  a  student  shaH  have  studied  law 
with  some  couusellor  for  at  least  thrbe  years.  On  ap- 
plication for  an  admissiim  as  an  attorney,  the  court  usu- 
ally appoints  three  gentlemen  of  the  bar  to  examine  into 
the  moral  and  legal  qualifications  of  the  applicant.  If 
be  be  previonsly  and  favourably  known  to  them,  the  ex- 
amination is  almost  nominal.  If  he  be  unknown,  or  be 
known,  but  with  unfavourable  impressions,  the  exami- 
nation is  proportbnably  more  strict.  When  admitted 
•s  either  counsellor  ci  solicitor,  he  can  generally  prae- 
tise  in  both  characters,  the  distinction  being  nominal, 
excepting  in  the  supreme  court  of  the  United  States, 
where  no  person  can  be  oounselk>r  and  solicitor  at  the 
■ame  time.  In  thr  country  particnlarly,  it  ia  usual  for 
»  lawyer  toassume  the  dntiee  of  attorney,  canveyaneer, 
praetor,  solicitor,  and  counsellor ;  bat  after  having  prae- 
tiaed  some  time,  he  usually  eonfines  himself  to  the  prae- 
tioe  of  a  counsellor  only.  A  barrister  and  solicitor  are 
fl«qaently  partners:  aa  I  have  before  remarked,  it 
would  be  impossible  for  any  practitioner  to  obtain  a 
livelihood,  excelling  in  the  larger  towns,  without  exer* 
eising  his  abilities  m  both  capacities.  For  the  "  mate- 
rial" of  a  great  part  of  the  foregoing  remark*  I  am  in- 
Mlti  to  &e  kind  and  able  assistance  of  a  gentlejnan  of 
the  Baltimore  bar,  and  I  have  endeavoured  that  their 
aoenraojr  should  not  suffer  under  my  pen. 

It  would  be  tedious  to  enter  into  anv  detail  of  the  dif- 
ftrent  state  constitutions.  It  is  sofiicient  to  remark, 
that  their  affairs  are  usually  administered  bra  governor, 
a  •«nato,and  a  house  of  representatives.  The  executive 
aathority  is  vested  in  the  governor,  who  has  in  some  state* 
the  benefit  of  a  council.  In  some  states  he  is  elected  ' 
for  a  period  of  four  years,  but  more  usually  for  two. 
The  legislature  consists  of  a  senate,  and  house  ofrepie- 
■entative*  s  both,  or  the  latter,  are  usually  elected  aii. 
naally;  but  sometimer  for  a  longer  period,  with  mo- 
,  ^fications.  In  the  state  of  Rhode  Island,  whose  go- 
mmmtnt  is  founded  on  the  provision*  of  the  charter 
(ranted  to  the  colony  by  Charle*  the  Second  in  16til, 
end  which  i*  the  only  state  in  the  Un*on  tfiat  ha*  no 


writtei 

are  ele 

preaen 

nually 

tions  I 

and  re 

frage 

edfur 

ty.    1 

thato 

voter 

Wii 

ject  o! 

that  I 

know] 

class < 

the  SI 

genoe 

edani 

lowed 

oorru 

thep 

be  ui 

ahoul 

char! 

poUti 

tbe.p 

men) 

totb 

in  CO 

that 

musi 

pers< 

soon 

WoH 

infoi 

ney, 

cam 

veri 

atu; 

side 

wh« 

eaai 

d*U 


.-^■g  ?A- 


and  act  generally  ia 

rulea  for  the  admii- 
ttorneya..  They  g»- 
lU  have  studied  law 
irte  year*.  On  ap- 
omey,  the  court  uru- 
i  bar  to  examine  into 
of  the  applicant.  If 
lown  to  them,  the  ex- 
le  be  unknown,  or  be 
jressiona,  the  exami- 
lot.    When  admitted 

can  ffenernlly  prae- 
ction  Ming  nominal, 
of  the  United  SUtes, 

and  aolicitor  at  the 
nlarly,  it  is  uiml  for 
ttomey,  conveyancer, 
rat  after  having  prae> 
M  hiroielf  to  the  prae^ 
ater  and  aolicitor  are 
before  remarked,  it 
ctitioner  to  obtain  « 
town*,  without  exer> 
iea.  For  the  *'  mate- 
ing  ramarka  I  am  in- 
inoeofa  gentle;nan  of 
dcavoored  that  their 
ny  pen. 

a  any  detail  of  the  dif. 
BOflicient  to  remark, 
aiatered  br  a  governor, 
itivea.  The  executive 
IV ho  baa  in  aome  atates 
e  statea  he  is  elected 
more  usually  for  two. 
:e,  and  house  ofrepre> 
'«  uauall^  elected  «i|. 
iger  period,  with  ibo- 
ide  Island,  wbo«»  go- 
ivbions  of  the  charter 
■  the  Second  in  16S8, 
be  Un'on  that  hai  no 


|iititiit»ii-iniiTfiri!l-  ■ 


lU    AHKKICA. 


71 


written  constitution,  the  governor,  senate,  and  judgaa 
are  elected  annually  :  the  members  of  the  house  of  re- 
presentatives are  elected  every  six  months,  or  semi-an- 
nually, as  they  term  it.  In  general,  no  other  qualifica- 
tions are  required  of  voters  but  those  of  colour,  age,  sex, 
and  residence.  In  nearly  all  the  states  the  right  ofsuf- 
frage  is  enjoyed  by  free  white  citizens,  who  have  resid- 
ed For  one  year  in  the  state,  and  six  months  in  the  coun- 
ty. Ifi  some  of  the  states,  colour  is  no  bar.  Am  to  age, 
that  of  tweiity.one  years  is  the  usual  requisition.  Every 
voter  mual  of  cource  bo  a  citiieii  of  the  United  Slatet. 

Without  enteririg  at  large  upon  the  hackneyed  aofr- 
iect  of  uoicersal  sufirage,  it  may  be  sufficient  to  remark, 
that  the  juuinsic  evils  of  the  systtm  are  moreor  leas  ac- 
knowledged by  a  very  large  proportion  oftho  better 
olaaa  of  Americans,  although  they  of  course  diminish  in 
the  same  ratio  with  the  increaae  of  virtue  and  intelli- 
genoe  j  the  objection  is  not  merely,  that  the  uncultivat- 
edand  the  ignorant  part  of  the  sommnnity  ahould  be  ^- 
lowed  the  unqualified  right  of  auffrage }  but  it  Ik  J  in  tb« 
corrupt  influence  to  which  it  is  open.  JBoth  the  rich  and 
the  poor  man  have  righta  to  be  protected;  bat  it  most 
be  unreasonable,  that  the    wealthy  and  enlighteowl 
should  be  oontrollod  by  the  needy.    The  object  of  my 
charity  goee  to  the  poll ;  and  not  only  exercises  as  madi 
poUtioal'iberty  as  myself,  but  a  great  deal  mora{  bwsanae 
the  poorer  clasaes  being  the  more  numerouB,  the  govern- 
ment is  in  effect  under  their  direction.    If  in  addition 
to  thU  H  be  >«neidered,  that  they  must  frequenUy  vot« 
incompliance  with  the  wishes  of  a  superior,  HfoUowa, 
that  the  most  corrupt,  or  the  most  sucoesaful  at  intrigM, 
must  enjoy  the  greatest  share  of  poktical  power.    A 
person  who  does  not  in  suob  a  country  as  America,  gun 
some  aort  of  qualification  by  his  industry  is,  surely,  un- 
worthy to  be  trusted  with  the  right  of  suffrage.    I  was 
informed  that  votes  were  very  rarely  bought  with  mo- 
ney,  and  believed  it ;  beoauso  where  the  votera  and  tM 
candidates  are  so  numeroua,  the  disburaementa  moat  bo 
very  Urge,  and  the  difficulty  of  concealment  proportion 
ataw  iacTMMed.    They  are  rathor  commanded  by  oon- 
aiderationsof  iriooo;  and  it  is  very  evident,  that  apenoa 
who  oould  be  influenced  by  interest  m  one  w«]r,  oa|pd 
auily  b«  bribed  in  another,  were  it  not  for  the  nar^W 
dttimtiwi.    The  ay •t«ni  of  treating  is  eommoo  enough. 
"Why,  Sir!"  aaid  an  old  woman  to  a  gentleman  of 


ili 
i 


12 


BIX  Moirrus 


South  Carolina,  my  inrormani,  "  1  ga»m  Mr.  A.  ia  the 
fiHe«t  man  of  the  two,  but  t'otlier  whiakiet  the  taal." 
The  influence  of  petty  demago^nea  ia  very  great  j  there 
being  uaually  two  or  three  in  every  Tillage.  Natarmiii- 
ed  foroignera,  as  a  body  of  volera,  poaaeaa  great  power 
in  some  placea :  in  New  York,  where  there  are  Mid  to 
be  nearly  30,000  Irish,  their  inflnence  over  the  elections 
is  much  oomplaiiied  of. 

The  house  of  representatives  of  the  United  States  is 
oomposed  of  members  chosen  every  seeond  year,  by  the 
people  of  the  aeveral  states.  In  Virginia  and  Kentaeky 
tliey  are  voted  for,  viva  vaee,  and  not  by  ballot,  u  in  the 
other  Btatet.  At  present,  one  member  is  returned  for 
erery  forty  thousand  persons,  five  slaves  in  the  rikve 
states  counting  as  throe  whites.  The  present  number 
is  91&  As  the  number  of  represenUtives  might  be  too 
largv,  in  oonaequence  of  the  inereosing  popalation,  the 
constitntion  providee  that  the  number  should  not  exceed 
one  for  every  30,000,  but  that  no  state  shall  be  without 

lepresentative.  As  the  minimum  only  is  there  men- 
tioned, the  foderol  congress  haa  the  power  of  eztandinr 
the  number  ^  electors  necessary  for  the  return  of  a 
member.  ,   _ 

The  senate  of  the  United  States  is  compeeed  cftwo 
members  from  each  state.  They  are  alMiin  hjr  the 
legislature  of  the  several  states,  for  the  Imm  efriz  yean ; 
one-third  of  them  being  elected  every  two  yean.  The 
only  qoaUiieations  necessary  for  a  senator  an— that  be 
be  thirty  yean  of  age,  in  conformity  with  the  age' ef  the 
Roman  senator ;  and  that  he  have  been  for  nine  yean  a 
eitiaen  of  the  United  States,  and  on  inhaUtant  of  the 
state  for  which  he  is  elected. 

The  qualifications  required  of  a  member  of  the  house 
of  representatives  are— that  he  be  twenty-five  yean  ot 
ige;  seven  yean  a  citizen  of  the  United  State^  and  an 
inhabitant  of  tlie  state  where  h'3  is  chosen.  No  property 
qualification  is  required  hi  either  caaet  and  the  conse- 
quence is,  that  the  house  of  npresentatives  is  half  filled 
with  young  lawyen.  The  only  privilege  it  enjoiys  in 
its  legialative  diameter,  which  is  not  shared  by  the  sen- 
al^  is,  that  It  has  the  exclusive  right  vf  originating  aU 

njlkcy  hills. 

"Chancellor  Kent,  in  his  CommentarieB,  obeervae,  "that 
the  great  object  of  the  separation  nf  the  iegislaton  iMto 
two  liouses,  acting  separately,  and  with  co-ordinate  p«w- 


aiMS 


IN    AMBKICA. 


78 


gourn  Mr.  A.  is  the 
whiakiet  the  bMt." 
ii  very  greet ;  tiiefe 
Tillege.  NatnrmUi- 
pocieM  great  power 
Bre  there  ere  Mid  to 
ice  over  the  electioiu 

the  United  Statee  i« 
'  lecond  year,  by  the 
rginiaand  Kentucky 
>t  by  ballot,  u  in  the 
mlMr  i«  returned  ibr 
»  slaves  in  the  tibive 
The  present  number 
itatives  might  be  too 
ng  population,  tlie 
ler  snould  not  exoeed 
Ute  shall  be  without 
n  only  is  there  moB' 
e  power  of  oztanding 
for  the  return  of  a 

IS  is  eumpaeed  of  two 
r  are  elMeM  by  the 
the  Imm  of  dz  yean ; 
ery  two  yean.  The 
senator  are— tliat  lie 
ty  with  the  age' of  the 
been  for  nine  years  a 
an  inhaUtaat  of  the 

member  of  the  house 
I  twenty-five  years  oi 
United  Statea,  and  an 
shoaen.  No  property 
liaaei  and  the  conse- 
Mitatives  is  half  filled 
Hrivilegq  it  enjoys  in 
lot  shued  by  the  sea- 
f  ht  »f  originating  bU 

taries,  observes,  "that 
if  the  togidatnra  falto 
with  oo-ordinate  pisw- 


liiiiififmiimr 


er.,  is  to  destroy  the  evil  efiecU  of  sudden  and  strong 
excitement;  and  of  precipitate  meamirM.  springing  from 
o^^rS«rioe.  pre^dice,  pcr«,nal  influcnc-.  and  party 
C^^.Thicl.  have  beenVound,  by  «ad  «XP«''«"^»« 
exerSe  a  potent  and  dangerous  sway  in  single  «»em. 

"'Ni'onocan.for  a  moment,  doubt  the  force  of  the^ 
rcmwk..  It  i.  the  best  arrangement  that  can  be  adopted 
n^epuWie:  sUll  it  is  but  splitting  one  p. Uar  mto  two, 

Jov^mWcnt :  both  are  bound  by  tlie  »'«•  »[  honouTj-^ 
thVrfutios  of  both  are  defined  and  exacted  by  the  ccmsU- 
taUon  b^tlh^oTthe  houm,  of  lord,  are  dicUted  by 
Se  forthe  ne^-ity  of  consulting  tlieir  own^ur^g 
bv  a  proper  and  constant  interposiUMi  bctvireen  tto 
iUo'iSTtto^plc.  Theinfc«rt.oftheon«MeAe 
wlSe  MAoseoftho  house  of  '?PT^''?^'«^J^'L^ 
^iill  power  they  enioy  "o-^^l^i;^**^ 
with  the  liesident,  for  the  purpose  of  >J»^ Jf»5?^ 
I^in  tliappointment  of  government  offioors.  The 
btteresta  of  thehouse  of  tords  are  identified  wth  thoeo 

security  to  the  consUtuUon.  by  obligmg  the   peers^ 
S  Britain  to  keep  a  watchful  eye  on  every  attempt 

«^^ent  up^n  the  ^igni^  9^  ^^Sdi^Try 
own  rank  in  the  country,  and  their  nghUae  hereanary 
?awKirr.."  In  these  time.,  when  'I*^^  "  I*'**; 
nl  M  to  what  they  wiU  do,  but  as  to  what  tt«y  dare  do, 
hnl  tJue  JhouM  they  be  to  themselves.  Their  obhga- 
how  *™«  "*^-r2ei„hty  than  the  "legal  presump- 
Sr-S  «  Sewor^^hanoeUor  KenJ^"- -P^ 
U^-l  (Sifrlenato  with  referenoe  to  the  house  of  repre- 
SSti^)^  S.^en.te  WiU  entertain  more  enlarfjd 
tSS^rfiub^poUcy.  WiU  feel  a  higher  and  greater 
^  of  '^onrdiracter,  and  a  greater  reg«d  for 
SSltv  in  the  administration  of  the  government.'' 
iSJprwidentTthrUnited  State,  must  be  a  citisen 

7 


74 


BIX    MONTHS 


of  the  United  Statoi,  muat  have  attained  the  ago  of 
twonty-ono  venrH,  and  have  been  fourteen  yean  a  resi- 
dent in  the  United  States.*  He  holds  his  oIKco  for  (bur 
yeart.  I'ie  ie  elected  at  the  same  time  as  the  vice- 
president,  who  is  president  of  the  senate,  but  who  has 
no  vote, '  iiless  the  votes  bo  equally  divided.  The  pre- 
•Idiiit,  vice-president,  and  all  civil  officers  of  the  United 
Htater,  are  removed  from  office  on  ini|ieachmcntfor,  and 
conviction  of,  treason,  bribery,  or  other  high  crimes  and 
misdemeanours.  The  president  is  commuiidor-in-cliiof 
of  the  army  and  navy  :  ho  has  the  power  by,  and  with 
the  advice  and  consent  of  the  senate,  to  -niaku  treaties, 
provided  two-thirds  of  the  senators  present  concur :  be 
can  convene  both  houses  of  congress,  on  extraordinary 
oceosiona;  and  adjourn  them,  in  case  of  their  disagree- 
ment 08  to  the  lime,  to  any  tunc  ho  may  think  proper  : 
he  appoints  ambaswidori,  other  public  ministers  and 
consuls,  jodffes  of  the  supremo  court,  and  all  officers  of 
the  United  States  wboae  appointments  are  not  otherwise 
provided  for  by  the  con^'Hution,  and  which  shall  be 
established  by  law,  &.C.  .  The  pvosidcnt  and  vice- 
president  are  ilected  by  uloctori  appointed  in  each  atate 
•qnal  to  the  whole  number  of  senators  and  rcproRonta- 
tirea  to  which  tlie  state  may  be  eutillod  to  in  congress ; 
bat  no  senator,  or  jreproaoptative,  or  person  hdding  an 
office  of  trust  or  profit  in  the  United  States,  shall  be  ap- 
pointed an  elector.  The  method  of  choosing  these 
•lectors  is  threefold  :  by  the  atate-legislaturea ;  by.gene- 
ral  ticket ;  and  by  districts.  The  two  latter  aro  more 
generally  preferred,  as  the  choice  emonatea  more  directly 
from  the  people.  Four  only  of  the  states, — Delaware, 
Sontli  Carolina,  Louisiana,  and  Tennessee,  adopt  the 
former.  I  think  it  would  be  tedious  and  unnecessary  to 
give  an  analysis  of  these  thrco  methods  ;  suffice  it  to  re- 
mark, I  have  heard  it  regretted  that  the  constitution 
did  not  limit  the  choice  to  one  mode.  Chancellor  Kent 
sayn,  "  there  would  be  less  opportunity  for  dangerous 
eoa''i.ion8  and  combinations  for  party,  or  ambitioui  or 
seltisb  purposes,  if  the  choice  of  electors  were  reibrred 
to  the  people  at  large  ;  and  this  seems  now  to  bo  tlw 
sense  and  expression  of  public  opinion."  When  tlw 
electors  have  made  out  the  requisite  lists,  they  are  enit 


prei 
It  n 


'TheTuFidcnt  niiut  he  a  imtiiral  IwrncUlaen 
least  tblity-Ave  years  In  ihs  United  SUlet .— £rf. 


ho  must  be  al 


IN    AMBIIICA. 


76 


>.ltl 


attained  tlio  ago  or 
lurtoon  yoar«  a  reii- 
I(Jb  liii  olFico  for  lour 
c  timo  at  the  vice- 
Bonate,  but  who  baa 
I  divided.  The  pre- 
jflicera  of  the  United 
iii|)eachincnt  for,  and 
hur  higli  crimes  and 
commundor-in-chior 
I  power  by,  and  with 
to,  to  -niaku  treaties, 
1  present  concur :  be 
SI,  on  extraordinary 
ise  of  their  disagree- 

0  may  think  proper  : 
ublic  ministers  and 
rt,  and  ail  officers  of 
nts  are  not  otherwise 
and  which  shall  be 

pvoaidcnt  and  vice- 
pointed  in  each  state 
LtotB  and  roprofionta- 
tillod  to  in  congress ; 
or  person  holding  an 
d  States,  shall  be  ap- 

1  of  choosing  these 
egislatures ;  by,gene- 

two  latter  are  more 
nanates  more  directly 
le  states, — Delaware, 
Pennessee,  adopt  the 
18  and  uimeoessary  to 
hods  ;  suffice  it  to  re- 
Ihat  the  constitution 
ie.  Chancellor  Kent 
tuiiity  for  dangeroua 
arty,  or  ambitioue  or 
lectors  were  rvftned 
seems  now  to  b*  Um 
)pinion."  Whan  tb* 
te  lists,  they  are  MBt 


rn  citlKD 


ho  must  be  al 


up  to,  and  opened  in  tlio  presence  of  the  senate  and 
liouseof  ropresontativeit;  und  the  president  ond  vice- 
president  are  chosen  in  Iho  monner  proscribed  by  the 
twelfth  article  of  the  nmondmontH  to  iho  constitution. 
In  the  year  1801,  tlw  federalist  candidates  for  the  presl- 
dency  and  vice-presidency  wore  Mr.  Adams  and  ««nc- 
ral  Pinkney ;  the  republican  favourites  were  Mr.  Jell  ?• 
son  and  C-olonel  Burr.     The  two  latter  obtained  ^  ■■o*''' 
but  equal  mojority  over  the  former;  and  to  decide  be- 
tween them  was  the  ollot  ted  office  of  the  house  of  rMre- 
sentatives,    Mr.  JelTerson  was  chosen  after  no  less  than 
thirty-five  trials.    In  the  mean  time  the  people  were 
kept  in  suspense ;  tho  tranquillity  of  the  Unioi»  was 
endangered;  the  possibility  of  a  recurrence  of  similar 
difficulties  waa  forcibly  impressed  upon  the  rouids  of 
Americans:  and  an  alteration  of  the  clause  ragolating 
the  mode  of  election  of  the  president  and  vioe-praaident 
was  resolved  npon.    Tho  old  clause  contained  theae 
words:  "The  person  having  the  greatest  numtar  of 
votes  to  be  president,  if  such  number  be  a  majority  (^ 
the  whole  number  of  electors  appointed ;  and  if  there  be 
more  than  one  who  hare  such  a  majority,  and  have  an 
equal  number  of  votes,  then  the  liouse  of  reprwenUtltea 
shall  immediately  chooee  by  ballot  one  of  thorn  fbr  a 
president,  fcc."    Tho  mode  of  election  was  altered ;  but 
It  may  still  happen  that  tho  vote  of  a  single  member  of 
the  house  of  representatives  may  decide  it.     In  Presi- 
dent Jackson's  message  of  December,  1830,  he  says,  that 
"the  necessity  for  an  amendment  is  made  so  clear  to 
his  mind  by  the  observation  of  its  evils,  and  by  the 
many  able  discussions  which  they  have  elicited  on  the 
floor  of  congress,  and  elsewhere,  that  he  shiuld  be  want- 
ing in  his  duty  were  he  to  withhold  another  expression 
of  his  deep  solicitude  on  the  subject.    A  contingency 
which  sometimes  places  it  in  the  powerof  a  single  mem- 
ber of  the  house  of  representatives  to  decide  an  eleotlon 
of  so  high  and  solemn  a  character,  is  unjust  to  the  peo- 
ple i  and  becomes,  when  it  occurs,  a  source  of  embar- 
rassment to  the  individuals  thus  brought  into  power, 
and  a  cause  of  distrust  of  the   representative  body. 
Liable  as  the  confederacy  is,  from  its  great  extent,  to 
aarties  fijunded  upon  sectional  interests,  and  to  a  cor- 
•Mpondipg  multiplication  of  candidates  for  tho  preei- 
deiiOT.  the  tendency  of  the  constitutional  reference  to 
the  feuse  of  representatives  is  to  devolve  U»  olecUon 


I: 


76  SIX    HONTIIH 

upon  th»t  body,  in  tlmoat  every  in»lancc  ;  nnd  whatever 
ohoiM  may  tnu»  be  made  anioiig  the  candidates  thuii 
preaented  to  tlieiii,  to  awcll  the  influence  of  |)articular 
UttarMta  to  a  dcKrco  inconaiHtent  with  tlie  [general  good." 
The  election  of  the  preHidimt,  hnincdiat<<ly  by  the  people, 
without  Uie  intervention  of  electors,  i«  lierc  hinted  at. 
There  in  a  levelling  apirit  abroad  in  the  United  Htatea, 
that  alieda  its  inlluence  over  new  laws  and  institutions : 
if  there  bo  a  possibility  of  a  tendency  towards  cither  the 
federal  or  the  dcniocratical  principles,  that  tendency  is 
■ure  to  be  democratical ;  and  it  is  by  no  moans  im- 
probable, that  such  a  mode  of  election  may,  iit  some  Al- 
lure day,  be  contended  for  and  adopted.  Clmn''ilIor 
Kent  says,  "that  the  mode  of  appointment  of  the  presi- 
dent, presented  one  of  the  meet  diiHcul(  -md  momentoua 
questions  that  could  have  occupied  tlie  dehlH-rations  of  the 
assembly  which  framed  the  constitution  i  and  if  ever  the 
tranquillity  of  this  nation  is  tu  be  disturbed,  and  its  peace 
ieopardiied  by  a  struggle  for  power  among  themselves, 
t  will  be  upon  this  very  subject  of  the  choice  of  a  pre. 
■ident.  It  is  the  question  that  ia  eventually  to  attest 
the  goodness  and  try  the  atrenvth  of  the  constitution, 
ke."  Should  the  mode  ofeleetTon  be  altered,  as  I  have 
just  luppoaed  it  may  be,  we  may  bid  adieu  to  the  Union 
forthwith .  When  we  consider  the  increasing  population 
of  the  United  States,  the  immense  variety  of  interests, 
and  that  every  flree  inhabitant  feels,  I  may  say,  person- 
ally concerned,— whether  he  be  really  so  or  not,— in  the 
success  of  his  favourite  candidate,  we  can,  in  aome 
measure,  foresee,  even  under  the  present  mode  of  election, 
how  violent,  how  convulsing,  at  no  very  distant  period, 
will  be'  the  struggle  and  party-feeling  exhibited  at  the 
election  of  an  officer,  whose  opmions  on  the  construction 
of  the  articles  of  the  constitution,  during  his  short  as- 
cendancy of  four  years,  will  affect  millions  with  a  senti- 
ment of  attachment  or  disgust.  When  General  Jacksou 
came  into  office,  he  immediately  thought  proper  to  turn 
out  several  hundred  subordinate  officers,  whose  places 
were  filled  up  by  his  own  party.  The  number  of  those 
who  loet  their  places  at  the  commeneement  oi  -uiy  pre- 
ceding presidency  was  extremely  small,  bearing  i.'i  pro* 
portion  whatever  to  those  dismissed  by  the  BJ'*~'^ 
The  increasing  weight  and  importance  of  the  anairi  of 
the  United  States  rendered  it  partly  a  matter  of  ezp  i- 
dienoy  to  do  so;  and,  in  all  human  probability,  fiitare 


.iiiiple 

niim   i 

Naval 

iin  "I 

Th^ 

a  yen 

Ills  re 

Mr.  < 

lurs  ( 

:.ury, 

ccive 

work 

fully 

In 

i'crroi 

lo  tl 

the  ( 

after 

aguii 

didai 

on  tl 

to  hi 

four 

Ti 

man 

opin 

upoi 

Unit 

on  I 

grar 

upoi 

and 

the 

The 

{>rei 
lou 

1 
the 
uo« 
is  u 
Ihe 
unc 
^re 

1 


hWM 


HMH 


m 


IN    AMKRICA. 


77 


.!':i 


iincc  ;  and  whatever 
the  candidateii  thuii 
uoncc  nf  |iartioular 
li  Ui(i  general  good." 
liatrly  by  Iho  people, 
is  lit-rv  hinted  at. 
.  tlio  United  States, 
v»  and  institutions: 
y  towards  cither  the 
ea,  that  tendencjr  is 
I  by  no  meaiu  im- 
on  may,  at  some  fti- 
dopted.  Chan'"  jUor 
iitnicnt  of  the  (jresi- 
cull  -ind  momentous 
e  delilxrationa  ofthe 
tiun  ;  and  if  ever  the 
turbed,  and  its  peace 
among  themselves, 
the  choice  of  a  pre. 
eventually  to  attest 
of  the  constitution, 
be  altered,  as  I  have 
d  adieu  to  the  Union 
Dcreasing  population 
variety  of  interests, 
I,  I  may  say,  person- 
lly  so  or  not, — jn  the 
3,  we  can,  in  some 
lent  mode  of  election, 
very  distant  period, 
ling  exhibited  at  the 
■  on  the  construction 
during  his  short  as- 
millions  with  a  scnti- 
len  General  Jacksoit 
ought  proper  to  turn 
ffioers,  whoae  places 
rhe  nun:»ier  of  thoee 
neement  ot  •vny  pre- 
mall,  bearing  i."*  pro* 
■ed  by  the  gen'ra]. 
ance  of  t|ie  anair^  of 
ly  a  matter  of  esp> » 
n  probability,  fbtore 


prosidonts  will  lind  tliemselves  obliged  to  fi.Uow  the  e«. 
iiniilv.  1  mnk«  no  renmrk  on  the  latn  (ictticoat  conlu- 
-non  in  tin-  United  SlnleH  cabinet ;  like  the  battle  of 
Navarino,  the  host  that  can  be  said  of  it  is,  tliat  H  WM 
an  "  untoward  ovonl."  .-,«■,,. 

The  salary  ol"  the  president  is  95,000  dollars  CiWBS)     , 
a  yenr,  with  tho  prosidetil's  house  at  Wii'     ngton  fbr 
Ills  residence  ;  but  his  expenses  do  note<|ual  iii«  income. 
Mr.  Clalhoun,  the  vice-president,  receives  hot  6000  dol- 
lars (X'll!i5)  \  year.    Tho  secretaries  for  state,  trea- 
Mirv,  war,  nnd  navy,  and  the  post-mnster-general,  re-     , 
ccive  a  yearly  aalory  of  COOO  dollars  ( 11330)  ooch,  and    ^ 
work  very  hard  for  it,  their  time  and  attention  being 
fully  occupied,  and  often  till  a  late  hour  ofthe  night. 

In  the  message  of  1830,  to  which  I  have  liefore  re- 
frrrod.  General  Jackson  invites  the  attention  of  congress 
to  Ilia  xropriety  of  promoting  such  an  amendment  of 
tho  constitution  as  will  render  the  president  ineligible 
after  one  term  of  service;  and  yet  General  Jackson  is 
aeain  a  candidate,  and  most  probably  a  sucoessftjl  can- 
didate,  for  the  olllce  of  president  at  the  next  election, 
on  the  fi  st  Wednesday  in  December,  1832,  preparatory 
to  his  taking  office  for  the  twelfth  presidential  term  of 
four  years,  commencing  on  tho  3d  of  March,  1833. 

Tho  election  of  the  nest— and  lieaveii  knows  how 
many  ftituro  pr«»sidents  '—will  depend  upon  the  known 
opinions  of  eithPf  candidate  upon  the  Cherokee  case; 
upon  the  question  of  the  renewal  of  the  charter  of  the 
United  States  bank,  to  which  I  Imve  before  adverted; 
on  Masonry;  on  wliellior  there  is  or  is  not  «!»*•» 
irrantnd  by  the  constitution  to  lav  out  the  federal  flinds 
upon  internal  improvements  throughout  the  Union, 
and  lastly,  on  the  still  more  imporlont  question  aa  to 
the  continuance  or  modification  of  the  existing  laritt. 
The  candidates  vviil  most  likely  bo  General  Jnokuon.llie 
president  of  tm  duy,  Mr.  Clay,  Mr.  Wirl,  and  Mr.  Cal- 

'°The  opinions  of  Genorol  Jackson  ore  in  favour  of 
the  removal  of  tho  Cherokoes :  he  is  averso  Jo  the  re- 
uewal  of  the  ciiarter  of  tho  UiiiUd  States  llank ;  he 
la  a  Freemason,  and  bolieve«  that  tho  application  of 
the  fodoral  funds  to  internal  improvements  would  be 
unconstitutional.  His  opinions  on  the  tariff  <iueation 
«r«  qracular  und  uncertain.  i-.,,  ,^ 

Mr.  Clay  is  opposed  to  the  removal  of  the  i^nero. 


t-J 


li 


I 


78 


■tX    MONTH! 


k«M;  he  ii  in  ftvour  of  the  ranewal  of  lh«  bank  cUr- 
Ur;  ii«  )•  a  Miton;  i*  an  advocate  for  MiUrnal  im- 
provamanU;  and  a  aUunch  friend  to  the  proteclinK, 
or,  ••  It  li  called  by  iu  eupporteri,  the  Ameriotn  eye- 

jvir.  Wirt,  a  genlloman  of  Maryland,  was  the  coun- 
a«1  for  the  Cherokeei  before  the  luiirenie  court.  He 
bae  lately  been  alartud  as  a  candidate  by  the  Anll-ina- 
■one.  fifince  the  abduction  and  iuppoaed  murder  of 
William  Morgan,  who,  a  few  yoare  iince,  wrote  a 
book  revealing  the  eocreta  of  Freomaaonry,  the  Antl- 
maaoni  have  become  gradually  more  and  more  nume- 
rous. Thoy  profei*  a  hatred  of  all  eecrel  pocieliea  aa 
dangeroua  and  unconititutional ;  and  although  they 
will  not  be  able  to  aocuro  the  prenidoncy  to  themsolvM, 
yel  it  ie  probable  they  will  be  lulficiently  ilrong  to  de- 
feat the  election  of  either  of  the  more  obiioxioue  can- 
didataa.  Mr.  Wirt'a  opiniona  are  aupposed  to  coincide 
with  Uioae  of  Mr.  Clay  generally  ;  but  with  reapect  tt 
the  internal  improvement  «yit«m,  oud  the  tariff  qucn 
tian,  be  if  at  pretont  uncommitted. 

Mr.  Calhoun,  the  vioe-preaidont  of  the  day,  la  the 
great  champion  of  the  intereata  of  the  southern 
etaUB,  the  nulliAere,  and  the  anti-tariff  party ;  and  in 
that  eharacter,  if  at  all,  he  will  be  elected  to  tho  presi- 
dency. His  opinions  are  in  favour  of  the  removal  of 
tbe  Cherokeee,  and  of  the  existence  of  the  United 
Btttee  Bank.  On  the  subject  of  internal  improye- 
menta  his  opinione  are  said  to  be  changed,  he  having 
bMD  originally  an  advocate  of  the  system  when  secre- 
tary at  war  in  1819.  He  is  a  »Nullifler,"  although 
hie  aituation  as  vice-president  haa  prevented  him  from 
■bowing  bimeeir  in  that  character  so  uniformly  as  ho 
would  have  done.  The  term  "nullifier,"  which,  like 
tho  word  *•  radical"  in  England,  has  now  grown  into 
eomroon  oae,  was  first  adopted  by  the  membore  from 
South  Carolina,  in  eongrose,  about  two  years  ago  i  tho 
dootrino  they  profkea  wee  broMhod  at  the  aaino  time. 
A  nnllifior  ia  a  perMin  who  hold*  that  the  Aderal  ooa. 
BtitutioB  la  merely  a  oompaet  or  league  between  uo 
■overal  aUtaa ;  and  that  each  atate  haa  a  right  to  i»- 
oida  ibr  ilsair  concerning  the  infVactione  oF  jMt 
loagoo  by  tho  federal  government,  and  to  nnllUy  or 
daelara  void  an  act  of  the  hderal  congreai  withia  lU 
limita. 


II 

doncy  I 
cienl 
noro  I 


il  of  lh«  bank  cliir- 

ti  for  iiiltrnKt  im- 

lo  the  proUolinK, 

Iha  Anwriotn  lyi- 

and,  wu  tlia  eoun- 
luprtnie  court.  Ht 
Its  by  tha  Anti-int- 

ppoMd  murder  of 
■r>  (inc«,  wrote  • 
omeionry,  the  Anll- 

B  and  more  nume- 
.  aecral  aocietiri  ai 
and  although  they 
;y  to  thamaelvea, 
tly  ilrong  to  de- 
.3  obiioxioua  can- 

.,jpoa«d  10  coincide 

but  with  reaped  ti. 

ind  the  iariflr  que* 

t  of  the  day,  ia  tha 
la  of  the  aoutliern 
tariff  party ;  and  in 
elected  to  tho  preni- 
ur  of  the  removal  of 
lenca  of  the  United 
f  internal  improye- 
>  changed,  he  having 
a  ayatem  when  aecre- 
Nullifler,"  although 
I  prevented  him  from 
ir  ao  uniformly  aa  ha 
lullifier,"  which,  like 
haa  now  grown  Into 
J  tha  membara  from 
ttwoyearaagot  Um 
ad  at  tha  aaina  Uma. 
that  tha  ftd«r»l  ooB. 
league  batwcan  Um 
ta  haa  a  right  to  4«- 
infl«ctiona  of  tkat 
at,  and  to  noUify  « 
1  congrtaa  witbia  Ito 


IN    AMIRICA. 


19 


E"^r^:;^rSi^=?!r.5:^!^ 

Son.  of  the  affair,  of  hi.  -""i'/J'^^Cn  i-n  ' 
relation,  with  foreign  i;-';'^^:^."^    :  "Kr  th"e 'com- 

""^'oTr::  ofitaif.  l  aae  w  th"the  Briti.h  Wa.t  In- 
r  .ndNoSArnerotn  colonie..  thereby  ..llUng  a 
'''•^.-hiohl^d  already  boon  the  .ubject  of  .l«  i.a- 

b'.«:^"f.t^.»7r':b.:v.St':i.1ror.d  b, 
s  o7  ;[b:;.mro"  tC'rt  «.f  "••  »''"•"  «""'"•"••" 

SwJ'during  the  war.  hav.  al«,  ben  lately  adj.uUd 
with  that  pow*'-  ,    -f  eoromerce  with  Mexico; 

been  Iropoeed  upon  them ,  and  oy  """r"  m^chant. 

kng  before  •»y.K«'*  "^?r^J^o'lh?  „.e  of  Georgia. 
JlllrrlTS^l  ^"Sd"*b."ably  obtained  on 
J^^iZ..  th.  MUn  title  to  th».  7"^y -^J^f 
liS;  •»*  to  all  the  other  landa  within  Jha  atate  ot 
SSiia^  Aa  Kold  minea.  within  two  or  three  yawj, 
wT^CL  dta^Vad  in  that  rtaU.  it  baa  naturally  W- 
t:il;Xt  {b!^nc7in.ti^^  India".  ^  ramam,«d 


'M 


!J 


..iP« 


80  SIX    MONTHS 

that  of  the  OeorgianB  to  get  kid  of  them,  has  become 
fiir  more  decided  than  formerly.    Tlie  Indians  (Chero- 
koes)  however,  claim  a  voice  in  the  affair  of  their  re- 
moval from  the  land  of  their  fathers ;  and  that  their  as- 
sertiona  have  other  foundations  than  those  of  an  appeal 
to  common  justice  and  humanity,  is  proved  by  the  fact, 
that  from  the  38th  of  November  1785,  the  general  ^vern- 
ment  has  made  with  them  no  less  than  fifteen  different 
treaties,  thereby  plainly  acknowledging  their  indepen- 
dence, and  their  capacity  and  power  to  treat.    Within 
the  last  two  or  three  years,  however,  gold,  as  I  have  be- 
fore remarked,  has  been  discovered  on  the  territories  of 
the  Indians ;  and  the  state  of  Georgia  has  applied  to  the 
general  government  to  fulfil  the  contract,  and  rid  them 
of  the  Cherokees.    The  general  government  would  be 
willing  to  come  to  a  proper  arrangement  with   the 
Cherokees,  but  they  are  unwilling  to  go.    The  number 
now  left  is  about  15,000 ;  the  remainder  of  the  tribe, 
since  the  year  1809,  having  acceded  to  the  of!er  of  the 
United  BtateB,and  removed  to  the  lands  provided  for 
them  beyond  the  Mississippi.    When  this  part  of  the 
tribe  petitioned  to  be  allowed  to  remove,  the  answer  of 
the  president  (Mr.  Madison)  contained  the  words, "  those 
who  are  wilHng  to  remove  may  be  assured  of  our  patron- 
age, our  aid,  and  our  good  neighbourhood."  The  Georgi- 
ans, however,  happen  to  think  that  this  is  just  the  time 
for  them  to  go,  and  they  forcibly  prevent  them  from 
digging  for  gold  on  their  own  land,  saying,  that  every 
year  will  bat  increase  their  anxiety  to  remain  ;  and  that 
they  have  no  right  to  dig  for  geld  when  the  reversion  of 
the  knd  is  in  the  state.    Theso  disputes  yet  remain 
unsettled. 

The  Cherokees  are  far  advanced  in  civilization ;  and 
have  among  them  men  of  very  sui^rior  abilities.  They 
adopt  in  part  the  costume  of  Europeans;  they  have 
schools,  and  churches,  and  a  printing  press  among  them ; 
and  were  fully  competent  to  understand  the  following 
precious  piece  of  humbug,  forming  part  of  President 
Jackson's  message  to  congress,  in  1830.  "  Humanity 
has  often  wept  over  the  fate  of  the  aborigines  of  this 
country ;  and  philanthropy  has  been  long  buuly  em-' 
ployed  in  devising  means  to  avert  it ;  but  its  progren 
has  never  for  a  moment  been  arrested,  and  one  by  one 
have  many  powerful  tribes  disappeared  from  the  earth. 
To  follow  to  the  tomb  the  last  of  this  race,  and  to  tread 


on  the 

flectioi 

to  thei 

goneri 

inents 

the  ex 

rials  0 

or  hai 

age  t 

count! 

nihila 

white 

roUinj 

the  a 

west, 

UniU 

ence 

Doub 

fathe 

or  tb 

condi 

was 

year! 

indi 


str( 


rtiiiiiiil  nlWfTl-Hf^^^^^^*^''''''":^^' '  "■'^—^^'•^"■'    ■' '  ■"'''•<*«'■■- '^'i 


IN   AMERICA. 


81 


hem,  has  become 

e  Indians  (Chero- 

laiTair  of  their  re- 

and  that  their  as* 

those  of  an  appeal 

)roved  by  the  fiict, 

he  .general  ffovern- 

in  fifteen  diflbrent 

ng  their  indepen- 

to  treat.    Within 

gold,  aa  I  have  be- 

1  the  territories  of 

I  has  applied  to  the 

act,  and  rid  them 

trnment  would  be 

igement  with  the 

go.    The  number 

inder  of  the  tribe, 

o  the  ofier  of  the 

huids  provided  for 

n  this  part  of  the 

ove,  the  answer  of 

i  the  words, "  those 

>ured  of  our  patron- 

lood."  The  Qeorgi- 

his  is  just  the  time 

revont  them  from 

Baling,  that  every 

9  remain ;  and  that 

len  the  reversion  of 

iputes  yet  remain 

I  civilization;  and 
or  abilities.  They 
ipeans;  they  have 
press  among  them ; 
and  the  following 
part  of  President 
B30.  "Humanity 
aborigmes  of  this 
I  long_  busily  em-' 
I  but  its  progreet 
1,  and  one  by  one 
d  from  the  earth, 
race,  and  to  tread 


on  the  graves  of  extinct  nations,  excites  melancholy  re- 
flections. But  true  philanthropy  reconciles  the  mind 
to  these  vicissitudes,  as  it  does  to  the  extinction  of  one 
generation  to  make  room  for  another.  In  the  monu- 
ments and  fortresses  of  an  unknown  people  spread  over 
the  extensive  regions  of  the  west,  we  behold  the  memo- 
rials of  a  once  powerful  lace,  which  was  exterminated, 
or  has  disappeared,  to  make  room  for  the  existing  sav- 
age tribes,  &c.  &c.  The  tribes  which  occupimi  the 
countries  now  constituting  the'  eastern  states,  were  an- 
nihilated or  have  melted  away  to  make  room  for  the 
whites.  The  waves  of  population  and  civilization  are 
rolling  to  the  westward;  and  we  now  propose  to  acquire 
the  countries  occupied  by  the  red  men  of  the  south  and 
west,  by  a  fair  exchange,  and  at  the  expense  of  the 
United  States,  to  send  tMm  to  a  land  where  their  exist- 
ence may  be  prolonged  and  perhaps  made  perpetual. 
Doubtless  it  will  be  painful  to  leave  the  grave*  of  their 
fathers;  but  what  do  they  more  than  our  anoeators  did, 
or  than  our  children  are  now  doing  7  To  better  their 
conditiou  in  unknown  lands,  oiu  forefathers  left  all  tiiat 
was  dear  in  earthly  objects;  our  children  by  thousanda 
yearly  leave  the  land  of  their  birth  to  seek  new  homes 
in  distant  regions.  Does  humanity  weep  at  these  pain- 
fUl  separations  from  every  thing  animate  and  inanimata 
with  which  the  young  heart  has  become  entwined?  Far 
from  it !  It  is  rather  a  source  of  joy  that  our  country 
affordu  scope  wh^re  our  voung  population  may  range 
unconstrained  in  body  or  m  mind,  developing  the  power 
and  faculties  of  man  u  their  highest  perfection.  Those 
remove  hundrpds  and  almost  thousands  of  miles  at  their 
own  expense,  purchase  the  lands  they  occupy,  and  sup- 
port themselves  at  their  new  home  from  tho  moment  of 
their  arrival.  Can  it  be  cruel  in  this  government,  when, 
b^  eventn  whif^h  it  cannot  control,  the  Indian  is  made 
discontented  with  his  ancient  home,  to  purchase  his 
lauds,  to  give  him  a  new  and  extensive  territory,  to  pay 
the  expenses  of  his  removal,  and  support  him  i.  year  in 
his  new  abode  ?  How  many  thousands  of  our  own  people 
would  gladly  embrace  the  opportunity  of  removing  to 
the.t^-esl  on  such  conditions.  If  the  offers  made  to  the 
Indians  were  extended  to  them,  t'ley  would  be  hailed 
with  gratitude  and  joy. 

"  And  is  it  * uppoeed  that  the  wandering  ravage  has  a 
stronger  attachment  to  his  home  than  the  eeltlM,  civil- 


...uv-.^-^ 


9S 


SIX    MONTHS 


ized  ClirUtian  7  Is  it  more  ufflicting  to  liim  to  leave  the 
graves  of  his  fathers,  than  it  is  to  our  brothers  and 
children  ?  Rightly  considered,  the  policy  of  the  general 
government  towards  the  red  man,  is  not  only  liberal  but 
generous.  He  is  unwilling  to  submit  to  the  laws  of  the 
states,  and  to  mingle  vfith  their  population.  To  save 
him  from  this  alternative,  or,  perhaps,  utter  annihila- 
tion, the  general  government  kindly  offers  him  a  new 
home ;  and  proposes  to  pay  the  whole  expense  of  his  re- 
moval and  settlement." 

I  will  here  introduce  a  few  remarks  on  what  is  called 
the  gold  region  in  the  United  States,  with  the  kind  as- 
sistance of  Mr.  Damm,  a  Swedish  gentleman  resident 
at  New  York,  and  connected  with  tlie  gold  mines.  I 
have  selected  them,  with  a  very  few  alterations,  from 
the  reports  on  the  subject  lately  published  by  the  govern- 
ment. It  is  now  about  thirty  years  since  gold  was  dis- 
covered in  North  Carolina ;  it  was  found  in  the  sand 
and  gravel  of  different  water-courses,  first  in  Cabarras 
county,  soon  afterwards  in  a  county  of  Montgomery  in 
that  state.  Until  within  a  few  years  past,  the  process 
of  washing  for  gold  wasprincipally  confined  to  the  two 
counties  just  named.  The  ,^eater  portion  of  the  gold 
thus  procured  was  found  in  small  pieces,  varying  in  size 
from  one  pennytveight  down  to  particles  of  extreme 
minuteness ;  at  most  of  the  mines,  however,  it  is  not 
uncommon  to  find  piecec  of  a  much  larger  size;  for  ex- 
ample, at  Cabarras,  a  single  piece  has  been  found  weigh- 
ing twenty-eight  pounds  avoirdupois,  besides  several 
otlier  pieces  varying  from  four  to  sixteen  pounds.  The 
proprietor  of  the  same  mine  atfirms,  that  about  a  hun- 
dred pounds  avoirdupois  have  been  found  in  pieces, 
about  one  pound  in  weight ;  these  large  pieces,  however, 
compose  but  a  small  portion  of  the  whole  product  of  the 
mines. 

At  a  mine  ill  Montgomery  county,  a  number  of  pieces 
of  about  one  pound  weight  have  b«en  found.  One  of 
them  weighed  four  pounds  eleven  ounces,  and  another 
three  pounds.  In  Anson  county,  during  the  summer  of 
1838,  a  piece  of  gold  weighing  ten  pounds,  another  af 
four  pounds  weight,  together  with  a  number  of  small 
pieces,  were  taken  up  out  of  the  sands  and  gravel  of 
Richardson's  creek.  These  discoveries  have  been  chiefly 
made  in  or  near  beds  of  streams ;  but  in  some  instances 


sides  I 

It  V, 

the  go 

North 

veins. 

was   i 

washi 

in  Mt 

find  it 

but  at 

covert 

of  tin 

liio  ri 

of  the 

to  the 

scatte 

quart: 

He  h 

beaut 

Bubse( 

ingtl 

and  a 

he  fo 

iiests, 

virg-it 

handi 

tinuei 

mad'j 

it  wi 

the  1. 

new  I 

forg> 

larly 

In 

of  B 

covei 

these 

capit 

stimi 

these 

tract 

cntei 

ofti 

and' 


* 


■"— ''t'l'. '.'I'""" 


IN    AHEItlCA. 


83 


to  liim  10  leave  the 
our  brothers  and 
licy  of  the  general 
lot  only  liberal  but 
;  to  the  laws  of  the 
lulation.  To  save 
ps,  utter  annihila- 
r  offers  him  a  new 
9  expense  of  his  re- 

s  on  what  is  called 
,  with  the  kind  as- 
Bfcntlenian  resident 
he  gold  mines.  I 
V  alterations,  from 
shed  by  the  govern- 
since  gold  was  dis- 
found  in  the  sand 
8,  first  in  Ctibarras 
of  Montgomery  in 
ra  past,  the  process 
confined  to  the  two 
portion  of  the  gold 
ices,  varying  in  size 
irticles  of  extreme 
,  however,  it  is  not 
larger  size ;  for  ex- 
8  been  found  weigh- 
}is,  besides  several 
[teen  pounds.  The 
,  that  about  a  hun- 
in  found  in  pieces, 
rge  pieces,  however, 
whole  product  of  the 

,  a  number  of  pieces 
«en  found.  One  of 
ounces,  and  another 
iring  the  summer  of 
i  pounds,  another  of 
a  number  of  amoU 
sands  and  gravel  cf 
ies  have  been  chiefly 
lit  in  some  instances 


depositee  of  considerable  extent  have  been  foond  on  the 
sides  and  tops  of  hills. 

It  '.va:  "iU  however,  imtil  about  six  years  ago,  that 
the  gold  mines,  properly  speaking,  were  discovered  in 
North  Carolina,  that  is,  gold  in  regular,  well-defined 
veins.    This  discovery,  like  that  of  the  alluvial  deposits, 
was   in  some  measure  accidental.     A  person,  while 
washing  the  sand  and  gravel  of  a  small  rivulet  for  gold 
in  Montgomery  county,  observed  that  he  could  never 
find  it  beyond  a  certain  spot  in  ascending  the  streata ; 
but  at  the  point  where  Uie  gold  seemed  to  cease,  he  dis- 
covered a  quartz  vein  runnmg  into  the  hill  on  one  side 
of  tlin  cliaiuiel,  and  at  right  angles  with  tlie  course  of 
tlie  rivulet.    Having  frequently  taJcen  up  out  of  the  bed 
of  the  stream,  pieces  of  quartz  with  bits  of  gold  attached 
to  them,  he  came  to  tlie  conclusion  that  tlie  gold  found 
scattered  below,  must  have  come  out  of  the  vein  of 
quartz;  and  he  determined  to  pursue  it  into  the  Lill. 
Ho  had  done  so  but  for  a  few  feet,  when  he  struck  a 
beautiful  deposit  of  the  metal  in  a  matrix  of  quartz,  and 
subsequently  another   in  carbonate  of  lime.    In  follow- 
ing thus  vew  about  thirty  or  forty  feet  longitudinally, 
and  at  a  depth  of  not  more  than  fiiteen  or  eighteen  feet, 
he  found  a.  succession  of  what  are  technic^ly  termed 
nests,  fi-om  which  he  took  out  more  than  15,000  dwt  of 
virgin  gold.    Soon  afterwards  the  mine  fell  into  other 
hands ;  and  the  working  of  the  vein  has  been  discon- 
tinued in  consequence  of  the  quantity  of  water  which 
mado   its   appcaraf'.ce ;    though   it    is  understood   that 
it  will  be  resumed  in  a  short  time.    This  discovery  of 
the  iiietal  in  regular  veins,  presented  the  subjed  in  a 
new  and  interestmg  point  of  view;  and  directed  a  search 
for  gold  among  the  hills  and  high  grounds,  and  particu- 
larly for  veins  traversing  the  earth. 

In  the  course  of  the  summer,  oiler  the  dr  reiopentenf 
of  Barringer'd  mine,  some  valuable  mint,;,  ■.•■e  di» 
covered  in  Mccklenbnrgh  county.  The  ,  .v/Uct  o" 
these,  worked  in  the  rudest  manner,  t7itho  a  skill  o; 
capital,  was  so  groat  as  to  excite  ,^|renerul '.>  »dc:>; ;  and 
stimulated  the  land-owners^n  that  sect'oi  v-  search  f!< : 
these  hidden  treasures.  The  mines  now  '•?;;an  to  at 
tract  Uie  attention  of  the  public;  and  t^c-cral  persons  o' 
enterprise,  and  some  capital,  rcpoiir  '  u>  the  snot.  Some 
oftStem  made  investments,  bcgai;  'n  er>sct  mivrhinery, 
and  worked  the  veins  with  system  'uid  regularity.    Tue 


I 


Minn  V»|ilijiiiJH<'l«J»li 


84 


8IX    MONTHS 


iiK,ce»8  of  the  first  adventurers  in  tliis  new  enterprise, 
and  for  a  time  the  attention  of  every  body  who  sought  to 
entrage  m  the  mining  business,  was  exclusively  turned 
towards  Mecklenburgh  county.  The  consequence  was, 
a  constant  search  for  gold  was  kept  up  in  that  county, 
and  not  unattended  witL  success,  as  many  very  promiB- 
ing  veins  were  discovered.  These  Mecklenburgh  mines 
were  the  first  that  attracted  attention ;  and  the  first  that 
were  examined  and  worked  with  skiU  and  management. 
They  were,  of  course,  greatly  in  advance  of  every  other 
part  of  the  region,  and  the  products  have  been  greater  m 
proportion  to  the  labour,  and  capital,  and  skill  that  have 
bcon  applied  to  them. 

In  the  course  of  the  succeeding  year,  a  very  extensive 
and  rich  veil!  was  discovered  in  Guilford  county;  and 
It  was  soon  operated  upon  by  more  than  one  hundred 
hands,  who  flocked  in  from  the  country  around,  and  re- 
ceived permission  to  dig  theve.  The  discovery  of  one 
vein  in  a  district,  furnishes  the  means  of  finding  others. 
The  people  of  the  neighbourhood  visit  it,  examine  the 
appearaifces  of  the  ores,  and  other  signs  ond  indicaUons, 
and  thus  in  some  degree  are  quaUfied  to  make  a  seweb 
on  their  own  lands  or  els-swhere.  This  was  the  case  in 
Guilford  county ;  the  discovery  of  the  first  vein  was  soon 
followed  by  the  opening  of  several  others.  I  he  same 
plan  wUl  be  followed  in  every  district,  unUl  the  gold  re 
^  be  explored,  and  the  places  which  exhjbi  a^/ 
ixtemal  signs  of  gold  be  thoroughly  known.  About  this 
time  Cabarras  coSnty,  which  had  hitherto  «>««"»  "W"; 
ridered  as  productive  in  its  washings,  was  «f  e";^"*^  *° 
be  a  vein-mining-  district;  and  aiscoveries  to  the  same 
efTect  were  «»ae'abbikfc-'the  same  period  at  Lincoln. 

It  is  1^-9  thai!  two  yetos  and  a  half  ago,  f">«?X".'" 
veins  was  first  discovei^lin  Davidson  «««^ty:>t^'»;."^f. 
previously  been  found  only  in  and  near  the  hcds  °f  nvu 
teTand  creeks.  Within  the  last  few  months,  vems  have 
been  opened  in  the  adjoining  county  of  R"«>°^Ph- 
sSwan.  situated  between  DaviSson  «^  Cabarn«  cmm- 
Ues,  embraces  u  considerable  section  of  the  gold  regtor,, 
M»d  contains  many  veins  whose  e^"»?' "PP*^' "u. 
ZoA  and  promisGig.  The  metal  is  also  foimd  m  tje 
Yearns:  some  few  veins  have  also  been  OP?"*^  in  Ire- 
deU  county,  and  are  now  m  a  course  <>[  de^elopement.^ 

While  Mogrew  had  been  thu«  making  m  oi«nmf 
veins,  and  in  awertaining  their  situations,  some  valuaW* 


dincovc 
tlie  sta 
within 
one  of 
or  moi 
gravel 
more  t 
gold  is 
of  a  pi 
corn; 
ing  mi 
absenc 
layer, 
A  nun 
and  sc 
It  ma] 
Ruthe: 
yet,  D( 
One  \ 
rcgrula 
discov 

luE 

merou 

except 

80  reaj 

mate  < 

andG 

lars  ir 

year, 

mint, 

dollar 

Mexi< 

from  . 

States 

Of  tV 

24,001 

from 

313,01 

It) 

afler 

at  th 

amau 

reaco 

have 

smitl] 


i,ii<kfe*kiiivtiiiW'aiSi|iiiyiw»i¥aW^ 


IN    AMECICA. 


85 


his  new  enterprise, 
body  who  sought  to 
exclusively  turned 
le  consequence  was, 
up  in  that  county, 
many  very  promis. 
[ccklcnburgh  mines 
I ;  and  the  first  that 
11  and  management, 
anco  of  every  other 
lave  been  greater  ni 
,  and  skill  that  have 

;ar,  a  very  extensive 
ailford  county;  and 
!  than  one  hundred 
itry  around,  and  re- 
ho  discovery  of  one 
IS  of  finding  others, 
isit  it,  examine  the 
gns  ond  indications, 
kd  to  make  a  search 
Phis  was  the  case  in 
le  first  vein  was  soon 
I  others.  The  same 
ict,  until  the  gold  re- 
which  exhibit  any 
r  known.  About  this 
therto  been  onlyoon- 
V,  was  ascertained  to 
lOTcries  tx)  the  same 
riod  at  Lincoln, 
ilf  ago,  since  ffold  in 
on  county ;  it  having 
tear  the  beds  of  rivu- 
V  months,  veins  have 
jimty  of  Randolph, 
and  Cabarras  coun- 
n  of  the  gold  regiw  i, 
rtemol  appearance  ' 
is  also  found  in  the 
been  opened  in  Ire- 
18  of  developenient. 
making  in  openinf 
itions,  some  Tslnalm 


dincoverics  of  stream  deposits  occurred  in  a  section  of 
tlic  state  of  North  (Carolina,  hitherto  not  suspected  to  be 
within  the  range  of  the  gold  region.  In  Burke  county, 
one  of  tlic  most  mountainous  ot  the  state,  and  one,  two, 
or  more  feet  under  the  surface,  a  layer  of  sand  and 
gravel  is  found,  varying  from  a  few  inches,  sometimes  to 
more  than  a  foot,  in  thickness ;  in  this  layer  the  virgin 
gold  is  found,  generally  in  small  particles  about  the  size 
of  a  pin's  head,  and  very  oflcn  as  large  as  n  grain  of 
corn ;  it  is  separated,  and  collected  from  the  accompany- 
ing matter,  by  washing.  Water  is  abundant;  and  the 
absence  of  clay  and  adiicsive  matter  in  tlic  auriferous 
layer,  makes  the  proccas  of  washing  exceedingly  easy. 
A  number  of  tlicsu  deposits  have  already  been  found, 
and  some  of  tlicni  have  proved  to  be  very  productive. 
It  may  be  here  mentioned,  that  in  tlie  adjoining  county  of 
Rutherford,  gold  in  deposit  has  also  been  found ;  but  as 
yet,  not  mucTi  labour  has  been  expended  in  tliat  quarter. 
One  vein,  which  is  very  encouraging,  has  been  worked 
regularly ;  another  vein  of  good  expectations  has  been 
discovered. 

In  short  the  veins  and  places  of  deposit  are  very  nu- 
merous, and  bcattercd  over  the  wiiole  country,  with  a  few 
exceptions ;  and  the  gold  which  is  produced  finds  a  market 
so  readily,  that  it  is  difficult  to  give  a  very  correct  esti- 
mate of  the  product  of  mines  of  the  Ctirohnos,  Virginia, 
and  Georgia ;  but  it  was  said  to  amount  to  500,000  dol- 
lars in  1^0,  from  North  Carolina  alone.  During  that 
year,  nearly  the  whole  gold  coinage  of  tlio  United  States' 
mint,  was  from  native  gold.  The  coinage  woS  £43,105 
dollars  iu  gold  coin:  of  tliis,  12.5,000  was  derived. from 
Mexico,  South  America,  nnd  the  West  Indie»u'9,000 
from  Africa,  466,000  from  the  /rold  region  of  the  United 
States,  and  aboiit  33,000  from  sources  not  ascertained. 
Of  t'lc  gold  of  the  United  States  above  mertiuned, 
24,000  may  be  stated  to  have  come  from  Virginia,  204,000 
from  North  Carolina,  26,000  from  South  Carolina,  and 
212,000  fi-om  Georgia. 

It  may  not  be  out  of  placd  here  to  remark,  that  here- 
after the  quantity  of  domestic  gold  that  will  be  received 
at  the  mmt,  will  bear  a  less  proportion  to  the  whole 
amAunt  found,  than  has  been  the  case  heretofore ;  the 
rewoD  is  this:  hitherto,  Philodelpliia  may  be  said  to 
have  been  nearly  the  only  market  for  the  article ;  gold- 
smiihe  and  merchants  at  New  York,  an^tWl^^f  citiealn 


m: 


:.i3a*iv.i '  lai.iiiiirf' 


•MlSiki^^ 


86 


six    MONTHH 


the  Union,  were  unacquainted  witii  U;  and  therefore 
for  fear  of  deception,  dealt  but  little  in  it ;  this  wjcasion. 
ed  the  greater  part  of  the  gold  ,  be  taken  to  Philadel. 
Phil ,  wLre,  if  not  Hold  to  the  goldsmiths  or  merchants, 
It  was  deposited  in  the  mint ;  so  that  at  all  events  a  per- 
tion  of  it  always  contrived  to  reach  that  cstablishnrient. 
But  now  the  «uw  is  different :  a  ma-Vjt  for  the  gold  i» 
openiJ^g  in  most  of  the  cities  of  the  United  States  :  gold- 
gfnithB  and  jewellers,  having  ascertained  its  comparaUvc 
purity  which  is  said  to  be  greater  than  that  of  the  gold 
of  Mexico  or  the  Brazils,  will  generally  become  purcha- 
Bcrs  for  their  own  use.  j  _.      <•  .u 

Thattliere  wiU  be  an  increase  in  the  products  of  the 
mines  every  succeeding  year,  admits  of  verv  htUe  doubt, 
when  '"  ffradual  enlargement  of  the  gold  region,  ex- 
tending through  Virgima,  North  and  South  Carohna, 
and  Georgia— the  number  of  persons  turning  their  at- 
tention the  business— the  roiUs  that  are  now  erecting  in 
various  places— Uie  improvcmenta  in  the  mode  ol  work- 
ing  and  general  management,  are  made  the  subject  ol 
consideration.  .         ■        ,.  iA 

The  improvements  in  machinerv  have  been  considera- 
ble within  the  last  two  years :  it  is  believed,  however, 
that  as  yet  tJiey  are  far  from  being  perfect    1  he  defecte 
in  Uie  present  mode  of  extracting  the  gold   are  well 
known  to  Uiose  most  extensively  engaged  m  flie  bnsi- 
neaa  i  and  some  of  the  miners,  even  at  this  tune,  are 
taming  their  attention  towards  tiie  introduction-  of  other 
methods,  promising  more  economy  and  greater  results. 
Grinding  the  ore  in  water  witii  the  vertical  stone,  whicli 
is  the  nwthod  practised  in  Chili,  is  now  the  prooeaa  most 
eeneraHy   used ;    but  the  liabilities  of  the  vertiwJ,  or 
ChiUan  mill,  to  become  disordered- the  waste  of  gold 
and  quicksilver— the  irregularity  of  results    from  tlic 
game  ore»-the  want  of  proper  checks  on  the  workmen, 
toeether  with  minor  objections,  will  probably,  in  a  few 
y^  more,  cause  tiiese  mills  to  be  in  a  great  measiwc 
discontinued,  except  in  small  establishments,  and  for 
certain  classes  of  f.res  in  the  larger  ones. 

The  aurifferious  veins  of  North  Carolina-ond  Virginia 
have  not  yet  been  sufficiently  developed.  As  yet  nfat  a 
single  shaft  in  the  whole  range  of  country  (except  at  the 
Charlotte  mine,  near  a  small  town  of  that  name,  worked 
under  the  direction  of  the  Chevalier  de  RivaftaoU)  tas 
been  carried  dftwn  to  tte  depth  of  a  hundred  feet.    Se- 


m 


ith  it;  and  therefore 
e  in  it ;  this  occBsion- 
be  taken  to  Philadel- 
Ismiths  or  merchantB, 
mt  at  all  events  a  por- 
;h  that  ofltablishment. 
la''"  3t  for  the  gold  is 
e  United  States  :  gold- 
tained  its  comparative 
than  that  of  the  gold 
erally  become  purcha- 

n  the  products  of  the 
its  of  very  little  doubt, 
■  the  gold  region,  ex- 
and  South  Carohna, 
ions  turning  their  at- 
at  arc  now  erecting  in 
jn  the  mode  of  work- 
Ire  made  the  subject  of 

ry  have  been  con»id«ra- 
is  believed,  however, 
ig  perfect  1  he  defects 
ng  the  gold  are  well 
ly  engaged  in  the  btui' 
even  at  this  time,  are 
le  introduction-  of  other 
ny  and  greater  results  < 
he  vertical  stone,  whicli 
is  now  the  prooew  most 
ities  of  the  vertical,  or 
red — the  waste  of  gold 
ty  of  results  from  the 
oheoks  on  the  workmen, 
will  probably,  in  a  few 
be  in  a  great  measure 
estabUshments,  and  for 
ger  ones. 

[h  Carolina*nd  Virginia 
levelopcd.  Asyetnbta 
ol  country  (except  at  the 
wn  of  that  name,  worked 
falier  de  RivafSnoU)  ha* 
of  a  hundred  feet.    Se- 


IN    AMERICA.  or 

venty  to  eighty  feet  is  the  groatcat  deptli  yet  attained  ; 
and  thirty  feet  is  more  than  an  average  on  the  main  ex- 
cavation :  as  far,  however,  as  these  experimente  have|;one, 
they  fiutiishnoreasontodoubtthe  durabihtyof  themmes  ; 
for  thv«)  far,  the  well-defined  veins  not  only  retain  their 
first  si  w,  but,  in  many  cases,  become  larger,  and  m«re 
often  than  otherwise,  improve  in  richness.    This  cir- 
r.umstance  has  given  rise  to  an  idea  among  the  common 
workmen,  that  the  vein  grows  richer  about  the  Ume  it 
reaches  water.  On  the  whole,  when  it  isconMdered,  that 
in  Mexico,    Saxony,  and  other   great  mining  dlatnctti, 
veins  have  been  successfully  followed  downwards  mm« 
than  2500  feet ;  the  probability  that  the  veins  in  the  Uni- 
ted  States  will  improve,  is  at  leart,  as  great  as  that  they 
will  become  poorer. 

Nor  is  it  in  the  nature  of  things,  that  anj  considera- 
Ule  portion  of  the    whole  number  oi    vams  existing 
there,  much  less  all  of  them,  have  already  been  disco- 
vered. J     •    .    A  1. 

The  usual  way  that  discoveries  are  made,  is  to  take 
some  of  the  earth  or  gravel  lying  on  the  topaf  thorock*. 
an  J  wash  it  in  an  iron  pan.    If  any  fine  particles  oi  gold 
are  found,  the  vein  is  known  to  be  aoriftrous,  and  ite 
degree  of  richness  and  value  is  jud«[ed  of  by  a  varMj 
of  circumstances.    This  fine  gold  without  doubt  eomea 
out  of  the  vein,  the  t<^  of  which  had  been  disintegrmt«dt 
and  fallen  to  pieces.    There  are  many  bold  ]»»■  » 
every  district,  the  tops  of  which  show  no  gold,  munt 
other  indicating  substances  are  abundant    The  prafa*- 
bility  is,   that  of  some  them  at  a  greater  de(rth  may 
prove  highly  auritierous.  ....      ... 

Reviewing  all  that  has  been  said  on  the  mOjeci,  it  will 
be  seen  that  tlie  whole  business  is  yet  in  its  infiuey ;  ano 
the  onl '  cause  for  wonder  is,  that  so  much  has  be«n 
aone  hi  so  short  a  time.  Ignorance  and  prejudice  were 
to  be  overcomo,  and  ridicde  was  liberally  bestowed  on 
the  few  who  engaged  in  the  business. 

If  the  work  proceed  as  rapidly  for  some  years  to  come 
as  it  has  for  tlie  three  years  past,  the  changes  in  the  ap- 
pearance of  things  will  become  very  striking-  There 
are  some  persons  of  intelligence,  mostly  however  at  a 
distance,  who  seem  to  apprehend  that  the  mines  of  the 
United  States  will  produce  consequences  similar  to  those 
that  fallowed  to  Spain  and  her  colonies  fi-om  the  discovery 
of  the  mines  of  South  America  and  Mexico.    Without 


!tl 


80 


SIX    MONTHS 


•topping  to  inquire  liow  far  those  conacquonces  wore  oc- 
eaiioned  by  the  mines  of  the  new  world,  it  may  be  re- 
tnarketl  with  trutli,  thut  no  Bort  of  analogy  ii  to  be 
found  in  the  condition  and  circumstonccH  of  the  two 
countries ;  and  that  neither  the  statesman  nor  the  philo- 
sopher need  anticipate  that  the  results  will  bo  similar. 

That  groat  etlbuts  will  be  produced  is  beyond  ques- 
tion ;  aiid  theso  will  show  themselves  in  the  increasing 
prosperity  of  tlie  country.  Among  the  advantages 
that  will  fallow  from  the  developenienl  of  the  mines, 
is  the  encouragement  ihey  give  to  agriculture,  in  the 
withdrawal  of  some  of  its  surpluH  labour,  and  giving 
i'  new  employment.  They  will  create  home  markets 
r>  the  surplus  products  of  the  farmer  ;  and  this  will 
en  'irage  him  to  improve  his  farm,  and  increase  the 
proui^ctivenoss  of  his  lands.  As  yet,  this  influence 
has  not  been  much  fell;  but  a  close  observer  may  see 
that  the  improvement  has  commenced,  though  it  will 
not  bo  generally  perceptible  until  the  division  of  labour 
more  fully  takes  place  between  the  farmer  and  the 
miner.  Mining  and  farming  are  two  very  different 
pursuits  ;  and  faimers  will  soon  see  that  it  is  prudent 
for  them  to  stick  to  the  plough,  and  sell  or  let  the  aurife- 
rous veins  to  the  miner. 

An  important  change  will  also  take  place  (at  a  very 
distant  period)  in  the  staples  of  the  eold  country ;  cotton 
will  be  less  and  less  cultivated  in  the  mining  district* ; 
while  the  bread  stuff,  farinaceous,  succulent  vegetables — 
and  stock,  will  claim  the  chief  attention.  This  change 
in  the  staples  of  the  agriculturist,  will  in  itself  produce 
important  results.  The  opening  of  the  mines,  and  the 
prospect  of  profitable  employment,  will  in  some  degree 
check  that  spirit  of  emigration  which  has  been  carrying 
off  so  many  enterprising  and  useful  citizens,  and  wiU 
biing  iuttt.the  country  men  of  wealth,  intelligence,  busi- 
ness habits,  and  general  enterprise. 

The  opening  ot  the  mines  has  been  attended  with  one 
primary  and  bod  effect;  that  of  creating  a  mania  for 
■peculation.  The  usually  attendant  failures  and  mi  ^hapi 
will  co-operate  with  other  causes,  to  throw  the  mines 
into  the  hands  of  a  distinct  class  of  men,  who,  having  a 
knowledge  of  the  business,  and  having  capital  at  com- 
mand, will  ewntually  conduct  bU  the  mining  operations 
in  the  country. 

Whether  the  eifecU  be  good  or  bad,  their  influence 


will  I 
Virg 
the  V 
in  til 
VV 
Hary 
curit 
Unit 
be  fu 
than 
emb 
most 
year 
not, 


'i  lit*  ilffiijim^i ..---M|,^.: — ^ 


nsequcnce*  wore  oc- 

world,  it  may  be  re- 

r>f  aimlo|;y   ii  to  be 

iistonccH  of  the  two 

sman  nor  the  philo- 

Its  will  bo  aiinilar. 

ud   is  beyond  qitea- 

CB  ill  the  increaaing 

ng  tlie   advantagea 

nieiit  of  the  minei, 

n{;riculture,  in  the 

labour,  and  giving 

oale  home  marketa 

mor  ;  and   thia  will 

in,  and  incroaaa  the 

yet,  this  influence 

Be  obaorvor  may  aee 

iced,  though  it  will 

lie  division  of  labour 

.he   farmer  and  the 

two  very  different 

36  that  it  is  prudent 

sell  or  let  the  aurife- 

ake  place  (at  a  very 
gold  country ;  cotton 
he  mining  districts ; 
icculcnt  vegetablea^ 
ntion.  This  change 
nrill  in  itself  produce 
the  mines,  and  the 
will  in  some  degree 
;h  has  been  carrjrinff 
ill  citizens,  and  wiU 
ii,  intelligence,  buai- 

en  attended  with  one 
reating  a  mania  for 
failures  and  mi  ^hapa 
to  throw  the  mine* 
mei^  who,  having  a 
ving  capital  at  eom- 
le  mining  operationa 

bad,  their  influence 


IN    AMERICA.  8P 

will  not  be  confined  to  North  Carolina.  It  will  be  felt  in 
Virginia,  South  C'arolinn,  and  (ieorgia— the  people  in 
the  upper  parts  of  tlicso  states  having  far  more  interest 
in  tlio  mines  than  in  generally  supposed. 

When  the  cheapness  of  obtaining  the  timber  necea- 
nary  for  machinery,  the  certainty  of  labour,  and  the  se- 
curity of  property  under  such  a  government  ea  that  of  the 
United  Htates,  are  deeply  consi&rnd ;  these  mines  might 
be  far  more  worth  the  attention  of  an  EngUsh  company 
than  many  a  scheme  in  which  English  capital  is  already 
embarked.  Applications  to  government  for  charters  will 
moat  probably  be  more  numerous  in  every  succeeding 
year.  The  capital  required  to  form  a  company  would 
not,  I  was  informed,  exceed  40,000i.  or  5U,000/. 

No  one  can  visit  the  United  Htates  without  hearing  of 
President  Jackson's  celebrated  "  veto"  on  internal  im- 
provements, and  every  disinterested  individual  would,  I 
humbly  think,  he  ready  to  admit  that  the  sentiments  it 
contains  arc  just  and  valuable,  because  tliey  display  a 
Holid  attachment  to  the  letter  of  tlie  constitution.  By 
the  articles  of  the  constitution,  the  powers  of  the  federal 
government,  with  reference  to  its  expenditure  of  the  na- 
tional fbnds  <ipon  internal  improvements  in  the  Union, 
are  confined  to  the  establishment  of  p^t-offiocs  and  poet- 
roads.  On  the  37tli  May,  1830,  in  the  firm  persuasion 
that  the  words  "  post-roads"  could  apply  only  to  those 
which  might  prove  of  general  benefit  to  the  citiiens  of 
the  Union,  and  not  to  those  which  conferred  an  advan- 
tage only  upon  the  inhabitants  of  any  particular  state,  a 
bill  entiUed  "  An  Act  autliorising-  a  subscription  of  arack 
in  the  Maysville,  Washington,  Paris,  and  Lexington 
turnpike  roiad  Company,"  was  returned  by  the  presioent 
to  the  house  of  representatives,  without  having  received 
his  signature.  Ic  the  veto  by  which  it  was  accom- 
panied, he  shows  that  "  grants  for  internal  improvements 
from  the  national  treasury,  have  been  made  professedly 
under  the  control  of  the  general  principle,  that  the  works 
which  might  be  thus  aided  should  be  of  a  general,  not 
local — national,  nor  state  character ;  and  that  a  disregard 
of  thia  distinction  would  of  necessity  lead  to  the  subver- 
sion of  the  federal  system.  The  road  in  question  had 
no  regard  to  any  general  system  of  improvements,  and 
was  exclusively  without  the  limits  of  the  state;  starting 
at  a  point  on  the  Ohio  river,  and  running  out  sixty  miles 
8« 


'^1 


i* 


00 


SIX  MONTira 


loan  iiitrrior  town,  nnd  even  a«  far  oi  that  itate  wa» 
concerned,  of  partial,  not  (friioral  advantage."  In  an- 
i.thcr  part  of  llie  veto  h«  addit,  "  that  if  it  be  tlio  dcHire 
ot  the  people,  that  the  aRency  of  tlio  federal  ({overnmenl 
should  bo  confined  to  the  approiiriation  of  money  in 
aid  of  auch  undertakings  in  viftiie  of  state  authority ; 
then  the  occasion,  the  manner,  and  tJie  extent  of  the  ap- 
propriations, should  Ikj  made  the  subject  of  constitutional 
regulation."  In  about  throe  years,  the  national  debt  ol 
the  United  States  wUl  bo  paid  off,  and  the  government 
will  find  itself  in  the  possession  of  a  surplus  revenue  of 
ten  or  twelve  millions  df  dollars.  To  divide  it  amongst 
the  sUitfls  would  be  unconstitutional,  because  it  will  ron- 
der  the  states  too  dependent  on  the  favour  of  the  fede- 
ral govornnicnt ;  and  as  it  is  collected  chiefly  by  means 
of  the  tariff,  it  cormot  ceaao  to  exist  so  long  as  the  tiriff 
remains  in  force. 

Without  a  limited  and  defining  authority,  arism^ 
fVom  a  constitutional  adjustment  of  this  [xiwer  of  distri. 
bution  upon  equitable  principles,  it  is  beyond  a  doubt 
that  neither  Mr.  Clay,  nor  any  other  iwrson  who  may 
be  president,  could  give  any  thing  Uke  universal  satis- 
faction amiil  tliB  "  scramble  for  appropriations," — as 
the  veto  has  it, — which  could  not  but  ensue  upon  the 
oonHicting  and  uncontrollable  variety  of  interest  that  is 
annually  increasing  in  the  American  community. 

The  progress  of  reform  in  England,  and  in  Europe 
dnerally,  is  watched  with  the  most  intense  interest  by 
Hie  Amoricans.  A  deep  feeling  of  regard  and  sympa- 
thy for  the  motlier  country,  as  they  term  it,  is  stiU  gene- 
ral, and  I  think  increasing ;  and  though  moat  of  the 
Americans  heliftve  their  own  country  is  the  first  in  the 
world,  they  are  still  reasonable  enough  to  assign  to 
Great  Britain  the  second  place  in  tlie  scale  of 
nations.  Those  airs  which  it  must  bo  admitted  so 
frequently  render  an  Englishman  ridiculous,  when 
travelling  on  the  old  continent,  would  be  entirely  thrown 
away  in  the  United  States.  All  pretensions  to  import- 
ance are  disregarded,  even  without  being  cauvaaaed,  «a 
they  might  be  in  Europe ;  but  so  long  as  an  Bngliahninn 
behaves  with  propriety,  the  Americans  will  entertain 
more  feapcet  rar  his  name  and  character,  than  they  core 
to  avow  openly.  They  wish  us  well  through  6ur  troublee. 
•nd  watch  with  aincere  pity  what  ttiey  nmaider  to  bo  tbs 


s; 


I 


E 


latU  <l>ii  it<iMllft^M*^*w^*Miitf■^;^trtMiln^^^-i■ 


r  u  that  itate  waa 
idvnntafro."  In  an- 
il if  it  hv  the  dcHirs 
1  tV-dural  ({overnnmnl 
riatioii  of  money  in 
t  of  atato  authority ; 
tJic  cxtont  of  the  ap- 
ijcct  of  conatitutioaal 
the  national  debt  ol 
uid  tho  government 
a  HiirpluH  revenue  of 
I'o  divide  it  ainongat 
,  becaucc  it  will  run- 
10  favour  of  the  fude- 
tvd  chiefly  by  nieana 
t  lo  long  aa  the  tariff 

r  authority,  ariain^ 
thia  power  of  diatri- 

it  is  beyond  a  doubt 

^er  peraon  who  may 
like  univcraal  aatia- 
appropriation*," — aa 
but  enaue  upon  the 

ity  of  intereat  that  ia 

in  community. 

land,  and  in  Europe 
at  intense  interest  by 
f  regard  and  aympa- 
j  term  it,  ia  still  gene- 
though  moat  of  tho 
try  is  the  first  in  tho 
Duough  to  aaaign  to 
oe  in  tlio  scale  of 
nust  be  odinittod  ao 
U)  ridiculous,  when 
uld  be  entirely  thrown 
iretensiona  to  import- 
it  being  couvaaaed,  M 
ong  as  an  Bnyllihwiiiii 
sricana  will  mtertain 
iracter,.than  they  cut 
J  through  bur  troublM, 
they  ognaider  to  betlM 


».«i 


liiiM  thriven 

ing  uii  ox- 

r  countriea, 

the  natural 

>uiHbu  pr*'-ominent* 


IN  AMRni<;A.  n 

approatliing  downfall  of  our  conatitution  i  but  at  the 
■ame  time  their  national  vanity  receives  aometliing  very 
like  gratification  IVoiii  tiio  b<  liif,  tlial  wr  shall  lie  forced 
lo  adopt  a  form  of  govermncnt  similar  to  ihiir  own. 
That  Uie  Aniericnn  lorin  of  governiiient  in  adiiiirably 
adapted  to  a  new  country,  Unit  that  (..uiUry  has  imtonish- 
ing  resources,  und  liml  tli'    /Viii>  •  lose  no  time  in 

making  thii  most  of  llieni,  (1  -,  .1"  America  as  a 

country,   not  of  the  Union,   for      ,nerii  '  must  thrive 
come  what  will  to  llie  govcrnin 
under  its  instiliittons,  und  is  ul 
cmption  from  iiiony  evils  incidi 
it   would  bo  an  obsuidity   to  ■ 

causesof  prosperity  which  the  Am.       , 

ly  enjoy,  must  not  bo  mistjiken,  as  they  most  i.,ndly  and 
frequently  urr,  for  the  positive  ilVects,  and  little  more 
than  the  jKwilive  elVccts,  of  a  good  government,  however 
good  and  well  adapted  that  governinunt  may  lie.  The 
American  constitution  haa  never  been  Uicd.  That  it 
was  nearly  a  bankrupt  at  tho  oloeo  of  tho  last  war,  waa  a 
trial  of  tho  resources  of  tho  country,  not  of  iU  institutions. 
Forty  years  is  no  time  to  tost  tlie  strcngtli  of  a  govern- 
mentlike  tliat  of  tlie  United  SUtes,  when  civiUzation  is  ex- 
tended over  io  amall  a  proportion  of  tliera.  Tho  good 
ia  perceived  at  present ;  tlio  evila  are  latent,  and  com- 
paratively  litUe  felt.  But  there  are  among  the  insUtutiona 
of  tho  Union  the  seeds  of  discord  and  confUsion,  whose 
growth  is  only  stifled  by  tho  buaUo  of  commercial  pur- 
suits, and  that  panacea  for  every  political  disease,  a  fine 
country,  abounding  in  rcKOurcea,  and  of  small  popular 
tion  in  comparison  to  its  extent.  It  is  possible  tliat  the 
mischief  will  not  bu  fulif  bo  long  as  tlierc  is  no  real  mo- 
tive for  disafl'ection  :  so  long  in  fact  as  tho  people  are 
not  in  want,  which  may  not  be  tlie  case  while  ground 
yet  remains  to  be  cultivated.  ,       „  , , 

In  England  and  America  universal  sullroge  would 
bo  alike  only  in  name.  In  Americ  i  it  is  true,  that  al- 
most every  one  con  vole;  but  then  it  is  equally  true, 
that  excepting  in  the  larger  cities  in  which  may  be  »l- 
wawMVIHid,  even  in  America,  a  certain  proportion  of 
miSmu  without  any  ostensible  means  of  getting  a 
Uvjttiood,  every  one  haa  at  least  a  proapective  qer- 
taintr  of  the  acquisition  of  property,,  Tho,  poor, 
companttivalyipeaKinC*  »«  •»  '«*'•  *''■*  univorwlauf- 
Atgo  ill  at  preMnt,  but  a  mere  hydra  in  embryo. 


i 


1 


92 


MX    MUNTIIo 


Were  Ihn  proienl  oourio  »f'  improvnment  lo  proceed 
without  interruption,  I'roin   ivlmt  the  politinftl       ono- 
mieta  oall  the  iJlatarbinK  ceuaea, — wern  luxurj    '     r 
kept  it  a  diitanoe,  mil  &  forned  equality  end  co>'     . 
ment  to  be  iiremrvod  by  a  itrong  and  uniirerkal  ttr  • 
tion  of  the  democratic  |jrinoiple, — it  would  b«  demon- 
etrable,  that  the  American  conititution  would  lait  for 
eenturioa;  or  in  other  wordii,  till  the  country  became  lo 
thickly  peopled  ai  to  be  eubject  to  tlio  evila  reeultinf 
to  England,  and  the  other  dynantiee  o(  Europe.     It  a 
democraoy  b«  enentially  the  beat  furni  ofguvernnienl, 
it  would  follow  that  a  aurplua  populRti'>n,  that  unhap- 
py proof  of  ita  exeellonno,  would  but  Ix.  called  the  aoon- 
•r  into  exiatenco.    I'lion  will  oome  th'  real  moment  of 
trial,  whether  a  dnmnvraey  can  exiat  under  the  prea- 
Bure  of  want — whollior  thnne  that  hore  any  thing  to 
loee,  would  not  be  at  the  merey  of  thi>He  that  have 
not— whether  an  equality  of  condition  would  r.  <    lie 
coneidared   aa  conforritg  a  title  to  a  ommuu       of 
gooda — whether,  when  aoch  a  elate  of  t'linga  li  u^^ire- 
nanded,  a  alanding  armea  fiirce,  be  it  tolled  by  what 
name  it  may,  would  not  be  neoeaaarv,  n-^t  to  repreaa 
foreign  invaaion,  but  to  put  duwn  duiiieatic  somino- 
tiona — whether  taxea  rauat  not  be  levied  for  ita  aup- 
port — and  whether  thoao  taxea  would  not  be  found  ex- 
ceedingly troubleaomfl.     In  an  article  in  the  American 
Quarterfy  Review,  (July  1831,)  evidently  written  in  a 
wantonneea  of  apirit  that  aavoura  of  ambition,  or  die- 
appointment,  or  of  both,  und  in  which  wo  are  kindly 
told  the  eaaieat  road  to  ruin,  it  ia  remarked  that  "our 
forefkthera  were  habituated  ta  the  European  ayatnin, 
but  they  built  up  the  republican  colotiioa  with  infinite 
eaae."     But  may  it  not  bo  hore  rerriarked,  that  aa  it  ia 
the  boaat,  and  juatly  the  boast,  of  the  Americana,  and 
of  the  New  EiiglanJora  in  part'.cukr,  that  the  tone  of 
liberty   which  pervadoa   their   institutions   ia  derived 
through  the  bl<iod  of  the  PurilAna,  who  did  build  up 
the  colonioa  with  infinite  eaae,  ai'd  whose  d>"ice!idanla 
are  atill  living;  ao  it  must  not  bo  forgotto.i  that  the 
Hampdena,  the  Hazelrigs,  the  Cromwella,  and  oth^rt, 
who  were  prevented  from  embarking  for  Amerioa  by 
the  order  of  (heir  obatinate  and  ill-fated  monarob. 
were  men  of  the  game  opiniona  aa  ths  "  forefatbara' 
mantionad  above ;  that  they  did  ramai.i  bahind — that 


rovnment  to  proctod 
tha  political       ono- 
, — warn  luxur}    '     t 
iquality  tnd  cof  m..' 
[  tnd  uni*«rk»l  nxr  • 
—it  would  ba  defflon- 
tutiou  would  Uit  for 
lie  country  beoame  lo 
to  tliu  evil*  reiulting 
liei  or  Europe,     ir  a 
,  form  ofguvernnienl, 
puletion,  timt  unhtp 
>ul  Ik.  onlied  the  Men- 
i«  III'  real  moment  of 
exiiit  under  the  preii. 
at  liQire  any  thing  to 
y  of  thi'He  that  have 
adilion  would  n  >    lie 
*  to  a  rommuir      of 
iteoft'tings  h  u^iire- 
,  be  it  called  by  what 
emarv,  n-it  to  raprem 
nrn  duiiieetic  aomino- 
be  levied  for  it*  eup- 
'outd  not  be  found  ex- 
rticle  in  the  American 
ividontly  written  in  a 
re  oP  ambition,  or  dit- 
which  wo  are  kindly 
I  remarked  that  "  our 
the  European  lyitnm, 
I  colotiloa  with  infinite 
■emarked,  that  aa  it  is 
'jf  the  Americani,  and 
cular,  that  the  tone  of 
nstilutions  ia  derived 
ins,  who  did  build  up 
I'd  whose  d/>sce!idanli 
bo  forgotto.i  that  the 
/rumwella,  and  otMi«t 
irking  for  Amcrioa  by 
nd  ill-fated  monarob. 
I  aa  tha  » forefatban" 
I  ramab  behind— that 


^. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I 


■  22 


1.1 


1.25 


U&|M    125 

mm 

mm 

;   1^    |20 

Wuiu 

1.4   U^ 


6" 


FhotogFaphic 
CarpCHBdon 


23  WIST  HAH  STRHT 

Wnsnil,N.Y.    ISM 

(716)  •73-4503 


'aimmmmmUKlKi 


mamm 


^ 


^ 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  instituta  for  Historical  Microraproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  da  microraproductions  historiquaa 


"^ 


m^Mi;i%y : 


mwj 


Hi 
O- 

be 
It- 

ir- 
n- 
'or 
•o 

V 

a 

I, 

?■ 
I- 
>f 
I- 

o 
e 
e 
€ 

I 

• 

I. 

I 

h 


IN    AMERICA. 


03 


they  did  fight  against  the  monarchy  of  England — that 
they  did  obtain  the  victory — that  Ihey  did  enjoy  the 
BHcendancy  to  tfleir  hearts'  content — and  that  they  did 
establish  a  commonwealth  in  England,  not  to  flourish 
for  over  as  an  example  to  the  world,  but  to  Le  over- 
thrown by  a  military  force,  which  brought  back  th« 
son  of  the  last  king  amid  the  acclamations  of  every 
rank  of  society. 

Supposing  the  bloud  to  bo  shed,  and  the  horrors  to 
be  pasHed  through,  that  must  be  shed  and  passed 
through  before  the  experiment  of  a  commonwealth 
could  bo  again  tried  in  England,  is  it  possible  that  it 
could  exist,  situated  as  Great  Britain  is  with  reference 
to  the  other  powers  of  Europe,  without  an  unemploy- 
ed standing  army  7  and  then  again,  is  it  possible  that 
it  could  exist  with  one  7  Where  in  the  annals  of  the 
world  can  the  compatibility  of  the  one  and  the  other 
be  pointed  to?  England  it  but  paying  the  penalty 
necessarily  consequent  oil  b«r  career  of  prosperity. 
Her  constitution  can  no  more  be  blamed  for  the  eziat- 
ence  of  a  standing  army,  than  for  a  superabnndant 
population,  or  the  enormom  aize  of  London. 

By  what  then  is  it  probable  that  the  career  of  the 
Union  will  be  disturbed  7  Are  not  wealth  and  Ivmry 
to  have  their  due  weight  7  It  is  to  the  credit  of  the 
Americans,  that  individual  wealth  has  never  yet  been 
employed  for  any  unconstitutional  purpoae;  but  it  ia 
nevertheless  true,  that  an  aristocracy  is  moat  ondeni- 
ably  springing  up  in  every  city  of  the  Union.  In  the 
course  of  time  many  large  fortunes  will  be  amassed, 
and  opulent  families  wkW  be  distributed  throughout 
the  country.  It  will  be  nut  in  the  spirit  of  human  na- 
ture, that  a  person  in  possession  of  what  in  common 
American  would  be  termed  "an  elegant  location," 
should  wish  to  have  upon  it  a  better  house  than  his 
neighbours,  and  that  another  should  wish  to  have  a 
still  better ;  and  is  it  to  be  believed  that  the  head  of  a 
rich  and  ambitious  family  will  bo  for  ever,  as  now,  re- 
strained by  the  voice  of  public  opinion  from  doing  hie 
utmost  to  prevent  a  fine  place  from  going  out  of  his 
family.  Can  the  inclination  remain  in  thraldom,  and 
tiM  man  be  said  to  enjoy  liberty  7  Will  not  one  exam- 
|fl«  be  followed  as  a  precedent  by  five  hundred  others  7 
will  not  an  hereditary  aristocracy  be  produced  in 
thia  manner  7 


iP 


94 


SIX    MOKTHS 


The  BVitera  of  entail*  in  England  ii  coniidered  by  the 
Americing  as  highly  pernicioui;  but  th"'  '*'•*'*•'• 
extent.,  far  beyond  the  truth.    On  th..  h?«^J  ^w. 
heard  great  ignorance  displayed  by  them.  Some  think 
that  an  entailed  estate  cannot  be  destroyed  at  all;  but 
that  an  entailed  Mtale  cannot,  in  any  caae,  be  deatroy- 
ed  without  the  eonwnt  of  the  eldest  m".  •»  «e  more 
common  error;  one  which  is  prevalent  with  the  unini- 
tiated  even  in  England,  and  i»,  of  course,  still  more  so 
among  the  Americans,  who  are  but  little  aware  that 
an  estate  cannot,  in  any  case,  be  rendered  unalienable 
for  more  than  one  generation ;  or,  technically  speak- 
ing,  for  more  than  a  life  or  live,  in  being,  and  twenty- 
ane  year,  afterward..    Thi.  rule  ha.  been  a  f^ivurita 
with  English  lawyer.,  becauM,  on  the  one  hand,  ii 
Jeventa^ndod  property  from  «»«»?  .«"»:"'»"•  ^^ 
mmmercial  purpoK..  for  a  longer  period  than  <me  gen- 
«raUon ;  and.  on  the  other,  it  make,  reasonable  allow- 
ance &i  the  English  policy  of  keeping  up  the  fami- 
lies of  our  nobility  and  jfentry.    Fr"™  7»'«"2  ^h?s 
does  the  vulgar  error  pnncipd^ly  "*^\/""^,^^" 
circui»»la»ceT  under  the  u.ual  form  of  «"»•«>«»♦•  *• 
father  has  the  present  enjoyment  of  the  estate,  and 
the  .0.  has  the  inheritance  in  tail  in  «P^'«»«y '  ""^^ 
in  this  ewe  the  father  and  md,  a.  soon  as  the  atter  i. 
of  .g",lMy  do  what  they  plea«  with  the  e.tate ,  and 
it  is  a  very  common  arrangement  for  them  to  agree  to 
mike  a  fw.l.  «.ltlement,  which  tie.  up  the  e.tate  for 
"nother  generation.    But  thi.  i.  only  an  exercwe  of 
their  absolute  power  of  di.powl,  which  they  «n«ght,  if 
they  pleased,  exercise  by  selling  the  estate,  or  other- 
w'm  Eg  rid  of  it.    If  no  firesh  settlement  ho  been 
madeTwd  the  son  outlive,  the  father,  he  alcme  may 
do  what  he  please,  with  the  estate,  without  a.king  the 
oonMnt  of  hi.  eldest  son  or  of  any  other  person.    The 
Americans  are  little  aware  that  there  is  not  a  noble- 
mTn'"^.tate  in  the  country   with  the  exceptionof 
Blenheim,  Strathfieldsay,  and  perhaps  half  a  d«wi 
others  where  the  revers  on  is  in  the  crown  under  wme 
eSy  old  grant,  which  could  not  be  'bsoluteW  dkj«^ 
of,  b«e«,  at  lean,  in  every  genoraUon.    That  "WJ^* 
power  of  making   unalienable  entail.  ••»  .Be^«»J 
(with  irritant  and  rwolutive  clause.,  as  the  SeofaM . 
lawyers  have  it,)  where  the  person  making  them  n  not 


r"-  ■  --ff-i  ■■"■—— 


IN    AMERICA. 


06 


d  is  conaidared  by  tha 
but  their  idea  of  iU 
On  thii  bead  I  have 
>y  them.  Some  think 
destroyed  at  all ;  but 
any  case,  be  destroy 
dest  son,  is  the  more 
alent  with  the  unini- 
J*  course,  still  more  so 
but  little  aware  that 
rendered  unalienable 
or,  technically  spaak- 
n  being,  and  twenty- 
ie  has  been  a  frtvurita 
on  the  one  hand,  it 
being  unavailable  for 
r  period  than  one  gen- 
ikea  reasonable  allow- 
keeping  up  the  fami- 
From  whence  then 
..y  arise?    From  this 
brm  of  settlement,  tha 
int  of  the  estate,  and 
lil  in  expectancy ;  and 
IS  soon  as  tha  latter  is 
)  with  the  estate ;  and 
It  for  them  to  agree  to 
ties  up  the  estate  for 
is  only  an  exercise  of 
I,  which  they  might,  if 
J  the  estate,  or  other, 
ish  settlement  has  been 
i  father,  he  alone  may 
ate,  without  asking  the 
tny  other  person.   The 
t  there  is  not  a  nobla- 
with  the  exception  of 
perhaps  half  a  doaan 
I  the  crown  under  soma 
:  be  absolutely  diepoaad 
ation.    That  thara  k  a 
e  entails  in  Scoyaad, 
clauses,  as  the  Seotoh  . 
son  making  them  is  not 


i»ri«bted'«t  the  time,  is  a  truth  which  I  do  not  con- 
SwJ^uTd  have  given  rise  to  the  error  respecting 
those  in  England.  _ 

The  proceedings  at  the  next  session  of  congress  will 
beof  tfe  utmo.t"mportju.ce,and  befo|*  »*••  W'^J^ 
out  of  the  press,  the  tariff  question  will  probably  h^e 
ffiven  rise  to  as  much  angry  discussion  as  has  ever  been 
Beard  within  the  walls  of  the  capitol.  ,ifi,,ti«l 

The  tariff,  that  is  to  "y.  the.  pr'n^pJ"  »f 'f  «^J 
protection  to domesUc  industry,  is  •«??»''«', ^7  •??"! 
two.thirds  of   the  American    people,  .„  M«n«ft«t«»W« 
sprung  up  during  the  late  war,  and  million.  ?f  do«V» 
have  since  been  Invested  in  them  on. the  faith  of  the 
S.     After  the  conclusion  of  hostilities,  the  war  dn- 
Ues  were  repealed  generally;  but  some  of  Ihem  were 
^ntrnued  f«  the  protection  of   domestic  mdortry. 
This  was  effected  in  1816,  and  by  the  «nflaence  of  t6a 
southern  voUs ;  and,  strange  as  it  ^;^J ^fV^'A^*;?.^. 
peciaUy  supported  by  the  members  of  South  Carolma, 
WhSit  the  northern  members  wore  not  generally  pw- 
SrS^e  measure.    The  southern  states  at  that  period, 
were  averse  to  the  expense  of  a  naval  ••t»W»««»«'tt 
they  disliked  foreign  commerce,  because  it  ^nda*  W 
embroil  the    country  in  disputes  with  the  EuMp«an 
Dowers,  and  they  were  therelbre  firiandly  to  a  moderate 
K.     In  »8»4.  additional  protection  wa.  given  to 
mlnufiictwe..    It  was  opposed  by  New  En*iaiid  and 
^Znb,  and  supported  by  the  m  ddle  an^  wesUrn 
Z^  In  1828.  sSu  further  protection  was  g«ven.  iwi- 
withstanding  a  violent  oppoaition  fVom  the  ■onthem 
Ttates  who  now  fblt  the  •r«,r  they  had  been  g«%  of. 

Thi  Uriff  question,  then,  w  simply  this.  The  north- 
ern states  are  manufacturer.;  the  soaUiern  state,  en 
!Sion Trowers.  The  wnthem  sUtes  have  nwor  ob- 
Setod  to  such  duties  on  Imported  foreign  n«ni.fcctur«h 
M  would  be  sufficient  for  the  purposes  of  a  revenue 
M,^  to  thTgovernment  expenditure ;  but  beyond  what 
uS«W^rtheattainmVntof  that  obect.thcy  «o 
iku^wrse  to  the  tariff,  because  Great  Britain  doe. 
not  buy  so  much  of  their  cotton  as  she  wou  d  if  her 
mumfactnred  goods  were  not  excluded  from  the  mar. 
StorftheUnited  States,  by  mean. of  the  protectmg 
tetit^  The  inhabitants  of  South  Caiohna  arc  most 
SdSTtly  owK«d  to  the  tariff.      One-third  of  them 


h 


i 


i 


■IX    MONTHS  H«^ 


would,  if  tlicy  could,  loccde  from  tho  Union  immedi- 
kteljr. 

In  the  year  1833,  tho  crop  of  cotton  amounted  to 
430,000  bales.  In  tlio  year  1831,  tho  crop  has  boun  ai- 
ccrtained  to  bo  1,070,000  bales,  of  whicli,  165,000  are 
consumed  in  the  home  manufactories,  and  the  remain- 
der is  exported,  chiefly  to  £nglhnd. 

Certainly,  if  ever  there  was  a  country  upon  earth 
where  tho  principles  of  free  trade  could  be  allowed  an 
txistenec,  that  country  is  tho  states  of  North  America, 
M  longr  as  they  remain  united.  When  we  contemplate 
their  unbounded  resources,  and  their  endlexs  extent,  we 
must  adroit  that  they  afford  scope  foraHpociosof  energy 
•ito^ether  without  present  parallel  in  tho  old  continent; 
and  It  is  difficult  to  bolievo,  that  freo  trade  should  not  bo 
a  part  of  their  system,  not  only  because  it  would  cor- 
respond witli  the  boasted  freedom  of  tiicir  institutions, 
but  on  account  of  the  certainty  of  benefit  tliey  would 
ultimately  derive  from  it.  But  from  the  entirely  dif- 
ftrent  sources  of  wealth  of  the  northern  and  southern 
■tates,  there  emanates  a  disparity  of  interests,  which, 
with  reference  to  tho  onormouslv  increasing  influence 
of  tho  new  cotton  states,  arc,  it  is  plain,  but  partially 
developed  at  present.  Tho  soltlement  of  disputes  aria- 
ing  from  the  differences  of  soil  and  climate,  in  them- 
•elves  uncontrdlable  by  leffislativo  interference,  must 
be  a  subject  far  more  ditficuTt  to  grapple  with,  than  that 
which  merely  relates  to  internal  iuiprovcments,  which 
may  bo  assisted  by  an  alteration  of  the  constitution. 
Many  Americans  wilt  probably  tell  you,  as  they  have 
told  me,  that  the  Union  is  becoming  stronger  and 
stronger;  they  will  assure  ;^ou  that  there  is  a  growing 
conviction,  that  tlie  complaints  of  the  southern  states 
are  without  foiuidation,  that  their  sufferings  are  chiefly 
imaginary,  and  that  their  citizens  will,  sooner  or  later, 
eome  to  the  same  opinion ;  that  four-fifths  of  all  the  ar- 
ticles that  aie  taxed,  either  heavily  or  lightly,  are  con- 
■uraed  in  the  northbro,  western,  and  the  tariff  states, 
while  at  the  wuna  time,  a  home  market  exists  for  {torn 
150,000  to  300,000  bales  of  the  best  cotton  of  the  south- 
ern states,  at  theJMit  prioea:  that  the  party  war  which 
rages  io ,  newspapers  throughout  the  Union,  roeaaa 
nothing  at  all ;  apd  that,  to  use  the  quotation  so  well  ap- 
plied by  Mr.  Afbins  in  his  last  4th  of  July  oration,  de- 
livered at  Quinqr,  near  Boston, "  We  angry  lovers  mean 


nmnVii    I      • 


iiiiifawiw-iiTi  1 


■ymiv-. 


1  tho  Union  immedi- 

cnlton  amounted  to 
tho  crop  haa  boon  as- 
of  which,  165,000  arc 
irieti,  and  tho  remain- 
country  upon  earth 
e  could  be  allowed  an 
OS  of  North  America, 
^lien  we  contemplate 
leir  ondleHs  extent,  we 
lor  a  Npocioa  of  energy 
I  in  tho  old  continent ; 
roo  trade  should  not  bo 
because  it  would  cor- 
)  of  their  institutions, 
af  benefit  they  would 
from  tho  entirely  dif- 
>rthern  and  southern 
ty  of  interests,  which, 
f  increasing  influence 
is  plain,  but  partially 
iraent  of  dispute*  aris> 
nd  climate,  in  them- 
ivo  interlbrencc,  must 
rapple  with,  than  that 
improvements,  which 
in  of  the  constitution, 
tell  you,  as  they  have 
coming  stronger  and 
hat  there  is  a  growing 
>f  the  southern  states 
r  sufferings  are  chiefly 
s  will,  sooner  or  later, 
four-fii'ths  of  all  the  ar. 
ily  or  lightly,  are  con- 
,  and  the  tariff  states, 
marliet  exists  for  ftom 
eat  cotton  of  the  aonth- 
A  the  party  war  which 
ut  the  Union,  meuu 
le  quotation  ao  well  ap- 
th  of  July  oration,  de- 
We  angry  lovera  metn 


IN    AHKRIOA.     '  '",-       'Idl^ 

not  half  we  aay."  It  is  probable  that  some  part  of  what 
is  said  by  an  American  country  newspaper  on  the  tub- 
ieet  of  party,  may  be  nonsense ;  but  one  cannot  help 
Ming  a  little  sceptical,  when  higher  authorities,  and  the 
proceedings  of  pablic  meetings,  are  coniolted,  which,  if 
we  are  to  judge  by  the  excitement  they  occasion,  are 
not  quite  a  farce,  whatever  county  meetings  may  be  in 
England. 

The  report  of  the  committee  read  at  the  anti-tariff 
convention,  which  took  place  a<:  Philadelphia  on  the  fith 
of  October,  1831,  contains  amongst  others,  the  following 
strongly  worded  passage,  speaking  of  "  that  fteling  of 
resentment  which  is  goaded  into  activity  b;^  a  sense  of 
oppression,  and  embittered  by  tho  reooUection,  that  it 
is  tho  hand  of  a  brother  that  inflicta  it,"  it  proceeds, 
"do  you  doubt  its  existence,  its  nature,  or  degree? 
look  to  the  character  of  this  asaembly,  and  the  cir- 
cumstances under  which  it  is  convened :  give  your 
attention  to  the  history  of  the  past,  and  be  admonished 
by  the  novel  and  extraordinary  spectacle  wUch  is  pre- 
sented to  your  view— do  not  close  your  eyeJ^iUogether 
to  the  fact,  that  this  assembly  is  without  paridlel  m  the 
annals  of  the  government;  that  we  are  freemen,  and  the 
representatives  of  freemen,  who  speak  to  you  of  our  4 
violated  rights ;  that  we  have  oome  from  different,  and 
distant  parta  of  the  Unioo,  to  join  in  dwnanding  their 
restoration;  that  a  conadmianeaa  of  atrmigth  is  the  off- 
spriiv  of  united  counsel;  and  that  our  purpose  is  not  the 
leas  mm,  because  it  is  announced  to  yoa  peaceably,  and 
in  the  spirit  of  conciliation."  The  reports  of  the  differ- 
ent committeea  of  investigation,  appointed  hy  the  (wpo- 
sition  or  tariff  convention,  which  commenced  its  sittings 
at  New  York  on  the  36tb  of  October,  had  not  i4>peared 
in  print  when  I  quitted  America. 

Mr.  Adama,  a  strong  tariff  man,-  and  residing  in  the 
heart  of  the  tariff  statm,  in  his  last  4th  of  Joi^  oration, 
speaking  of  the  doctrine  of  "  nullification,"  which,  he 
says,  "contains  within  itself  an  afaaordit;,' importing  a 

Eretending  right  of  one  state  in  this  Uniai^  by  vir^  of 
er  aovereignity,  to  make  that  null  and  vmd  which  it 
pre-sappoaes  to  be  null  and  void  before,"  pVMeeds,  by 
sayinr, "  that  it  is  a  prindirie  uader  which  the^illars  of 
the  iMion  are  totteruig  while  heii  meaUng.*'  On  the 
other  side,  Mr.  Calhoun,  at  the  head'  of  the  anii-tariff 
party,  and  one  of  the  cleverest  men  in  Amwricai  in  Ms 
9  .    '• 


t-f' 


^iiiiiiHiMiiiUt 


.  I  jHW  II 


m  ii.Kiiiimm   niwp      i%r 


98 


SIX   MOHTin 


"•enUmente  upon  the  subject  of  iteto  rijjhU  and  l*nff, 
mvt.  that  "whatever  divewity  of  opinion  may  exUt  in 
Xion  to  the  principle,  or  the  effect  on  the  product  ve 
bduMry  of  the  country  of  Uie  preaent,  or  any  other  tariff 
^  of  pwtocuon,  there  are  certain  H«t.cal  conjjcquen<»^ 
^'  ilowing  from  the  preacnt  which  none  can  doub^  and jdl 
iiittrt  leplore.  It  would  be  in  vain  to  attempt  to  con- 
omL  thiSlt  ha.  divided  the  country  into  two  ^reat  geo- 
ImihM  diviiion.,  and  arrayed  them  againrt  ead. 
SfirTto  opinion  at  least  if  not  in  the  'ntej^rt  aUo^ 
r«»rt  oHhe  mcMt  vital  of  poUtlcd  "biect^n  ita 
teUM,  iu  commerce,  and  it.  in««urtry-wbjecU  cdou- 
WedTbove  all  other.,  in  the  time  of  peace,  to  produce 
Mdtement,  and  ia  relation  to  which  the  tariff  ha.  placed 
ST^ction.  in  quertion  in  deep  and  dangeron.  conflict^ 
inhere  be  any  point  on  which  the  (I  waagjomg  to  «y 
i«thern««^onrb«ttoavoid.a.fara.po^ble^e  ^n. 

fill  ftelinn  mch  di*su»ion.  are  calculated  to  e«ite,  1 
AM  «iy)w«aker  of  the  two  .ection.  la  unan.mou.,  it  i. 

that  it.  jiwrity  <i«p««>- '" »  ^"^  T^'n^ihfe 

trSe,  l&httax.i.  eionoinical  and,  a.  far  a.  po«iWe, 
5wl  dSbur«>meAt.  of  the  pubUo  ""^n""' »f„trm« 
^kled  indurtry ;  leaving  tiiem  to  P«f««jhateverinay 
Zear  mort  advintageou.  to  their  intewrt..    F^«?  »he 
pS^»d  to  the  MSSi«ppi  there  are  few  indeed,  how- 
J^lrtdrf  0.  other  poSU  who  would  not^  de^nd- 
ent  on  their  volition.  «id  if  they  *^^,^^ 
of  their  particdKr  aection  only,  remove  from  commerce 
wd^iaSSr  every  A«:kle.  reduce  the  revenue  to  tto 
lowert  point  that  the  wanta  of  the  government  ftarly  re- 
quired,  and  rertrict  the  appropriaUon.  to  the  mort  mode- 
?Srwale,con«rtent  wlffi  the  peace,  *« '«««"ty',.'"^ 
STeng^"**  "f  t^  P""'" '  ?»«>,«''o  do  not  beheve 
that  ttoopporite  .yrtem  i.  calculated  to  throw  on  t^m 
I«u«eqm5^n»theb,  to  repre*  their  preeperity,  and  to 
S^e^SXn^hriTenjoy^nt    On  ^  the«  deep  y  im- 
rSrturt  mearowe  the  oppoeite  opinion  prevail.,  if  not 
SrtA  iualunMiniity,  Vith  at  lca.t  a  gi«atly  prepon- 
SrlS^ajoritT  fai^the  other  and  -^"ir, '«^'°rC 
iLnotwo  diMlnct  nation,  ever  entertained  more  op 
po«te  view,  of  poHey  thw.  these  two  *'*«;-„"'°  "Vj* 
S«^>mportant  pwnts  to  which  I  have  referred.   *«>•*«• 
«  Tlw  ^m,'^  add.  in  a  note,  "  if  '^'^^'^r^J^ 
end,  not  only  in  .ubjecUng  the  induatrv  ««di«operty 
of  Um  weaker  section  to  the  control  of  the  stronger,  but 


milm 


ytniji^blm. 


MtlMMMMtllileiiiiaiiil 


IN    AHBRIOA. 


99 


late  righU  and  tariff," 
'  opinion  may  exirt  in 
Feet  on  the  productive 
ent,  or  any  other  tariff 
political  conaequencoa 
one  can  doubt,  and  all 
in  to  attempt  to  con- 
ry  into  two  jjreat  geo- 
'^   them   againrt  each 
u  in  the  intereat  alao, 
litical  aubiecta— on  iU 
lurtry— auDjecU  calcu- 
e  of  peace,  to  produce 
ch  the  tariff  liaa  placed 
ind  dangcroua  conflict, 
le  (I  wa«  gfoing  to  wy 
ar  aa  poaaible,  the  pain. 
)  calculated  to  excite,  I 
ions  is  unanimous,  it  is 
grreat  measure  on  free 
nd,  as  far  as  poaaible, 
lie  revenue,  and  an  un- 
pursue  whatever  may 
lir  interests.    From  the 
■e  are  few  indeed,  how- 
o  would  not,  if  depend- 
y  regarded  the  interest 
remove  from  commerce 
ace  the  revenue  to  the 
he  government  lUriy  w- 
ations  to  the  moat  mode- 
peace,  the  security,  and 
and  who  do  not  believe 
olated  to  throw  on  them 
their  proeperity,  and  to 
On  all  these  deeply  im- 
opinion  prevails,  if  not 
Icaat  a  greaUy  prepon- 
and  stronwr  section,  so 
rer  entertained  more  op- 
BC  two  seotions  do  on  all 
[  have  referred,"  &.0.&C. 
ote,  "  if  continued,  ranat 
le  industry  and  property 
mtrol  of  the  stronger,  but 


in  proscription  and  political  disfranchisement.  It  must 
finally  control  clectionB  and  appointments  to  offices,  oa 
well  as  acU  of  legislation,  to  the  great  increase  of  the 
feelings  of  onimosity,  and  of  the  fktal  tendency  to  a  com- 
plete  alienation  between  the  sections." 

The  remedy  proposed  by  Mr.  Calhoun  appean  w- 
cecdingly  reasonable.  In  throe  years  the  naUoaal  «« 
of  the  United  States  will  be  paid  off,  and  Uio  goven^ent 
will  find  itself  in  possosfion  of  a  surplus  ravenoa  of 
10,000,000  or  12,000,000  of  dollars,  chiefly  arialnf  ilraai 
tariff  duties.  The  applications  from  the  different  i<rta> 
for  its  appropriation  under  the  internal  impnyvfaMM 
system  will  be  innumerable,  and  it  will  be  impoMible  to 
grant  them  without  adding  a  stimulus  to  old  caoaea  of 
jealousy,  and  giving  birtlis  to  new  one*.  To  adrat  the 
system  of  dividing  the  money  between  the  diffiinnt 
states  is  admitted,  on  all  hands,  to  be  unconstitutiiMMl, 
not  only  because  no  such  power  is  given  by  the  arttolea 
of  the  constitution,  but  because  the  exorcise  of  it  wwUd 
tend  to  render  the  individual  atatea  too  dependent  on  the 
favour  of  the  general  government  Mr.  (Mioun  recom- 
mends,  that  the  money  should  be  left  in  the  poc^fii  M 
tlie  people,  and  affirms  tliat  there  ia  but  one  luAollMl 
cure — an  honest  reduction  of  the  duUea  to  a  fkir  lyatOfB 
of  revenue,  adapted  to  tlic  just  and  constitutional  v«lita 
of  the  government,  and  that  nothing  short  of  thia  will 
restore  the  country  to  peace,  harmony  and  mutual  affec. 

The  example  of  good  citizenship  displayed  by  M««- 
aachusetts  during  the  existence  of  the  embargo  in 
1807,  is  now  referred  to  as  worthy  of  imitation  by  the 
southern  states;  a  total  stagnation  of  the  trade  of 
that  state  was  the  consei^uence  of  the  Berlin  decree, 
and  the  retaliatory  orders  in  council  of  the  British  go- 
vernment ;  and  in  the  opinion  that  the  embargo  w^aa 
unconstitutional,  the  question  was  tried  before  the  au- 
preme  court  of  the  United  Slates,  who  decided  in  ft- 
vour  of  the  authority  of  the  general  government. 
Maasachusetts  behaved  with  the  best  »faco  imagin- 
able, conscious  that  there  was  no  r  .  .  ^ii  between 
submission  and  separation,— no  alternu.;.  ■  'uut  actfui- 
eacenco  or  disunion.  Her  behaviour  mijj  >t  be  imita- 
ted, but  under  very  different  circumstances.  In  the 
case  of  MassvchusetU,  the  cause  of  the  evil  was  un- 
derstood :  it  was  external;  it  could  be  leropved;  or 


100 


■IX    MOHTII8 


rathtr  would  lome  day  «•«««  ai  a  maltar  of  oourM  \ 
but  with  South  Carolina,  the  diieaia  ia  intornal,  axiat- 
ing  in  tha  timo  of  naaca,  inornaiinif,  and  moat  likaly, 
bavond  tha  reach  of  any  but  a  temporary  remedy. 

The  fir»t  intimation  I  had  of  the  exiilonce  of  tba 
tariff  waa  likely  to  have  been  a  diiagreeable  one. 
Whan  I  landed  at  New  York  I  had  with  me  an  excel- 
knt  dottUe-barrelled  fowling-piece ;  and  I  waa  told  that 
I  muat  either  pay  thirty  per  cent  on  ita  ftill  value,  or  I 
oould  dapoaitit  in  aafe-keeping  at  the  eiutom-houae  till  my 
return;  and  in  the  mean  time  I  could  purchaae  an 
American  gun  cheap ;  I  waa  indebted  to  the  liberality  of 
'the  gentleman  preaiding  at  the  heau  of  the  cuitom-houae, 
vrho,  npon  bearing  from  a  friend  tlidt  I  had  not  brought 
it  to  aeU,  but  merely  for  my  pleaaure,  politely  and  im- 
mediately gave  me  an  order  for  it 

The  climate  of  Waahington  haa  undergone  a  conaide- 
raUe  alteration  within  the  memory  of  thoae  who  have 
known  it  for  the  laat  forty  yeara.    lU  healthineaa  haa 
hy  no  meana  inereaaed  aa  the  foreat  haa  diwppeared ;  on 
the  oaotrary.the  rererao  effect  haa  rather  been  produced. 
The  real  nature  of  a  climate  cannot  be  Imown  till  it  haa 
been  rendered  flt  for  the  habiUtion  of  man ;  and  no  land 
ou  be  aaid  to  be  in  that  condition,  till  it  haa  been  par- 
tially dewed  and  culUvated.     The  proceaa   in  aome 
plaoee  rendera  the  climate  warmer,  and  in  othera  it  haa 
the  effect  of  producing  more  cold  ;  ao  that  it  doea  not 
■Iwaya  follow  that  clearing  ia  productive  of  beneficial 
reauita.    Since  the  foreaU  of  the  Pyreneca  have  been 
gradually  out  down  and  destroyed,  the  south  of  France 
Is  not  nearly  ao  deairable  a  residence  for  invalids  aa  it 
was  formerly.    In  Germany,  a  good  effect  haa  been 
produced ;  but  not  so  at  Waahington.    The  summer  is 
■till  Moeaaively  hot,  (the  thermometer  ranging  above 
ninety  in  the  ahade,)  and  the  winter  very  cold :  originally 
theae  two  aeaaona  almost  divided  the  year  between  them ; 
but  now,  the  weather  cxhibita  for  more  of  the  variable- 
ness of  the  climate  of  England.    The  viciaaitudea  of 
temperature  ore  often  painfU,  and  frequently  and  rapidly 
produced  by  the  most  violent  and  piercing  gnats  of  wind 
from  the  north-weat    The  cold  or  winter,  although  auB 
very  aevere,  haa  been  much  mitigated  of  late  yeara.    In 
17^,  the  bay  of  the  Cheaapeake  wal  solid  ice  flvm  ita 
.   head  to  the  mouth  of  the  Potomac;  and  in  aome  [daoea, 


let 

ha 

hi| 

en 

lio 

of 
11' 

»P 
cs 
ri< 
fa 
er 
of 
in 
in 
th 
m 
sic 
ar 
on 
io 
m 

flU 

di 
in 


iSl^. 


■c* 


a  mtttar  of  oourN ) 
aie  ii  intorntli  txiit- 
ln|{«  and  moit  likaly, 
mporarv  remedy, 
the  exutence  of  tba 

a  diiagreeabl*  one. 
id  with  me  an  excel- 
;  and  I  waa  told  that 
on  ita  <\ill  value,  or  I 

0  euilom-hoiue  till  my 

1  could  purchaae  an 
ted  to  the  liberality  of 
u  of  the  cuitom-houie, 
iiat  I  had  not  brought 
lore,  politely  and  Tm- 


I  undergone  a  coniide- 
iry  of  thoae  who  have 
I.    Ita  healthineaa  haa 
It  haa  disappeared ;  on 
I  rather  been  produced, 
ot  be  known  till  it  haa 
a  of  man !  and  no  land 
n,  till  it  haa  been  par- 
The  proceaa  in  aome 
ir,  and  in  othera  it  haa 
d ;  BO  that  it  doea  not 
iroductive  of  beneficial 
le  Pyrenees  have  been 
1,  the  south  of  France 
mce  for  invalids  as  it 
good  effect  has  been 
gton.    The  summer  is 
IOmeter  ranging  above 
er  very  cold :  originally 
the  year  between  them  > 
r  more  of  the  variable- 
i.    The  vicissitudes  of 
i  frequently  and  rapidly 
I  piercing  g^xiAa  of  wind 
if  winter,  although  still 
gated  of  late  years.    In 
I  wai  solid  ice  from  ita 
ac;  and  in  some  ]daoes, 


'*■:," 


IN  AMERICA. 


101 


ul  Annapolis  lor  inNtunco,  fl-om  five  to  seven  inches 
tliick.  In  1773,  the  f*now  in  tlio  district  of  Woshin^n 
waa  nearly  thruu  fuut  deep,  and  in  some  places  it  drifted 
to  thi^depth  of  ten  or  twelve.  The  length  and  soyority 
of  tho  winturs  have  much  alwted  :  but  still  tlio  climate, 
a*  I  was  infurmed  by  a  gentleman  pcrfectJv  acquainted 
witli  the  subject,  has  not  become  more  healUiv.  In  the 
year  1639,  tlio  average  number  of  deaths  for  tho  laat  ten 
years,  has  been  one  m  qvery  fiftv-tlircc.  The  Kroat«st 
moitality  provaiU  in  tho  month  of  August,  and  the  caatis 
arc  chiefly  those  of  fever.  It  is  owing  to  tlie  malignity 
and  greater  ■variety  of  diseases,  accidents,  and  prlvaUou% 
to  wliich  tho  poorer  inliabitanta  of  tlio  more  tlitckly 
ncoplcd  cities  aro  liable,  that  the  annual  mortality  at 
Ne.v  York  is  calculated  as  one  to  fifty :  and  at  DoRiniorfi 
as  one  to  forty-nine.  In  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  it 
is  ono  to  forty  :  tho  situation  being  more  southerly,  it  ia 
not  so  hoallliy  as  that  of  Washington. 

Every  part  of  tho  United  States  is  said  to  be  more  or 
less  unhealtliy  during  tlio  summer  months  :  but  the  in- 
liabitanta of  tlio  northern  and  middle  states^  and  of  the 
high  lands  and  ridges,  excepting  in  tho  vicinitv  of  water, 
enjoy  a  much  purer  air  than  that  breathed  by  tho  in- 
liabitaniK  of  the  southern  states,  and  the  lower  distriota 
of  tho  country.  An  American  writer  remarks,  that 
"  Tlie  intermitting  fever  which  is  confined  to  particular 
spots,  soems  to  originate  from  tlie  exhalations  of'marsh- 
CB,  and  borders  of  stagnant  w  iters,  though  it  is  a  cu- 
rious' fact  and  wqfthy  uio  attention  of  physicians,  that 
families  who  live  in  tho  neighbourhood  of  these  places 
ei^oy  good  health,  while  others  who  inhabit  the  summit 
of  tho  adjacent  hill,  are  victims  to  this  annually  return- 
ing malady.  When  marsliy  places  become  dry,  fiah, 
insects,  and  decaying  vcgetablo  substances  ozpoaed  to 
tho  action  of  a  burning  sun,  generate  thoae  gaseous 
miasms  which,  absorbed  by  tho  fi)dy,  produce  w^ness, 
sickness,  and  death.  Ascending  by  tlicir  lightness  they 
are  probably  carried  by  the  winds  to  a  neighbouring 
eminence,  where  settling,  they  form  a  sicklv  and  nox- 
ious atmosphore."  I  have  more  than  once  heard  it  re- 
marked, that  tho  Americans  of  tlie  present  day  are  not 
such  men  as  their  fathers,  tho  soldiers  of  the  war  of  In- 
dependence. They  con  take  as  true  an  aim  with  a  rifle, 
iittt  cannot  undergo  the  same  fiiti^e,  and  are  not  so 
kW  lived,  generally.  Tho  inhabitants  of  the  more 
9» 


i 


u 


,,. .«:?■.  .   .Aa....j| 


r 


-r— 


10« 


■IX   MOKTHI 


northern  lUtiii  of  New   Enijland,  ut  pcrhape,  excep- 
ttoiii ;  but  in  any  jtivcn  number  of  the  inhabitanU  ol 
Oeorcia,  and  the  (Carolina!  for  ln«tanco,  there  are  not  to 
many  penont  to  b«i  found  of  ninety  year*  old  and  up. 
ward*,  aa  amonr  the  lame  number  of  peraona  living  in 
the  muntry  in  En«land.»     I  heard  thi.  from  a  gentle, 
man  on  whowi  information  I  believed  that  I  could  rely : 
yet  it  ia  aingiilar,  that  according  to  the  ccnaua  of  1830, 
the  number  of  peraoni  of  a  hundred  ycara  old  and  up. 
ward*,  ahould  be  larger  in  the  aouthern  t»nn  m  the  nor- 
thern aUtea.    Th«  middle  aUtea  could  boaat  of  a  larger 
namber  of  whitea  of  a  hundred  yeara  old  and  upwarda, 
t>ian  any  other.     New  York  in  a  poptilation  of  1,913,508 
eontainfnf  ftft/.three,  and  Pennaylvania  fifty»ev'n  "  • 
poimlaUon  of  1,347,678 :  the  total  number  in  Uio  United 
8U«0a  waa  iWM.    The  targeat  number  in  any  one  atate 
waa  in  Virgliila,  479,  but  by  «kr  the  rreoU-iit  proportion 
of  tlMM  aw  Maoka.    Mango  Park  affirma  that  the  ne- 
groM  In  AlHc*  are  not  a  Lng-lived  race.    SpeaJiing  of 
the  Mandingoea,  the  general  name  for  the  mhabitanta  of 
the  co«inUy  wateiwiV  ^  Gambia,  he  aayi,  "They 
aeldom  att^  eitreme  old  age.    At  forty,  many  of  them 
became  gray   haired,  and  covered  with   wrink  ea,  but 
few  of  tliim  aurrive  the  age  of  ftftyfivc  or  fifty."    It  la 
aincular  that  they  ahould  attain  a  greater  age  in  the 
United  SUtea.    By  the  Ubie  which  al.owa  the  nuinber 
of  perabna  of  one  hundred  yeara  old  and  upwarda,  it  will 
be  aeen  that  the  proportion  of  blacka  of  that  age  greaUv 
noeeda  thai  of  the  whitea ;  but  it  may  be  remarked, 
that  the  ag«a  of  the  bUoka  are  not  ao  weU  known  aa 
thoee  of  the  whitea;  and  the  aiscuracy  therefore  of  the 
eenaua,  aa  It  reapecta  the  agea  of  thia  claaa,  i.  leaa  to  be 
wWedin.    It  nlav  be  remarked,  that  Dr.  Ramwy.  U^ 
Matorian  of  South  Carolina,  aaaerto,  that  thoee  ind.vid- 
oala  who  have  been  bom  and  brought  up  in  the  northern 
atat^t,  and  who  have  afterwarda  niigrated  to  tlie  aouth, 
we  ittally  more  robuat,  more  capiible  of  wiUiatandmg 
the  climate,  and  are  longer  lived  than  the  nativea  of  the 
■oath.    Certain  it  ia,  that  the  Americana  in  general 
have  not  the  healthy  look  of  the  Eugliahmen.    TBe  njtn 
ue  often  tiOl,  very  powerAil,  particularly  in  Kentnoky, 

*  A  BrItUh  phyrieUa,  who  ttMti  hare  aaarhr  M  woathaji*!* 
a  el«a  eoSipaSSa  of  lii.  bUI.  oT  aaortaUty,  toand  the  loaaaviqr 
bi  (hvoor  oTUm  IT.  S.— M. 


HHH 


are  pcrhupf,  excep- 
of  the  iiihabitanta  of 
incr,  there  arc  not  ao 
ty  vf^ari  old  and  up- 
•  or  prraona  living  in 
d  tlii»  from  a  gintk- 
vfA  that  I  could  rely  ; 

0  the  cenauii  of  1830, 
vA  year*  old  and  up- 
thern  tlian  in  the  nor- 
uuld  boait  of  a  larger 
lari  old  and  upward*, 
«ptdalionofl,l)13,S08 
rlvonia  fifty-»cven  in  a 
nunilxT  in  tlic  United 
nlM'r  in  any  one  atate 
lio  greatniit  proportion 
k  amrma  that  the  ne- 
cd  race.    Bpraking  of 
g  for  the  inhabitant*  of 
nbia,  he  wty*,  "  They 
Lt  forty,  many  of  them 
3d  with   wrinkle*,   but 
|\y-fivo  or  imy."     It  »• 

a  grrutcr  age  in  the 
ich  ahowi  the  number 
lid  and  upward*,  it  will 
ek*  of  that  age  greatlv 

it  may  be  remarked, 

not  BO  well  known  a* 
curacy  therefore  of  the 

thi*  cla**,  i*  le»*  to  be 
,  that  Dr.  Ram*ay,  tlie 
orta,  that  tho*e  ind.vid- 
lught  up  in  the  northern 

migratrd  to  tiie  south, 
>apai>le  of  withatanding 

1  than  the  native*  of  the 
American*  ingeneral 

Euglishmen.  The  m^ 
irtlculurly  in  Kentneky, 

li.reB«artyl9moBttajaJ|J« 
trtalHy,  foand  iIm  hMflaviqr 


ITI    AMRRICA. 

and  well  proportioned ;  but  their  compleiiion*  are  not 
»n(Ve.|ucntly  mUow,  anil  climate-wom,  with  a  count*, 
nance  rc»«mblini{  that  of  a  perww.  juit  recovered  IVom  an 
iUneM.     Thin  in  iwrtly  tlie  conanqui-ncn  of  the  rllmale, 
partly  of  thrir  m.Klc  of  livlnr  und  tlirir  love  of  ardent 
ipirit*.  itill  faUlly  prevalent.  1  am  apoakmg  "f '""'^' ,• 
fire  when  I  -ay.  that  the  tavern  Ubie.  are  •  w«y«  *«" 
and  plentifully  .upniied ;  but  no  viand.  "•    h""K^\"» 
palallible  a.  tho«.  thut  are  .wimminjf  in  n.eltcd  butter. 
A  lK..ef  .U*k  that  would  be  excllent  if  cooked  «u  ««/Mr«/. 
i.  almoet  invariably  placed  at  the  »»»??'»»'"*?"••.  "^     \ 
in  thi.  manner  almo.t  invariably  .polled.    At  breakfl«t     » 
the  bread  and  cnko*  cannot  bo  too  new,  o' too  hot ,  and 
fre.h  *upplie*  arrive  during  the  meal,  wh'«hj;  «»««'y; 
doipatcl  ed  wilh  tho  mort  extraordinary  rapidity.    At 
NeVYork  I  onco  had  the  tablecloth  whwhed  from  under     , 
my  plate  by  the  impatient  ae.vanU.    The  «•»«'•>««; 
Jinlnce  U,  an  ertreme  prevalence  of  «>y»P«Pi* .'",•"    \ 
part*  of  the  United  SUte.,  which  I*  not  fo<»«'~.  ^J*»     J 
^credible  quantity  of  K)da  water,  aweetened  *'"»  dijwr.     > 
Int  .yrup*,  whlch'i*  con*um^  by  the  An«erlc«,  durinj     \ 
the  hot  weather.    At  BalU...c.o  I  have  drank,  I  think, 
the  fineat  *oda  water  I  ever  taated. 

The  Inn*,  or  Uvem.,  a*  tliey  "«,<:«"««'  ''»'«•'  \»r 
with  wore  generally  good,  particularly  in  the  towM . 
thoM)  in  the  country,  however,  were  •ometime.  o«c«d. 
Inalv   dirty  and   dlaagroeable.    1  have  •'"»?•»,  "WJ 
foSlfd  tfie  groatcat  dl^ition  on  the  part  ofth«  >««««;^ 
to  render  thorn  a.  comfortable  a*  po*.lble,  •»*,*•;• '«2 
•eldom  failed  in  my  application  for  a  room  With  a  rtngw 
bed,  aome  of  tl.om  containing  a.  many  «»«^^^• 
The  American,  think  nothing  of  »"'■•    Yr"JJ?^Sa 
.Ion.  in  Kentucky,  where  I  had  .eeured  •J^"«>«;J*»«~ 
room,  the  landlord  who  appoai-ed  to  ^^^^^^V^» 
and  thought  1  mu.t  be  ill.  came  iip  to  ">«  'hortly  Mn- 
ward*,  and  mo«t  goodimtiircdly  told  me,  that  W  room 
:««ady:"A*Pveunwe.i:*ir,lguej^70U^dUk. 
to  reUre  direcUy.'*    The  expend  of  living  at  thjBJjt   ^ 
L*  In  the  Unit'ed  State,  varie*  from  '^o  to  threo  doB« 
a  day.    For  thi.  mm  a  peraon  i*  prov^ed  w^tti  a  tad, 
iSTLr  meal,  at  ataterhour*.    ^  coffee  oomln  tht 
hotel  for  eating  and  drinking  at  one',  own  time,  to  » 
totSif  Uw  aSUc««  have  not  yet  attained  to  }•  at  toMt 


I: 


104 


SIX  ItOMTHS 


s 


I  do  not  remember  to  liave  seen  one  any  where.  I  did 
not  find  tlio  reg\)lar  hours  so  troublesome  as  I  expected, 
M  the  great  neat  rendered  it  impossible  for  weeks  to- 
gether to  take  any  thing  like  severe  exercise,  ezceptine 
at  a  very  early  hour  of  the  morning,  or  after  six  o'clock 
in  the  evening.  I  would  instance  Mr.  Head's  table  at 
Philadelphia,  aa  the  best  in  Uio  United  States.  There 
was  a  quiet  gentlcmanliku  style  about  it,  that  I  never  saw 
■orpaiMd,  or  hardly  equalled,  by  a  tabic  d'hote  in  any 
country.  I  wiah  I  could  speak  as  well  of  tiie  bed-rooms 
in  that  respect ;  I  much  prefer  those  at  Mr.  Bamum's  at 
Baltimore,  and  Mr.  Gadsby's  at  Washington.  Take  it 
altogether,  the  Tremont  at  Boston,  is  by  far  the  best 
bote!  in  the  States.  Ice  is  to  be  had  in  the  greatest  plenty 
in  all  parW  of  the  United  States ;  I  have  even  found  it  as 
a  luxury  at  my  toilette.  On  the  subject  of  eating  ices,  I 
found  that  nobody  would  touch  a  water  ice,  and  that  in 
ganeral  cream  icea  only  were  to  be  met  with,  even  at  the 
DMt  shopsi  .  , 

The  most  fearful  enemy  of  health  is  ardent  spirits, 
which,  by  those  who  drink  them  ot  all,  arc  taken  at  all 
iioura,  from  four  in  the  morning  till  twelve  at  mght,  and 
■wallowed  under  the  various  and  subdued  appcUations 
of  bitters,  egg-nogg,  mint-julep,  and  many  otters;  all 
sounding  watery  enough  to  have  capUvated  Sangrado 
himself.  The  Temperance  SocieUes  are  an  honour  to  the 
country.  There  are  about  1000  of  them  in  the  Umted 
StateB,compo»d  of  1,200,000  members,  and  affecUng 
about  3,000,000  of  individuals  directly  or  indirectly. 
They  have  caused  the  suppression  of  1000  distilleries, 
and  300O  retail  stores,  "rlie  members  solemnly  promise 
that  they  will  not  touch  a  drop  of  any  kind  of  spirits ; 
of  course,  the  puIsJS  of  the  society  are  someUmes  broken, 
particularly  as  they  allow  wine  and  brandy  when  or- 
•a«ed  by  the  doctor.  I  have  heard  it  observed  by  Ui««! 
who  are  unfriendly  to  these  associations,  that  an  indi- 
vidual  who  cannot  abstain  from  spirits  without  belonging 
to  a  temperance  society,  wiU  not  refrain  when  he  be- 
oomea  a  member ;  but  there  is  a  vast  difference  between 
the  atrength  of  a  resolution  mode  to  oneself,  and  knovm 
only  to  onesdf,  and  a  promise  solemnly  and  publicly 
given,  where  fulfilment  is  demanded  by  honour,  the  few 
of  shame,  and  the  duty  of  example.  It  is  always  ob- 
served, that  when  a  member  of  the  society  has  once  re. 
lapwd  into  his  old  habits,  hia  course  is  one  of  reckless- 


^:\^inutm  •*  'T^^V  ■ 


iiiiinj(tiiif[riiift'i''i»'"<i>>^'iii'i  i 


IN  AMERICA. 


105 


le  any  where.  I  did 
Icsomo  as  I  expected, 
poMiblc  for  weeks  to- 
e  usorcige,  excepting 
e,  or  after  six  o'clock 
Mr.  Head's  table  at 
Jnited  States.  There 
mt  it,  thut  I  never  saw 
a  tabic  d'hote  in  any 
well  of  tiie  bed-rooms 
ic  at  Mr.  Bamum's  at 
Vashington.  Take  it 
(I,  is  by  far  the  best 

I  in  tlic  greatest  plenty 
have  even  found  it  as 

ibject  of  eating  ices,_  I 
vatcr  ice,  and  that  in 
met  with,  even  at  the 

1th  is  ardent  spirite, 
at  all,  are  token  at  all 

II  twelve  at  night,  and 
,  subdued  appellations 
uid  many  others;  all 
3  captivated  Sangrado 
38  are  an  honour  to  the 
of  them  in  the  United 
embers,  and  affecting 
lirectly  or  indirectly. 
n  of  1000  distilleries, 
hen  solemnly  promise 
'  any  kind  of  spirits  : 
are  sometimes  broken, 
and  brandy  when  or- 
-d  it  observed  by  those 
ciations,  that  an  indi- 
iritB  without  belonging 
ot  refrain  when  he  be- 
'ast  difference  between 
to  oneself,  and  known 
lolemnly  and  publicly 
led  by  honour,  the  fear 
^ple.  It  is  always  ob- 
le  society  has  once  re- 
ise  is  one  of  reckless- 


ness and  desperation.  That  the  societies  have  done  good 
is  undeniable,  by  their  influence  on  the  wholesale  trade 
in  spirits  at  New  York. 

I  now  loft  Washington  to  proceed  to  Harper's  ferry. 
The  English  and  American  ideas  of  the  picturesque  are 
widely  different  The  Englishman,  who  sees  enough  of 
cultivation  in  his  own  country,  travels  _  to  other  lands  in 
search  of  wilder  scenery,  and  gazes  with  delight  on  the 
immense  forests  of  America.  The  American  would 
readily  dispense  with  the  romantio,  and  wonders  that 
every  body  is  not  like  himself,  an  admirer,  by  preference, 
of  a  rail-road,  a  cuial,  or  a  piece  of  'toewly  cleared 
ground.  Excellent  as  these  are  in  their  way,  I  really 
believe  that  the  Americans,  of  the  middle  and  lower 
class,  regard  them  not  merely  with  reference  to  their 
beneficiid  effects,  but  aa  the  ne  pbu  tdtra  of  the  beauti- 
ful. When  I  inquired  which  was  the  prettiest  road  to- 
wards Harper's  ferry,  "  Go  by  such  a  road,"  was  the 
reply ;  "  it  runs  by  the  side  of  the  oanal,  sir."  How- 
ever, it  so  happened  that  the  canal-road  lay  alio  along 
the  bank  of  the  Potomac,-  and  the  scenery  certainly  was 
very  pretty.  At  a  distance  of  two  miles  from  the  road, 
and  thirteen  or  fourteen  from  Washington,  are  the 
Great  Falls  of  the  Potomac.  I  did  not  turn  out  of  my 
way  to  see  them;  I  have  seen  a  great  many,  and  pur- 
posed visiting  Niagara. 

After  aU  f  had  heard,  I  must  say,  that  I  was  disap- 
pointed with  Harper's  ferry.  The  Shenandoah  and 
Potomac  rivers  unite  at  the  foot  of  the  Blue  Mountains, 
through  which  they  have  forced,  or  rather  worn  a  pas- 
sage: but  the  rivers  arc  of  the  same  width.  The 
mountains,  composed  of  limestone,  ond  schistose  rocks, 
are  of  moderate  and  uniform  elevation,  and  they  owear 
to  be  perfectly  acquiescent,  while  the  stream  glioM  in 
silent  triumph  over  its  smooth  though  rocky  channel, 
without  the  least  appearance  of  exasperation.  ^^ 

I  visited  the  United  States'  arsenal,  contMninjr70,000 
stand  of  arms.  "The  chief  armourer  was  an  old  English- 
man, who  served  at  the  battles  of  Alexandria  and  Tra- 
falgar. I  observed  that,  with  the  exception  of  the  ram- 
rod and  tonchhole,  which  was  of  brass,  every  part  ^f^ 
musket,  lock,  barrel,  and  bayonet,  was  browned.  They 
were  not  ranged  in  order,  as  in  other  arsenals,  but  were 
kept  in  boxes,  so  that  there  was  no  dis'lay  whatever. 


MaMlMliMM* 


106 


SIX    MONTHS 


From  the  arseiua  I  proceeded  to  Captain  Hall's  manu- 
factory of  patent  rifles.  With  one  of  these,  aOer  a  little 
practice,  a  man  may  load  and  fire  eight  or  J"ne  tunes  in 
k  minute.  The  arrangement  is  very  simple,  pe  tor- 
rel  appears  to  have  been  divided  from  the  breech  with  a 
fine  sawT  The  breech  U  raised  by  means  of  a  hinge 
and  a  spring,  which  is  struck  by  the  hand,  and  when 
loaded  M  Umnediately  shut  down,  bo  as  to  form  part  o| 
Cbarrel. similar  to  that  of  a  screw  pistol-  .The  grea 
Svantage  g«uned  by  the  invention  of  this  rifle  is,  that 
^thita  sddier  can  load,  and  defend  himself  with  his 
bayonet  at  the  mme  time,  „„^k 

We  are  also  some  large  saw  mills  here  weU  worth 
ibe  attention  of  the  traveller.  ei.^.„ 

I  proceeded  up  the  well-cultivated  valley  of  the  awnan- 
doah,  and  arrived  at  Winchester,  a  neat  consideraMe 
torn:  thence  to  a  good  inn  in  the  middle  of  the  forert. 
Ky  wv  I  croiiHitlie  sandy  ridge  and  the  Capon 
3Iou£taini^  though  they  hardly  dejerve  such  a  lume, 
uSiT^  appdLance,  scarcely  higher  than  the  Wre. 
SrSshropSfcr  IbreakfesteS  at  T^^%'.?:rfJ 
^Uage  on  thTsouth  bank  of  the  Potomac.  A  litUe  fer- 
theron,  tlie  road  is  frowned  upon  by  an  overhanging 
rock  of  bastard  lime-stone  :  ite  appearance  ia  very  sin- 
irular.  The  strata  are  disposed  in  arches  one  wiUun 
Bie  other,  so  that,  with  the  aid  of  fancy,its  "urface  may 
be  thought  to  resemble  the  so>«l  fr'>™«-!'.°'*  °*^  ^'*^: 
pendou.  bridge.  The  highest  arch,  to  which  the  otters 
ire  pandlel,  «  nearly  semi-circular  with  a  radius  of  270 

When  the  mail,  in  which  I  was  travelling,  arrived  at 
the  north  branch  of  the  Potomac,  wc  found  it  so  swot 
len  by  the  late  rains  that  a  passage  seemed  not  only 
daiureroiw  but  impracticable.  The  coachman,  however, 
acool  and  determined  feUow,  crossed  over  on  horseback , 
he  then  returned,  placed  one  of  the  passengers  on^Uic 
S^  leader,  and  Vesolutely  drove  his  four  horses  into 
Uie  torrent,  which  was  sixty  or  seventy  yards  m  width, 
r^ninir  like  a  miU-race,  and  so  deep  Uiat  it  re«<Aod 
nearlyup  to  the  backs  of  the  horses.  I  was  with  him 
on  the  hox.  The  inside  passengers  pulled  off  their  coats, 
and  prepared  to  swim.  The  water  forced  itself  mto  the 
coach:  but  we  reached  the  opposite  bank  without  d»- 
aster.  On  the  preceding  cvemn^  the  coachman  had 
only  prevented  the  mail  from  being  entirely  came* 


iiliiitiic      lii>lffillWW« 


Captain  Hall's  manu- 
B  of  these,  after  a  litUe 
eight  or  nine  times  in 
cry  simple.  Thebar- 
:om  the  breoch  with  a 
by  means  of  a  hinge 
r  the  hand,  and  when 
,  so  as  to  form  part  of 
ew  pistol.  The  great 
1  of  this  rifle  is,  that 
ifend  himself  with  hb 

mills  here  well  worth 

id  valley  of  the  Shenu- 
r,  a  neat  considermfale 
middle  of  the  forest, 
ridge  and  the  Capon 
dewrve  such  a  name, 
higher  than  the  Wre- 
at  Romney,  a  pretty 
Potomac.    A  little  As- 
ton by  an  overhanging 
appearance  is  very_  sin- 
in  arches  one  within 
r  fancy,  its  surface  may 
1  frame-work  of  a  stu- 
ch,  to  which  the  others 
lar  with  a  radius  of  370 

IS  travelling,  arrived  at 
3,  wc  found  it  so  swol- 
soge  seemed  not  only 
"he  coachman,  however, 
>8Bed  over  on  horseback ; 

the  paasengers  on^the 
ive  his  four  horses  into 

seventy  yords  in  width, 
so  deep  tliat  it  reached 
orscs.  I  was  with  him 
ers  pulled  off  their  coats, 
iter  forced  itself  into  the 
{)u8ite  bank  without  dis- 
inj[  the  coachman  had 

being  entirely  carrieil 


iiiiiinar. 


tN  AHKRIOA. 

away,  by  turning  the  horses'  heads  down  the  stream,  so 
tliat  the  coach  and  horses  were  swimming  for  nearly 
thirty  yards.  I  think  the  American  coachmen,  in  gene- 
ral, are  good  drivers :  the  horses  are  well  adapted  to 
their  work,  and  in  fine  condition !  in  summer  they  are 
allowed  any  quantity  of  oats  they  can  cat,  ond  in  winter 
a  little  Indian  com  is  mixed  with  them.  It  is  too  hoat« 
ing  to  be  much  used  in  the  stable  during  the  summer 
months ;  one  feed  of  Indian  com  is  supposed  to  contain 
as  much  nourishment  as  two  of  oats.  The  coaches  stop 
every  five  or  six  miles,  and  the  horses  drink  at  least  half 
a  pail  of  water;  they  could  pot  work  without  it  on  a  hot 
day.  The  roads  in  the  country  would  puzzle  the  tnoet 
experienced  English  coachman ;  they  are  often  execrat^ 
badv— and  require  making,  not  mending, — ^with  1^ 
roots  of  trees  sticking  up  in  Uie  middle  of  the  road.  .iTie 
expense  of  finishing  good  roads  throneh  the  forest 
would  be  enormous,  far  too  great  to  be  borne  at  pre- 
sent; but  in  the  neifffabourhood  of  the  large  towns  I 
have  sometimes  seen  fliem  in  a  state  of  inexooaable  ne- 

*  Cumberland  is  delightfiilly  situated  in  the  valley  at 
the  Potomac,  surrounded  by  lo%  hills,  out-toniM  by 
the  distant  Alleghany,  which  had  appeared  in  siglit-  to- 
wanls  the  dose  of  the  day. 

Viiginia  is  famous  for  iU  breed  of  horses,  "nil  I 
passed  through  that  state  I  had  not  seen  a  horse  with  at 
all  the  shape  and  figure  of  an  English  hunter ;  but  in 
Virginia  I  have  seen  horses  on  the  road,  and  brood  inaitM 
in  the  pastures,  displaying  a  great  deal  of  blood  and 
symmetry.  In  all  parts  of  the  Union  which  I  visited,  c 
well>bred  horse  is  termed  a  "  blooded  horse  t"  but  «w 
Americans  are  quite  at  liberty  to  use  what  terms  atf 
please.  Besides  the  paces  usually  known  in  En^fland, 
the  horse  in  the  United  States  is  valuable  acoordmg  to 
his  performances  as  a  square  or  natural  trotter,  a  paoer, 
or  a  racker.  A  racker  is  a  beast  that  can  trot  beftre, 
and  canter  behind,  at  the  same  time.  The  reoonunen- 
dati«His  of  a  pooer  are,  that  he  moves  his  fore  sari  hind 
legs  on  the  same  side  at  the  same  time,  like  a  «|aie- 
leopard.  When  hiring  a  hack,  you  are  questioned  as 
to  which  you  would  prefer.  As  there  is  no  fox-hunting, 
a  flist  trotter  is  considered  the  most  valuable  animal 
next  to  the  raoer.    A  horse  that  otn  trot  a  mik  in  two 


II  )Wwiw.i^yji.iLi4?t_^' 


108 


SIX  MOMTIU 


minute!  and  a  half,  ia  not  thought  very  extraordi- 

At  Cumberland  I  joined  the  high  road  or  "  tampike," 
between  Baltimore  and  Pittsburgh,  and  aoon  afterwarda 
I  began  the  aicent  of  the  Alleghany  for  the  second 
time.  The  road  pastes  over  Keyser's  ridge,  one  of  the 
highest  parte  of  the  mountain,  rising  to  a  height  of 
SWO  ibet  above  the  level  of  the  western  rivers.  The 
mountain  presented  the  same  distant  and  interminable 
foroat  view  that  I  beheM  when  I  passed  over  it  in 
Pennsylvania;    but  in  that  state,    there  were  more 

Stchea  of  cultivated  land  to  be  seen  here  and  there'  in 
D  vicinity  of  the  high  road.     Silence  and  tranquillity 
to  a  degree  I  never  before  witnessed,      '   I  think,  the 
prevailing  characteristics    of  the    Ainciioan    forests, 
where  the  Indian  is  no  longer  an  inhabitant    They 
are  dark,  but  never  gloomy,  excepting  where  they  are 
composed  of  pine  trees  :  they  are  s^itary,  and  are  si- 
lent  as  the  grave,  without  inspiring  horror.    They  are 
curious  an9  interesting  to  the  European  traveller.    In 
Europe  the  eye  is  flrequently  attracted  bv  the  ancient 
nlica  ef  ftu«ul  grandeur,  or  the  formidable  structures 
of  oiodem,   and  more   civilised    warfare.    But   the 
wild  -aoenory  of   America   is  dependent   for   ite  in- 
tmeat  on  nature,  and  nature  only ;  the  mountain  pas* 
is  without  banditti,  the  forest  is  without  fastness,  and 
the  glens  and  glades  are  quiet  and  legendleas.    I  was 
never  tired  of  the  foreat  scenerv,  although  1  PMsed 
through  it  day  ailer  day.  The  endleaa  diversity  of  foliage 
*   always  prevents  it  from  being  monotonous.  Sycamores 
and  tulip  trees  of  most  gigantic  dimensions,  are  to  be 
seen  on  the  banks  of  the  smaller  rivers,  or  creeks,  as 
they  are  termed  in  the  United  States.    With  the  more 
^    atately  trees  of  the  foreat  are  mingled  the  sassailras,  the 
gnm-tree,  the  hickory,  and  many  others  that  are  new 
to  the  European  eye.    But  the  most  beautiful  sight  ia 
afforded  by  the  wild  vine  that  entwines  itself  round 
the  acacia,  and  covers  every  branch  of  it  with  a  green 
tile-work,  extended  in  festoons  to  the  nearest  treee; 
like  those  which  are  to  be  seen  in  the  vineyarda  of 
Italy. 

Soon  after  passing  the  Alleghany,  I  was  shown  the 
remains  of  an  old  entrenchment  in  a  meadow  on  the  left 
of  the  road :  it  was  formed  by  Washington,  then  • 


Ti*3*k- 


liiwi'iii'f 


iriiftMlMMiirliiWiir'i'i 


II    >      i.iiil'IWW'iii 


igbt   vory  raUaordi- 

h  road  or  •'  turnpike," 
I,  and  MOD  aiVerwarda 
[hany  for  the  Mcond 

er'a  ridge,  one  of  the 
rising  to  a  height  of 
western  riven.  The 
tunt  and  interminable 

I  passed  over  it  in 
te,  there  were  more 
een  here  and  there*  in 
lence  and  tranquillity 
iicil,  I  think,  the 
Aiii(;i  >oan  forests, 
an  inhabitant.  They 
pting  where  they  are 
e  s^itary,  and  are  si- 
Ing  horror.  They  are 
luopean  traveller.  In 
racted  by  the  ancient 

formidable  structures 
i  warfkre.  But  the 
dependent  for  its  in- 
y;  the  mountain  pas* 

without  fastness,  and 
nd  iegcndleaa.  I  was 
'V,  although  I  pafaed 
diess  diversity  of  foliage 
onotonous.  Sycamores 
s  dimensions,  are  to  be 
sr  rivers,  or  creeks,  as 
Sutes.  With  the  more 
ngled  the  saasaftas,  the 
ly  others  that  are  new 
nost  beautiful  sight  is 

entwines  itself  round 
neb  of  it  with  a  green 

to  the  nearest  trees; 
en  in  the  vineyards  of 

any,  I  was  shown  the 
in  a  meadow  on  the  left 
J  Washingtoa,  then  a 


IN  AHKBIOA. 

colonel  in  the  British  service,  when  pursued  by  th» 
Indians  after  the  defeat  of  General  Braddock.  A  littla 
further  on,  on  the  right  hand,  on  the  bank  of  a  small 
stream,  I  saw  the  spot  where  the  general  was  buned, 
on  the  9th  of  July,  1755 ;  having  neglected  the  preoaa. 
tions  recommended  by  Colonel  Washington,  who  oSbr> 
ed  to  scour  the  forest  alongaide  his  Une  of  march  with 
the  provincial  troops ;  he  waa  atucked  by  •  he  Indians  in 
a  defile  along  the  banks  of  the  Monoi  /aJiela,  when 
within  about  ten  miles  of  Fort  du  Que  .ne,  at  Pitte- 
burgh,  then  occupied  by  the  French,  and  which  ha  wu 
marching  to  besiege :  his  bravery  »»"  <>f  J'"**  "•'  •" 
the  officers  about  his  person  were  killed,  ha  had  flw 
horses  shot  under  him,  and  at  Iwt  he  himself  reoeivad 
a  mortal  wound.  He  was  conveyed  away  by  hi«  fB- 
treating  soldiers;  but  soon  afterwards  died,  and  waa 
buried  in  the  middle  of  the  road,  and  the  wagons  and 
horses  were  allowed  to  pass  over  his  gi«va,  in  order  to 
conceal  the  spot  from  the  pursuing  Indians.  With  hia 
dyioB  breath  he  acknowledged  to  Cokmel  WashingtOB 
the  error  he  had  committed  in  not  following  bis  advioa. 
He  presented  him  with  his  horse,  and  gave  his  pff^g 
injunction  to  au  old  and  faithftil  attendant  to  fStar 
into  the  service  of  Colonel  Washington,  and  IWgiuil 
with  him  till  the  day  of  his  death.  Fort  DuQiiesna  wH 
afterwards  taken  by  General  Forbas,  and  the  name  WM 
changed  to  Fort  Pitt,  in  compliment  to  the  British 
minister.  The  ma:  azine  and  part  of  the  wall  are  dl 
that  remain  of  it  at  present,  and  are  to  be  seen  near  Uia 
point  of  confluence  of  the  rivers  at  Pittsburgh. 

At  Washington  town  I  attended  a  black  methodist 
meeting  ;  they  are  to  bo  found  in  every  eonsideraUa 
town  in  the  Union,  but  I  had  never  seen  one  befora. 
The  preacher  was  a  half-cast,  or  qoorteroon,  as  tha  na- 
sroes  call  them,  and  he  and  bis  congregation  wera  aU 
ranters ;  ho  talked  the  meet  incoherent  nonsansa,  ud 
worked  himsilf  up  to  such  a  pitch  of  ftanxy,  that  hia 
appearance  was  almost  that  of  a  manue.  At  intanrala 
1  was  nearly  stunned  by  the  noisa  ha  made;  and  I 
could  not  help  thinking  of  the  speech  of  tha  frofs  in 
the  fiiMe,  who  said  to  the  boy  as  he  pelted  them,  "It 
maybaverT  good  fan  for  jfou,  bat  tpe  raally  find  itax- 
OMMttncly  ttsagreaabla." 

Jul  uproaehed  PitUburgh tha imat  baaama  laaa 
aslwai*e»  and  the  country  azhibitad  a  mqre  ftnanl 
10 


i>iiViiii[iiiHHin«»ifci 


110 


SIX   MONTHS 


■ppearano*  of  cultivation,  althoagh  it  may  be  broadly 
anerted  that  the  Americana  are  at  least  fiity  yeari  be- 
hind ua  in  agriculture ;  yet  there  are  many  gentlemen's 
esUtoa  on  which  more  than  ordinary  care  and  labour 
have  been  bestowed,  and  which,  consequently,  are  far  in 
advance  of  others.  I  observed  some  good  farming  ad- 
jacent to  the  road.  Some  part  of  the  country  1  am 
spealiing  of,  micht  have  been  mistaken  for  the  more 
woody  parts  of  England,  had  it  not  been  for  the  worm 
or  zigxag  fence  which  is  in  universal  use  throughout 
the  United  State*,  and  offer*  but  a  poor  apolopry  for  the 
English  hedge  row,  although  they  are  sometimes  com- 
poeed  of  cedar  logs. 

Pittsburgh  is  buili  on  the  confluence  of  the  Alleghany 
and  Monongabela  rivers,  both  of  them  being  about  a 
quarter  of  a  mile  in  width,  whose  united  streams  form 
the  Ohio.    They  are  both  passed  by  a  fine  wooden 

"ne  city  contains  13,000  irthabitants ;  but  if  the  su- 
burb* are  included  in  the  calcuhOion,  its  populatiop  will 
amount  to  nearly  33,000.  It  may  be  called  the  western 
oapital  of  Pennsylvania.  It  manuftctures  annually 
about  18,000  tons  of  iron,  and  the  same  quantity  of 
■teeL  It  haa  dso  an  extensive  manufiMtorr  of  cotton 
and  glass.  Bituminous  coal  is  found  in  the  greatest 
plenty  in  the  neighbonrhood,  and  in  con8eq|ttence  of  tiM 
MBoke  and  black  dnst  from  the  manuiStctories,  the  shop- 
keepen  complain  that  it  is  impossible  to  keep  any  thing 
«iean.  I  entered  Fittoburgh  on  the  4th  of  July,  on 
which  day,  as  every  one  knows,  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence waa  signed  at  Philadelphia.  It  is,  of  course, 
ahraya  and  nnhrersally  a  dav  of  rejoicing  in  the  United 
States.  Tlie  militia  are  called  out,  a  paUic  dinner  is 
always  given  in  every  town  and  village  in  the  Union 
'  and  an  appropriate  oration  is  delivered  by  the  appointed 
'  orator  or  the  day.  I  regretted  I  did  not  arrive  m  time 
to  be  present  at  the  diimer,  which  had  taken  place  under 
the  shade  of  aoaie  trees  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Al- 
leghuw,  bat  I  heard  a  great  number  of  sentimento  de> 
liveretC  without  being  drank.  Any  bmtander  vtrrote  an 
idisa  upon  a  dip  of  paper  and  handed  it  to  the  oratoor, 
who  read  it  aknid  to  the  company.  Tliey  were  aU  man 
or  leas  patriotic,  but  usually  couched  in  the  most  ridiou- 
looa  bombaetie  language.  The  cause  of  relbrm  in  Bn- 
land,  waa  a  fireqnent  theme  of  enkigy.    William  iSe 


M|niii*tMM«'«* 


IN    AMERICA. 


Ill 


[h  it  mmy  be  broadly 
t  leaat  fifty  yeara  be- 
.re  many  geutlemen'a 
ary  care  and  labour 
tnsequcntly,  are  far  in 
)me  good  farming  ad. 
sf  the  country  I  am 
liatoken  for  the  more 
been  for  the  worm 
ersal  use  throughout 
a  poor  apolop^y  for  the 
y  arc  lometimei  coro- 

lence  of  the  Alleghany 
r  them  being  about  a 
e  united  streams  form 
id  by  a  fine  wooden 

>itanti ;  but  if  the  su- 
ion,  its  populatiop  will 

be  called  the  western 
lanu&ctures  annually 
the  same  quantity  of 
manufiustoiT  of  cotton 
found  in  the  greatest 

in  consecjuence  of  Ae 
uuiuiactones,  the  shop- 
nUe  to  keep  any  thing 
1  the  4th  of  July,  on 
he  Declaration  of  Inde* 
phia.  It  is,  of  course, 
rejoicing  in  the  United 
lUt,  a  panlic  dinner  is 
1  village  in  the  Union 
ivered  by  the  appointed 
'.  did  not  arrive  m  time 
I  had  taken  place  under 
>ppoaite  side  of  the  Al- 
nber  of  sentiments  d» 
Iny  bjretander  wmte  an 
andea  it  to  the  orator, 
f.  Hey  were  all  man 
)hed  in  the  most  ridioa- 
cause  of  raferm  in  Eof- 

eulogy.    Willitm  Oe 


reformer  was  applauded  as  bemg  more  glorious  than 
WiUiara  the  Conqueror.  Henry  firoiwham  was  coup^H 
with  Henry  Clay,  and  a  drunken  Iri.hraw!  reouestod 
"  parmi«iion  to  give  a  woluntary  toast,"  and  "^uded  h« 
mJ^esty  to  the  skies,  in  terms  which  I  cannot  pretend 

^^OniSf  day  died,  at  New  York,  James  Monroe,  the 
fifth  president  of  the  United  States,  havmg  twice  held 
that  office  from  1817  to  1825.  His  eidogy  was  spoken 
^Mr.  Adams,  who  appears  to  he  the  orator-pneral 
uV.n  such  ocMsions,  and  who,  in  the  true  .pint  of  le. 

pSucanUm.  think,  it  "o  ">««''^»^°"*° '^^''2o'^ 
a  member  of  congress  after  Tuiving  once  fiUed  the  preri- 
dent's  chair.    Mr.  Monr«.  was  five  years  of  ^  the 
date  of  the  stamp  act.    At  an  early  age  »»  j«ned  th« 
standard  of  WasUgton,  when  ojhers  were  de^ertimj  it 
He  wa«  prewsntTttlie  celebnited  I»r^5[J*r™ 
ware  at  Trenton,  was  wounded  m  the  subseqnnit  en- 
gagement,  and  was  afterwards  pr«|«nt  m  the  "^^--of 
SSndywine,  Germantown,  and  M«;f«^  J^l.*^ 
his  seat  in  the  federal  congrw.  »»i^"^»*Jr5£ 
oftwei,ty.four.    He  was  at  first  owoeed  to  tieijAigioB 
of  the  articles  of  the  constituUpn,  bdwving  th«»  to  be 
imperfect,  and  of  Uttle  remedial  efficacy;  aUhoaf h  he 
Z^d«adedly  in  fcvourof  «»ne  un~rt«jt  ch^ 
nMaa  Mvemment  under  the  aitioles  of  cw^r?^ 
S!Monroe  wa.  appointed  by  President  Wadungton. 
Si  nSw  plenipotentiary  to  the  court  of  ,Francej«nd 
wL  ^ivedSnth  splendfd  fbrnmUty  by  *•  "^ 
convention ;  but  being  un«iccessfiil  m  Ij-.'W^^ 
he  was  recalled,  and  Sr.  Pmkney  appomted  m  "•^P^W. 
He  was  afterwards   appointed  governor  of  VW«». 
When  Napoleon  had  95,000  veterans  asKimbled  at  Hd- 
vo«Usluy8,^eady   for  embarkation  to  Louisiana,  Mr. 
mTc^:^^  ^Jt  over  by  IWdent  Jef/^-^  ^^^ 
cial  commission.    On  his  arriviA,  the  war  WWW*  0"« 
Britain  and  France  wm  «'k»"'«»»«V^J?S  M^\tA 
LouisiMia  was  averted.    In  ~?J.'»«*'*J*?Jf'i?^ 
ney.the  then  United  State,  minwtor  at  MwJiW,  hj^«w- 
duded  Uu.  Ueaty  bv  ^^ich  bouiaiw*  w- ced«i^4i  toe 

Si:ii»tS  syss^Tm  iTSi'tuiTsfSrv.ii^a'rt 

SrZl  UdS  toiheFrench,  the  origi«d  settle.. 
tTo  iffl  »2teli  P^  IS-OOOjOOOof  doD«j^ 
Monroe  afterwards  went  to  England  •■  minuter  pl*ni- 


v»*. 


^^^Etj&SE|^Q^i,<^^^  ^ 


Otfiiliintiiiii 


lit 


nX    MONTHS 


wrfentiary,  ho  wm  preient  in  Parw  at  the  coronaUon  of 
Napoleon.  He  returned  to  the  United  States  in  1B07, 
and  became  aecretary  of  Btate  in  1811,  and  afterwards 
•ecrctary  at  war.  In  1817  he  was  elected  president,  ard 
waa  re-elected  in  1821  witliout  opposition.  His  opinion 
on  the  subject  of  internal  improvcincnU,  was,  that  a 
power  of  establisliing  a  general  system  of  internal  im- 
provement had  not  been  delegated  to  congress,  and  he 
returned  a  bill  to  the  house,  in  which  it  originated,  with 
k  juatification  of  his  exercise  of  prerogative,  in  an  able 
and  elaborate  exposition  of  the  reasons  for  tlio  refusal  of 
Ms  assent  It  is  a  very  singular  fact,  that  Mr.  Monroe 
is  the  third  out  of  four  deceased  presidents,  who  have 
diCid  A  the  4th  July.  The  circumstances  attending  the 
death*  vf  PresidenU  Jefferson  and  John  Adams  were 
very  extraordinary.  A  committee  of  five  was  originally 
AMMiated  to  draw  up  the  articles  of  the  consUtution. 
Jefferson  and  Adams  were  selected  as  a  sub-committee, 
and  were  in  fkct  the  real  framers  of  the  constitution. 
Theae  two  gentlemen  died  on  the  4th  of  July,  in  the 
■•me  rear,  and  the  news  of  their  decease  arrived  at  ex- 
actly tne  same  time,  on  die  same  day,  at  Philadelphia, 
where  the  Declaration  of  Independence  was  signed. 

From  PitUburg  I  rode  to  Braddock's  field.  It  was 
pointed  out  to  me  about  three  hundred  vards  from  the 
bank  of  the  Monongabela.  The  ground  ha*  been  consi- 
derably cleared  since  the  action  took  place ;  but  it  seems 
to  have  been  admirablv  adapted  to  the  Indian  mode  of 
war&r*,  on  account  of  the  undulating  surface  oi  tlie 
Oald,  that  enabled  the  Indians,  with  the  aid  of  the  forest 
with  which  it  waa  then  covered,  to  lie  in  ambush,  and 
fire  without  being  perceived.  When,  as  a  child,  I  used 
to  read  die  account  of  this  sanguinary  conflict,  aa  nar- 
rated  by  the  highlander  in  tlie  history  of  "  Sandford  and 
Merton,"  little  did  I  dream  that  I  should  ever  stand  upon 
the  field  of  battle.  - 

From  Pittsburg,  I  proceeded  for  fifteen  miles  down 
the  weatem  bank  of  the  Ohio  to  Economy,  a  German 
■ettlement,  under  the  superintendence  of  Mr.  Rapp,  con- 
ducted on  a  syitem  somewhat  resembling  that  of  Mr. 
Owen,  of  Lanark.  The  members  call  themselves  the 
**  Brothers,"  and  have  a  community  of  property.  Any 
person,  of  any  country,  however  poor,  may  become  a 
member,  by  conforming  to  the  rules,  and  submitting  to 
learn  one  of  the  trade*  or  other  occupation*  wliicb  are 


mmmm 


uiniiistoi 


iWWMiMii 


iggg 


TUB 

'aril  at  the  coronation  of 

)  United  State*  in  1807, 

in  1811,  and  afterwards 
va§  elected  pre»idcnt,  and 

opposition.  Hi»  opinion 
iprovuuientf,  woi,  that  a 
il  tivstem  of  internal  im- 
atcd  to  con$rre««,  and  he 

which  it  originated,  with 
)f  prerogative,  in  an  able 

reason!  for  tlic  refusal  of 
jr  fact,  that  Mr.  Monroe 
sed  presidents,  who  have 
cumstancea  attending  the 
I  and  John  Adams  were 
Itee  of  five  waa  originally 
ticlea  of  the  constitution, 
scted  aa  a  sub-committee, 
mcrs  of  the  constitution. 

the  4th  of  July,  in  the 
eir  decease  arrived  at  ex- 
une  day,  at  Philadelphia, 
lendence  was  signed, 
raddock'a  field.     It  was 

hundred  vards  firom  the 
le  ground  haa  been  consi- 

I  took  place ;  but  it  seems 
Bd  to  the  Indian  mode  of 
ndnlating  surface  of  tlie 
with  the  aid  of  the  forest 
)d,  to  lie  in  ambush,  and 

When,  aa  •  child,  I  used 
Dffuinary  conflict,  aa  nar- 
history  of  "  Sandford  and 

I I  should  ever  atand  upon 

d  for  fifteen  mile*  down 
I  to  Economy,  a  German 
ndenoe  of  Mr.  Rapp,  con- 
t  resembling  that  of  Mr. 
ibers  call  tniemselvea  the 
lunity  of  property.  Any 
rer  poor,  may  become  a 
rules,  and  snhmittinf  to 
Br  occupations  which  are 


IN    AMERICA. 


113 


(au|{lit  in  t)ie  society.  If  he  be  weary  of  its  regulations, 
liu  i»  at  liberty  to  leave  it,  and  takes  with  him  from  the 
public  fimd,  all  that  he  brought  into  it :  hia  earnings, 
during  his  stay,  becoming  general  property.  It  ia  open 
on  tlte  same  terms,  even  tu  the  entirely  destitute.  'I^e 
town  is  regularly  built,  and  extremely  neat :  there  an 
4U0O  acres  of  land  belonging  to  tiie  establishment,  cultt 
vatod  by  tlie  members,  and  at  the  expense  of  the  society  | 
tliey  have  a  good  museum,  an  admirable  band,  and  poU 
lie  concerta  twice  in  the  week.  The  "Brothers"  are 
chiefly  Lutherans,  from  Wirtenberg,  where,  I  under- 
stood,  they  originally  attempted  to  form  a  society  of  tba 
same  kind,  but  it  became  obnoxious  to  the  government, 
and  waa  suppressed.  Mr.  Rapp  himself  is  a  Lutlwan 
clergyman,  and  pre^es  the  doctrine  of  brotherly  mva. 
His  first  settlement  was  on  the  Wabash  river,  seWral 
hundred  miles  to  the  south ;  but  he  sold  the  place  to  Mr. 
Owen,  whose  philanthropic  exertions  were,  as  usual,  un- 
attended witli  success.  Mr.  Rapp  occasionally  goes  to 
Philadelphia,  in  search  of  recruits  amongst  the  latest  im- 
portations  from  Germany ;  and  it  will  be  readily  b» 
iieved,  that  ho  enlists  none  but  his  own  countrymen  to 
undergo  this  voluntary  confinement,  and  second  sdiool- 
ing.  It  is  scarcely  necesaary  to  mention,  that  nuurriaM 
and  a  continuance  in  the  society,  are  incompatible.  It 
is  said,  that  Mr.  Ri4>p's  system  mis  been  sufficiently  suc- 
cessful to  cheat  him  mto  the  idea,  that  his  calling,  if  not 
of  the  prophetic,  is,  at  least,  of  the  patriarchal  oraen 

At  economy,  I  joined  the  passing  steamboat  tor 
Maysrille.  For  about  a  hundred  and  fifty  miles  of  itf 
course,  the  average  width  of  the  Ohio  ia  notjireater  than 
that  of  the  Thames  at  Vauxhall  bridge.  It  is  often  vert 
low ;  and  not  navigable  for  steamboats.  Tba  water  u 
then  extremely  dear ;  but  when  I  saw  it,  the  river  had 
been  swelled  by  the  late  rains,  and  was  very  muddv. 
The  sur&oe  of  its  tmruflled  and  rapid  stream  was  nearly 
covered  bv  tnmks  of  trees,  which  had  bee^  was^,ea 
down  by  we  torrents  firom  the  forests,  and  render*  I  it 
often  necessary  to  stop  the  engine,  in  order  to  pre- 
vent aooidents  to  the  paddles.  In  our  passago  down 
the  river,  we  passed,  aman((st  othert,  Blennerbasaet's 
island,  so  called  firom  its  havmg  been  the  rveidencb  of  a 
parson  of  that  name,  who  haa  involved  ymself  tJk  the 
supposed  eonspiracy  of  Cokmel  Bnrr,  who,  in  1806, 
fittM  out  an  armed  expedition  on  the  Ohio,  with  whieh 
I0» 


^H 


ii- 


(', 


114 


MX  MOMTIII 


iw  Intended  either  to  make  a  hoatile  iiKuraion  intu 
the  Spanifh  territorioa,  or,  according  to  the  more  ge- 
naral  belief,  to  make  himself  master  of  New  Orkons, 
with  a  view  to  the  formation  of  an  independent  power. 
BlennerhaMMst  hod  beautified  the  island  at  a  ercat  ex- 
peue ;  but  hia  property  waa  confiacated  by  order  of  go- 
vernment. 

We  pataed  Wheeling,  a  town  containmg  about  6000 
inhabitanta,and  manuftctoriea  of  the  same  kind  ni  thoio 
«t  Pitlaburg.  At  tliis  place,  it  is  said,  that  the  Baltimore 
•nd  Ohio  rail-road  ii  to  come  in  contact  with  the  river. 

Maysville  is  a  much  prettier  town,  with  a  more  pic- 
tnreaque  aituation;  ana  looks  well  in  spito  of  iU  red 
lM«ea.  I  awiended  a  hill  whence  I  had  a  fine  view  of 
thtOhio,  which  is  here  above  a  quarter  of  a  mile  in 
wMUi.  It  ia  obaervable  of  ita  banks,  that  they  never  nse 
to  any  height,  directly  from  the  water,  on  both  sides  of 
the  river  at  the  same  time.  If  they  are  abrupt  on  the 
one  aide,  the  opposite  shore  is  sure  to  display  a  fine  strip 
of  cultivated  land  intorvenmg  between  tl»e  hills  and  the 
river,  in  the  back  ground.  Near  Portsmouth,  on  the 
Ohio,  ia  a  slip  of  groimd  containing  4000  acres,  the 
whole  of  it  planted  with  Indian  corn,  but  it  is  hidden 
from  the  view  of  tlie  steamboat  passengers  by  the  trees 
on  the  margin  of  the  river. 

About  twenty-four  mile*  from  Maysville,  on  the  road 
to  Lexington,  is  k  very  fine  sulphureous  spring,  called 
"the  Blue  Liok."  There  are  several  houses  in  the 
neighbourhood  for  the  accommodation  of  visitors,  who 
naort  thither  for  Uie  benefit  of  the  water. 

Lexington  is  the  neateat  country  town  I  had  yet  seen 
in  thoVnited  States ;  the  streeta  are  regular  and  apa- 
dona,  and  delightfiilly  ahaded  by  acacia  trees,  which  are 

Cmtad  before  every  house :  it  containa  about  6000  in- 
bitanti.  Although  comfortable  and  cheerfid  in  jto  ap- 
pearance, Lexington  ia  the  only  olace  of  note  in  the 
^ted  Statea,  whose  proqierity,  for  several  years,  has 
been  on  the  decline,  it  oouU  boast  of  excellent  aooietv ; 
bat  being  am  inland  town,  and  supported  only  by  the 
■nnoundmg  country,  it  ia  now  paying  the  pmahy  for 
having  enlwged  itself  beyond  ito  meana  of  supply.  One 
■dditiooal  oanae  of  its  dieoline  is,  the  great  increaae  of 
■team  navigation  on  the  Ohio  and  AuasiaainMi  which 
affords  lo  much  greater  ftoility  to  travellera  going  to 
New  Orkwu,  than  the  land  route,  which  runa  thrMgh 


a 
to 
op 

I* 
in 

coi 

th< 

de 

th< 

an 

at« 

sbl 


« I  .     riwimimWiiilWI'JIiil'li'i   'i     '    '" 


ir>iiiinir|iii|irw^ 


••tl^mirmm' 


hostile  inciurtion  into 
>rding  to  the  more  ge- 
naator  of  New  Orieani, 

ui  independent  power. 
ie  iiland  at  a  great  ex. 
lAacoted  by  order  of  go- 

containinff  about  6000 
if  the  aamekind  ai  thoie 

said,  that  the  Baltimore 
I  contact  with  the  river. 

town,  with  a  more  pic. 
well  in  apite  of  ita  red 
nee  I  had  a  fine  view  of 

a  quarter  of  a  mile  in 
utkR,  that  they  never  riie 
!  water,  on  both  aides  of 

they  are  abrupt  on  the 
lire  to  display  a  fine  strip 
lietween  tiie  hills  and  the 
ear  Portsmouth,  on  the 
itaining  4000  acres,  the 
in  corn,  but  it  is  hidden 
t  paaaengers  by  the  trees 

in  MaysviUe,  on  the  road 
ilphureous  spring,  called 
I  several  houses  in  the 
nodation  of  visiters,  who 
the  water. 

ntry  town  I  had  yet  seen 
eti  are  regular  and  spa> 
>y  acacia  trees,  which  are 

contains  about  6000  in. 
ble  and  cheerfiil  in  ita  ap- 
Jy  place  of  note  in  the 
,y,  for  several  years,  hat 
koast  of  excellent  aocietr ; 
id  supported  only  by  the 
N  paying  the  pmahy  for 
ts  means  of  supily.    One 

ia,  the  great  moreaae  of 
»  aod  Suasiaaipiii,  wUoh 
ry  to  trmvellers  goinf  to 
lUte,  which  nnu  throogii 


IN  AMIKICA. 


116 


liexington.  A  collego,  which  had  been  established  here, 
did  not  answer  the  expectations  of  ita  founders,  and  a 
few  years  since  was  unfortunately  burnt. 

I'lll  lately,  the  greatest  confusion  prevailed  tlirough 
the  whole  of  Kentucky,  in  consequence  of  the  compli. 
cated  state  of  titles  to  landed  property,  which  has  consi' 
derably  retarded  the  advance  of  ita  prosperity.  Lands 
were  sold  by  the  government  of  Virginia  before  the 
■eparation  of  Kentucky  from  that  state,  without  having 
been  previously  surveyed  and  marked  out.  The  conse> 
qucnce  wan,  tliat  four  or  five  different  persons  entered 
with  their  warrants  of  possession,  as  purchasers  of  the 
•ame  lots,  where,  in  many  cases,  tlicir  interest  had  al> 
ready  been  sold  and  re-sold.  The  endless  litigatioiMC> 
eaaioned  bv  this  state  of  aiTairs  produced  a  law,  limituig 
the  time  or  action  to  seven  years,  after  which  the  oWiu 
pier  was  to  remain  in  unidisputed  possession  of  the 
property. 

The  system  of  country  banks  haa  been  still  more 
ruinoua  to  Lexington,  and  Uie  state  of  Kentucky  gene. 
rally.  Thev  were  first  estabUshed  towards  the  end  of 
the  year  1817.  The  persons  principally  connected  with 
them  were  members  of  the  legislature  ;  about  forty  <^ 
them  were  opened  with,  of  course,  a  very  limited  capital, 
but  an  unlimited  supply  of  paper.  The  eatabliahment  of 
tbe  branch  bank  of^the  United  States  obliged  them  to 
pay  in  specie,  and  the  consequence  was  the  greatest  em. 
barraasment  in  their  affairs.  The  directors  enacted 
what  lawa  they  pleased,  to  save  themaelves  from  the  im- 
pending ruin :  they  abolished  imprisonment  for  debt,  aqd 
passed  what  were  called  atay  lawa— general  and  parti. 
cular  enactmenta,  which  extended  the  time  of  payment ; 
a  desperate  mode  of  proceeding,  and  whieh  only  served 
to  plunge  them  deeper  in  the  mire.  Thoae  who  were  of 
opinion  that  payment  of  debta,  oontraetad  at  a  time  when 
paper  waa  the  only  currency,  could  not  now  be  demanded 
m  speeie,  contrived  to  get  a  law  paased  eatabl^ahing  a  new 
court,  lilM  by  judgea  whose  opini<ms  coincided  with 
their  own,  and  who  were  removable  at  pleasure,  llie 
decisiona  of  this  court  were  at  variaricto  with  those  of 
the  old  one,  and  a  new  and  old  court  party  immediately 
aroae.  The  judges  of  the  new  ooort,  howavnr,  immedil 
■ielyreaiffned.  PaUic  and jwivate  credit  ia  aUB  at  k  low 
abb,aiidth0  oltiiiuUe  rain  ofinany  oTthelMulby  ftiniliM 


^^1 


Its 


■IX    MOMTIU 


in  the  itata,  wlio  mo  voiinovtvd  willi  Uiu  Uiiku,  aiiimkra 
1  wu  iiifurnivit,  nliiuMt  uiuvuidablt-. 

A  rail-road  tu  liOui»vill«  in  uliurlly  to  tw  coniniancvd, 
which  will,  no  doubt,  much  benctit  the  town  aiid  lOr. 
rounding  country.  At  the  dtilanuv  of  a  mile  ataiida  Uio 
Ensliah-looliiiiK  rcaidciioe  of  Henry  t'lay,  fjKj.,  whow 
uuUic  aervicei  arc  too  well  known  to  need  any  remark 

nere.  ,      ,    ,         „  , 

I  viaited  ioveral  oavoi  in  thi*  neighbourhood;  tliat  called 
RuMell'a  cavo,  diatant  about  aix  niUea,  ia  moat  worthy  of 
attention.  It  ia  three  quartern  of  a  mile  in  IcnKtli,  form- 
ed  in  a  rock,  compoaed  of  innumerable  atraU  of  marine 
■helb,  embedded  in  limeatone.  The  action  of  water,  oc- 
caupning  an  inimcnao  preaaure,  ia  evident  at  Arat  aight. 
Aoclidoua  apring  iaauea  from  the  onve,  which  uiifor. 
tuwtely  waa  ao  awoUen  m  to  prevent  my  entrance. 
Three  milea  hence,  I  obaerved  two  Indian  forta.  The 
larger  ia  lurroundod  by  a  trench,  whirli  ia  now  about 
aeven  feet  deep,  and  three  quartera  of  a  mile  in  length. 
In  the  awollen  one  the  ditch  i»  conaiderablv  deeper  and 
more  diatinct,  encircling  it  on  every  aide,  excepting 
where  an  entrance,  wide  enough  to  admit  a  carriage, 
haa  been  left  untouched  by  the  apade. 

At  Lexington  I  waa  much  amuaed  at  the  maater-apfnc 
mannera  of  the  alavea.    They  give  themielvea  great  airt. 
On  Bundaya  they  either  hire  hacka,  or  more  commonly 
rida  their  maatera'  horaea.    I  aaw  do«en»  of  them,  attend, 
ed  by  their  femalea,  playing  the  agreeable  on  horaebaok, 
and  "  doing  a  bit  of  park  "  "  i  U  nuliuiro,"    The  alavea 
of  the  aouthern  atatea  are  a  very  happy  race.    In  acme 
plaoea  their  numbera    conatitute  a  "  plaie  politique, 
equally  UoublMome,  and  fiur  more  formidable,  than  the 
■yatem  of  poor  bwa  In  England.    In  many  place*  they 
far  outnumber  the  whitea,  who  are  obhged  to  uae  peat 
precaution*,  mi  reatrict  their  aUvea  in  many  particiUarf. 
About  twenty  yeara  ago,  a  conapiraoy  waa  formed  by 
the  negroe*  at  Lexingtons  a  houne  waa  to  be  aeton  fire, 
and  whilat  every  one  repaired  to  the  apot,  they  were  to 
take  poaaetaion  of  a  large  atand  of  urma  kept  at  the  ina, 
and  the  defenoeleae  crowd  were  to  be  fired  up<m.    The 
bank  waa  to  be  plundered,  and  the  town  burnt.    The  can- 
•piracy  ynm  diMWvered  by  •  negreM^  who,  on  "»  t^. 
ee^ng  ercning ,  tcld  her  maater  that  the  kadera  wen 
b^«%  in  deration,  and  that  if  he  would  biMt,  be 


» 

.Mil 
tori 
I 
prt 
nil 
luc 
wit 
•mi 
the 
whi 
liili 
ar  I 

Q 

ni, 
pen 
the; 
•hif 
of! 
pen 
Mm 
Car 
ku 
itat 
the 
heai 
gini 
lit? 
Iirg 
port 


PK 


witii  IIm  bankn,  apiMiart 

bl«. 

lortly  tu  Im  coiiinMnu.-il, 

ititit  the  Uiwrii  aiid  lur- 

luu  of  a  inilo  ■Uiids  tli« 

onry  ('layi  (^-t  wliow 

wn  to  n«ud  uiy  reiiurk 

jighbourhooil;  tliat  called 
luUea,  ia  inuat  worthy  of 
fa  iiiilo  in  IvtiKtli,  furni- 
inrablo  atrata  of  iiiariiKi 
The  action  ur  water,  oc- 

ia  ovidrnt  at  Arat  aight 

the  cave,  which  uiifur- 
prevent  my  entrance, 
two  Indian  tbrta.  The 
ch,  whirh  ia  now  about 
lera  or  a  mile  in  ten|[th. 
conaiderablv  deeper  and 
fi  evvry  aide,  excepting 
[h  to  admit  ■  carriage, 
■pade. 

uaed  at  the  maater-aping 
ive  themaelvea  ^preat  ain. 
icka,  or  more  commonW 
w  doaena  of  them,  atlena- 
I  agreeable  on  horaeback, 
a  militairc."  The  alavea 
ry  happy  race.  In  acme 
lite  a  "  plaie  politique," 
lore  formidable,  than  the 
d.    In  many  pUcea  they 

are  obliged  to  uae  neat 
ATea  in  many  particulari. 
mapiracy  waa  formed  by 
}Uiie  waa  to  be  aet  on  fire, 

to  the  apot,  they  were  to 
1  of  urma  kept  at  the  inn, 
re  to  be  fired  upon.  Tha 
he  town  burnt  Thacan- 
Mfreaa,  who,  on  tha  pet* 
ler  tha  the  iMdara  w«rt 
at  if  bo  would  UKm,  be 


IN   AUmUU'.A. 


lit 


Would  he  eonvincrd  of  the  (flUh  of  what  ahn  aaid.     He 
dill  «>— aii<)  thfjf  wrro  takrn  into  oiwtody. 

Thrre  are  alill  luch  aniniala  in  exiet^flPP  ai  ala** 
merchant!,  but  they  are  not  numeroua.     Sla«»*  are 
purchaied  in  difTrrent  parte  of  the  country,  and  aent 
down  Iha  Mieaimippi  tu  the  aiigar  plantationa  at  New 
Orleane.     An  able-bodied  younj;  ni<f  ro  la  worth  three 
hundred  dollara,  and  tha  merchant  la  enenuraged  in 
hie  hrulal  traOlo  by  a  aura  market,  and  a  protit  of  at 
leait  Ihirly-five,  and  frequently  of  fbrty  or  forty-Ava 
per  cant.,  after  dadurtlnj  tha  neeeaaary  expeniea  for 
food  and  ololhln|{.  and  making  allowancea  fi.r  loaaaa 
by  death  ani<  accident.   Three  or  four  yeara  back,  on* 
of  theaa  man  and  hia  aaaialania  ware  murdered  on  tha 
MiMieaippi    by   a   cargo   of  alavaa,  who   apared    no 
torture  that  oould  b«  applied  bv  meana  of  flra  and  ataal. 
In  Virginia,  if  n  black  ia  freed  by  hia  maater  ba  U 
preaantoa  aa  a  nuiaanea  by  Iha  grand  Jury,  and  gana- 
rilltr  ia  not  allowed  to  remnin  m  the  aUta.    In  iCen. 
tucky,  a  freed   man  cannot  leara  hia  native  eonnty 
without  quitting  tha  atate  entirely ;  and  a  maator  who 
•manoipaiaa  hia  alave,  ia  obliged  to  give  aacurity  to 
the  county  for  hia  maintenance.    Evan  a  whit*  man, 
who  would  be  called  a  vagrant  in  England,  ia  thtra 
liible,  not  only  to  be  taken  up  but  to  ba  aold,  for  two 
ar  three  montha,  to  the  higheat  bidder,  who  baa  tba 
power  of  treating  him  aa  a  alava,  if  be  roAiaa  to  work. 
When  any  abip  arrivea  at  Charleeton  in  South  CarolU 
na,  the  police  immedhitoly  go  on  board,  and  have  tb« 
power  of  arreating  the  blaok  eook,  or  any  free  negro 
they  find  there,  wno  ia  placed  in  eonflnemont  till  tba 
•hip  ia  ready  to  put  to  eoa  again,    80  jaaloua  are  tbay 
of  the  proaanco  of  a  free  negro,  that  a  maater  ia  not 
permitted  to  emaneipate  hia  alave  without  aanding 
him  out  of  the  atate ;  and  if  a  alave  baa  left  Boutb 
Carolina,  in  the  eapacity  of  valet  with  hia  maatar,  and 
hu  onea  obtained  Iwa  liberty,  by  aetting  foot  in  a  IVaa 
itatb,  ha  ia  never  allowed  to  return.    At  Waahington, 
the  cound  of  the  alave  auetionaer'a  hammer  may  ba 
heard  within  a  abort  dietanee  of  the  eapitol.    In  Vir« 
ginia,  the  country  of  Hampden>Sydney  College,  tha 
•lave  population  amounted,  in  1830,  to  469,734,  baiag ' 
larger  than  that  of  any  other  atate,  and  bearing*  pro«' 
portion  to  the  whitea  of  rather  leaa  than  four  to  ais. 
In  Oeorgia  there  ia  a  county,  moat  appropriataly  call- 


i 


■^/f 


lie 


SIX  HONTHft 


ed  Libarty  county,  whore  the  slave  population  it  to 
the  whitei  as  five  to  ooe. 

The  slave  children  are  not  instructed  to  read  or 
write  at  the  expense  of  their  masters ;  if  they  enjoy 
these  advantages,  they  have  been  taught  by  persons  of 
their  own  colour.  If  they  could  write,  they  would 
forge  their  pass-papers  and  run  away  ;  and  those  who 
oan,  are  always  ready  to  do  this  for  those  who  cannot 
The  slave  population  could  not  be  educated,  and  re- 
main long  in  a  state  of  bondage.  Its  march  of  intel- 
lect would  be  stronger  and  more  terriblo  than  the  fire 
in  the  vast  American  forests  which  it  would  traverse : 
to  cheek  it  ia  impossible,  «nd  flight  is  unavailing;  so 
that  the  only  means  of  avoiding  destruction  is  to  add 
▼igowr,  and  give  direotion  to  the  flame. 

CM  pUi  fsell  Niria  svoteer  11  corio 
Prewo  Cailddl  alls  volubU  onda, 
O  UrdST  Borea  allor  ei<e  nule  il  doim 
Doll'  Appennlna,  e  I  le(nl  In  moie  aObiidB. 

The  apparent  advantage  of  procuring  labour  for  no- 
thing is  often  far  outweighed  by  the  conseqneneei 
arising  from  the  idle  and  careless  manners  of  the 
■laTes,  and  the  expense  incurred  in  their  maintenance. 
Two  whits  men  will  easily  perform  the  work  of  three 
negroasi  vban  ^e  weather  is  not  intolerably  hot 
Tbey  do  as  little  as  they  can  for  their  master  i  rat  on 
a  holiday  they  will  work  for  aaoh  other  like  real 
a(|LTee.    Even  an  unaeoustomed  oyo  would  recognise 
^-^n  distriet  by  the  slovenly  appearanoe  of  the 
.and  of  every  thing  connected  with  them.    Tiia 
hee  of  the  slaves  is  usually  at  some  UlM«  dii- 
,.,„..^m  the  dwelling-house  of  their  master.    TIm 
quarter,  as  it  is  termed,  consists  of  a  namber  of  small 
huts,  with  a  larger  house  for  the  overseer,  and  will 
sometimes  contain  three  hundred  or  four  httnd|fld  ne- 
groes, with  their  families,  and  all  more  or  leas  diataot- 
Ty  related  to  each  other.    An  arable  farm  wBl  MW*!* 
ly  pay,  unless  iu  superintendent  ha  a  man  of  skill, 
firmness,  and  pertwerance.    So  omoh  depends  upon 
bim,  that  if  he  be  a  person  of  that  oharacter,  a  Mod 
farm,  one  year  with  another,  will  return  a  pr6»  of 
^tb^or  ton  per  cent.;  but  it  ia  uaoally  not  aolalf*. 
iad  ia  never  equal  to  the  emoluoiant  of  an  attentin 


the 


..•,....l-..'4..i','. 


■Ikvo  population  if  to 

.  instructed  to  read  or 
masters ;  if  the;  enjoy 
len  taught  by  persons  of 
Duld  write,  they  would 
n  away  ;  and  those  who 
is  for  those  who  cannoi. 
ot  be  educated,  and  re- 
ge.  Its  inarch  of  intel- 
>ro  terrible  than  the  fire 
rhicb  it  would  traverse : 
flight  is  unavailing;  so 
ng  destruction  is  to  add 
lie  flame. 

)r  II  eorio 
Uonda, 
Mote  11  doiio 
il  in  mare  sffonila. 

irocuring  labour  for  no- 
id  by  the  conseqneneei 
arelesa  manners  of  the 
vd  in  their  maintenance, 
irform  the  work  of  three 

is  not  intolerably  hot 
for  their  masteip ;  rat  on 
or  eaoh  other  like  rsal 
led  oye  would  recognise 
enly  eippearanoa  of  the 
ueotad  with  them.  Tlid 
lually  at  ■ome  litM*  dii- 
le  of  their  maMer.  The 
ists  of  a  number  of  emaU 
tr  the  overseer,  and  will 
idred  or  four  hwidnd  ne- 
d  all  more  or  leaa  diataot- 
I  arable  farm  wfll  MW% 
tdent  ha  a  man  of  skill. 

So  mueh  depend*  npoa 
>f  that  character,  a  pwd 
r,  will  return  a  profit  «f 
it  ia  uaoally  not  ao  lai||*, 
osoluoMnt  of  an  altenUf* 


IN  AMERICA.  -  ft# 

agriculturalist  in  the  northern  states,  where  slaves  are 
unknown. 

By  the  last  census,  the  total  population  of  the  Uni- 
ted States  was  12,856,165:  of  these  3,010,436  were 
alares,  existing  only  in  what  are  Urmed  the  southern 
itates,  of  which  Maryland  is  the  most  northerly.  It 
ia  said,  that  supposing  an  inclination  to  secede  ftom 
the  Union  should  be  prevalent  in  the  southern  states^ 
the  danger  they  would  incur  from  their  inability  to 
defend  themseltres  against  their  black  population, 
would  be  asrfficient  reason  for  their  thinking  twice  on 
the  subject.  There  can  be  no  doubt,  that  the  slave*, 
with  an  offer  of  liberty,  would  prove  a  most  formid- 
able  weapon  in  the  hands  of  an  enemy.  This,  how- 
ever, is  not  very  likely  to  take  place,  at  least  not  as  yet. 
Before  I  quitted  America,  a  partial  insurrection  had 
taken  place  in  Virginia,  in  which  sixty  or  aeventy  per- 
sons were  brutally  massacred  by  the  negroea;  and  it 
it  most  probable  that  the  state  legislator*  will  consider 
of  some  measure*  by  which  the  supanbuidaBt  slave 
population  may  be  effectually  diapowd  of.  Their  at- 
tention will  probably  ho  directed  %o  th*  ttttrnf  of  Li- 
beria, on  the  windward  coast  in  AfMcA^  hiifcwrto  rap- 
ported  exclusively  by  the  fiinds  and  muiag*ment  of 
the  colonization  society,  which  provide*  T*9*ele  for  the 
transportation  of  slave*  manumitted  on  eondition  of 
their  departure  for  that  place.  Within  the  hut  ftw 
years  two  or  three  handred  negro**  have  b*en  annu- 
ally sent  ont  of  the  country  in  this  mannar.  The  eapi- 
l«l  of  th*  colony,  which  is  defended  by  a  garriami,i* 
called  Monrovia,  baeaaa*  it  was  founded  dnnng  ttepn- 
sidency  of  Mr.  Monroe.  The  blacks  Bnpport^aai||.i 
selve*  b/  tnOe  with  the  native*,  and  by  ealtivatlnr 
the  (Oil.  •  J  • 

I  really  think  I  had  not  seen  more  than  one  or  two 
ponds  in  the  United  States,  befbre  I  entered  the  stati 
of  Kentaeky ;  there  they  are  common  enough,  aodj^ 
plenty  of  bull-frog*  may  usnaUv  be  heard  gruntinfi^ 
ike  madron  their  margin*.    With  th*  aid  of  a  Utf 
ftaey,  th*r*  is  certainly  some  truth  in  th*  a*Mrti< 


that  the  noiaa  th*y  mak*  ra*emblw  the  wttth  **Vh 
UM'oaBd*,**  repeiUtd  in  a 


#^ 


li  >i! 


I  TM7  dwp  and  took-' 


■  "■.»!!.' 


<*■: 


m. 


w- 


-"^ 


120 


MX  MONTHS 


I  confeH  that  I  had  formed  an  erroneoaa  idea  of 
Kentucky,  at  least  of  that  part  of  it  through  which  I 
pasaed.  Contrary  to  my  expectation*,  1  found  the 
land  «a  much  cleared  aa  in  an^  itate  I  had  previouily 
■een.  Tho  roil  is  very  rich  in  many  parts;  and  will 
produce  five  or  six  crops  of  Indian  corn  or  wheat,  in 
•ucceaaivo  years,  without  the  astistance  of  Rianuro. 
It  is  a  positive  fact,  that  the  grazing  farmers  will  not 
nnfrequently  pull  down  and  remove  the  sheds  in  the 
fields,  sooner  than  incur  tho  trouble  and  expense  of 
clearing  away  the  quantity  of  manure  that  has  uccu- 
mulatod  in  them.  Labour  is  dear,  and  land  is  cheap; 
■o  that  a  farmer  Vho  can  clear  good  fresh  land  when- 
ever he  pleas^,  bM  no  inducement  to  be  at  the  ex- 
pense which  is  necessarily  laid  out  on  a  farm  in  Eng- 
land,  before  it  is  rendered  sufficiently  productive.  The 
dressing  of  land,  bv  laying  on  manure  or  otherwiie 
impioving  it,  would,  in  Kentucky,  be  considered  gene- 
rally  a  waste  of  labour.  Hemp  is  the  staple  article 
of  produce  in  this  state. 

The  finest  epeeiinens  of  American  forest  scenery 
are  to  be  found  in  Kentucky  ;  the  oaks  and  sycamorei, 
in  particular,  grow  to  an  immense  sixe,  and  throw  a 
delicious  shade  on  the  soil  beneath;  which  is  ofXen 
free  from  all  kinds  of  underwood,  and  covered  with  a 
carpet  of  green  award, — affording  the  finest  pasture 
ground  imaginable  to  great  numbers  of  cattle,  which 
are  constantly  grazing  there.  I  was  forcibly  remind- 
ed of  the  beautiful  description  in  the  opening  scene  of 
"Ivanboe." 

I  bad  resolved  to  visit  the  great  Mammoth  cave  in 

Sintneky,  distant  about  ISO  miles  from  Lexington,  on 
e  right  of  the  Nashville  road.  I  accordingly  pro- 
eeedeo  in  that  direction,  and  soon  arrived  on  the  bank* 
of  the  Kentucky  river.  I  considered  this  ferry  as  a 
most  beautiful  specimen  of  Indian  scenery.  The  river 
is  here  eeventy  or  eighty  yards  across,  and  flows  wiib 
.«.•  dark  and  quiet  stream,  between  two  vary  bigb  dint 
whose  bold,  bare,  limestone  fironts  are  seen  to  gtwt  ad- 
vantage,  as  they  rise  above  the  mass  of  foreet^tbat  in- 
tervenes between  their  base  and  the  water.  Itkeie 
MOW  resemblance  to  Swiosand  ferry,  on  Um  fiMBti« 
of  Swwien  and  Norway,  altboofb  eartainljr  iBfinior. 
Shakw's  town  it  oocupiad,  u  the  nune  io^fUMi  V 


f 
ai 
ai 
G 
a 
in 
m 
r« 

01 

A 

01 

ct 
ai 

fa 
al 
tb 

Pi 
ni 
se 

ei 

tl) 

U( 

w 

C( 

la 
tc 

Pi 
tl 
fc 

al 


f^ 


rns 

ed  an  erroneoas  Idea  of 
rt  of  it  through  which  I 
pectationi,  1  found  the 
y  itate  I  had  previouily 
in  many  parts;  and  will 
ndian  corn  or  wheal,  in 
awiatance  of  manure, 
(raxing  farmera  will  not 
■emove  the  aheda  in  tha 
trouble  and  ezpenie  of 
manure  that  has  acco- 
dear,  and  land  is  cheap ; 
T  good  fresh  land  when- 
sement  to  be  at  the  ex- 
1  out  on  a  farm  in  Eng- 
iciently  productive.  The 
on  manure  or  otherwise 
icky,  be  considered  gene- 
smp  is  the  staple  article 

American  forest  scenery 
the  oaks  and  sycamores, 
imense  size,  and  throw  a 
beneath;  wbioh  is  often 
wood,  and  covered  with  a 
>rding  the  finest  pasture 
numbers  of  cattle,  which 
,  I  was  forcibly  remind- 
n  in  the  opening  scene  of 

9  great  Mammoth  cave  in 
mile*  firom  Lexington,  on 
■oad.  I  Bceordingly  pro- 
soon  arrived  on  the  banks 
onsidored  this  ferry  as  a 
Indian  aoenery.  The  river 
da  acroas,  and  flow*  with 
,ween  two  very  high  eliffi*i 
ronte  are  seen  to  grwt  ad* 
Jie  masi  of  fei«al«.that  ia- 
I  and  the  watar.  It  bora 
and  ferry,  on  tho  fiwirtiw 
hoof  h  eertaialy  iaIMor. 
I,u  thoMBM  im^Om^ 


IN   AMEIIICA.  121 

persona  of  that  sect.  One  of  their  number,  whieh 
umuunts  to  a  low  hundreds,  is  an  orchitect,  and  this 
accounts  for  the  superior  build  of  their  houses.  From 
Glasgow,  a  cross  road  conducted  mo  to  Bell's  tavern, 
a  Bulitary  house  standing  at  the  meeting  of  the  Lex- 
ington and  Louisvillii  roads,  to  Nashville,  in  the 
niidiil  of  what  nre  called  "  the  barrens."  These  bar- 
rens, it  is  supposed  by  many,  were  originally  Prairies, 
or  "  Pararas,"  as  they  are  called  by  tho  lower  class  of 
Americans,  but  are  now  principally  covered  by  dwarf 
oaks.  Wild  turkeys,  deer,  pheasants,  and  the  bird 
called  tho  barrcii  hen,  which  is  also  the  prairie  hen, 
and  the  grous»  of  tho  northern  and  middle  states,  are 
found  in  the  L  "rsns;  cougars,  wolves,  foxes,  Ac.  are 
also  to  be  mot  with  there.  At  Bell's  tayern,  which,  by 
the  way,  is  a  very  conifortablo  little  country  inn,  I 
procured  horses  and  a  guide,  and  set  out  fur  the  Mam- 
moth cave.  After  an  agreeable  and  shady  ride  of 
seven  miles,  I  arrived  at  a  small  lonely  log  bouse  tav- 
ern, built  about  a  hundred  yards  from  the  mouth  of 
the  ereat  cave.  There  are  several  smaller  caves  in  the 
neighbourhood;  but  ihf.  only  one  of  these  1  visited 
was  tho  white  cave ;  of  no  extent,  but  curious,  on  ac- 
count of  tho  quinber,  and  diversified  shape  of  its  sta- 
lactitic  formations,  formed  by  tho  depositions  of  wa^ 
ter,  dropping  through  the  limestone  rock. 

Immediately  in  front  of  the  inn  begins  a  narrow 
path  winding  down  a  dark  ravine,  which  conducts  to 
the  cave.  Its  entrance  is  overshadowed  by  the  dark 
foliage  of  the  surrounding  trees,  and  ita  appearance 
altogether  is  exceedingly  gloomy,  and  calculated  to  in- 
spire a  feeling  of  horror,  The  presence  of  two  beau- 
tiful humming  birds  very  much  heightened  by  contrast, 
the  effects  of  the  scone.  They  were  darting  in  all  di- 
rections, as  quickly  as  the  eye  could  follow;  some- 
times passing  with  tho  greatest  rapidity  acrosa  the 
mouth  of  the  cave,  or  remaining  for  an  anatant,  mo- 
tionless in  the  air,  as  they  sippcq,  on  the  wing,  of  the 
water  that  was  incessantly  dripping  from  the  project- 
ing rock.  I  could  not  but  think  of  the  inoantation 
scene  in  **  Der  Freychutxe," 

The  very  sudden  encounter  of  cold  air  at  the  mofliUl 
of  the  oave,  is  mare  agreeable  than  safe  during  the 
hot  woathor.    Not  that  the  itir  itwlf  it  damp  or  U'< 
11 


3i^ 


\U 


12S 


SIX   MONTHS 


wholewme ;  on  the  contrary,  It  is  particularly  dry  and 
healthy.    I  have  been  told  of  its  acting  aa  a  febn. 
fage,  and  can  easily  believe  it.    A  great  quantity  of 
■altpetre  was  made  there  during  the  late  war.    The 
work*  itlU  remain,  but  have  no»  been  uaed  for  mmy 
yean.    The  salt  waa  procured  by  pouring  water  over 
a  wooden  trough,  filled  with  the  earth  from  the  cave, 
which,  when  saturated,  was  allowed  to  run  off;  was 
then  boiled,  and  the  salt  separated  by  vaporization. 
By  this  process,  two  pounds  of  salt-petre  were  procu- 
red  from  one  bushel  of  earth.    The  air  is  so  highly 
impregnated  with  the  saline  particles,  that  meat,  but- 
ter, cheese,  and  many  other  substances,  afXer  remain- 
ing a  short  time  in  the  cave,  become  of  a  bright  red 
ooTour,  and  are  unfit  for  use.  I  was  attended  by  an  old 
man,  and  two  boys,  sons  of  the  landlord,  each  of  us 
carrying  a  small  lamp,  with  an  additional  supply  of 
grease  to  trim  them.    The  rock  is  very  low  near  the 
entrance,  but  soon  expands  to  a  magnificent  size.  The 
average  widUi  and  height  may  be  about  seventy  feet, 
but  in  some  places  it  is  more  lofty,  and  far  wider.    I 
first  visited  an  antechamber,  and  walked  a  mile  be- 
fore I  reached  the  and,  where  there  is  a  small  but  curi- 
ous waterfall,  that  has  worked  its  way  into  the  side  of 
the  reek  in  a  serpentine  direction.    Sulphur,  red  and 
yellow  oohre,  may  be  picked  up  there ;  and  gum  bo- 
rax, aalphete  of  magnesia,  and  sulphate  of  soda,  are 
found  aohering  to  the  walls  in  considerable  quantities, 
but  not  in  every  part.    We  returned  from  the  ante- 
chamber and  proceeded  up  the  principal  part  of  the 
cave.    The  roof  and  sidea  were  but  little  broken,  and 
ingeneral  their  evenneaa and  regularity  of  angle  were 
surprising.    The  walking  was  very  good  at  first ;  but 
our  pUaag0  was  soon  impeded  and  rendered  fktiguing, 
by  the  enormous  number  of  loose  blocks  of  limestone, 
that  were  heaped  up  on  every  side.    At  intervals  we 
came  to  a  small  pyramid,  composed  of  broken  flag- 
menta,  raised  by  the  aborigines,  who  have  left  traces 
of  their  existence  throughout  the  whole  of  North 
America.   I  pulled  down  one  of  them,  and  found  only 
the  remains  of  a  fire ;  similar  marks  are  to  be  seen  on 
the  bare  rock  in  many  parts  of  the  cave.    Pieces  of 
eue,  with  wbioh  Kentucky  originally  abounded,  with- 
in  Uie  memory  of  many  now  living,  were  strewed 


K'f'UfMinifmsM 


Ha 

is  particularly  dry  and 

its  acting  ai  a  febri- 

A  great  quantity  of 

ng  the  late  war.    Tho 

D*  been  uied  for  nuiny 

by  pouring  water  over 
lie  earth  from  tho  cave, 
lowed  to  run  off;  woi 
traled  by  vaporization. 

«alt-petre  were  procu- 
The  air  in  so  highly 
xticles,  that  meat,  out- 
ibstances,  after  remain- 
become  of  a  bright  red 
was  attended  by  an  old 
he  landlord,  each  of  m 
■n  additional  supply  of 
sk  is  very  low  near  the 
1  magnificent  size.  The 
r  be  about  seventr  feet, 
lofty,  and  far  wider.  I 
and  walked  a  mile  be- 
,here  is  a  small  but  curi- 
its  way  into  the  side  of 
tion.  Sulphur,  red  and 
jp  there;  and  gum  bo- 
ld sulphate  of  soda,  are 
oonsiderabla  quantities, 
■eturned  from  theante- 
la  principal  part  of  the 
re  but  littl«  broken,  and 
regularity  of  knglo  were 
very  good  at  first ;  but 
i  and  rendered  Iktiguing, 
>0M  blocks  of  limestone, 
f  side.  At  intorrala  we 
rapoeed  of  broken  ftag- 
••,  who  have  left  traces 
It  the  whole  of  North 
of  them,  and  fonod  only 
marks  are  to  bo  seen  on 
of  the  caTO.  PiacM  of 
iginally  aboandodi  with- 
w  living,  were  strewed 


IN    AlUBICA. 


ISS 


around,  having  evidently  afforded  the  fhel  with  which 
these  fires  were  fed.  In  some  places  the  face  of  the 
rock  had  been  slightly  worked,  but  for  what  purpose 
will  for  ever  remain  undetermined.  The  floor  of  the 
cave  is  generally  parallel  with  the  surface  qC  the 
ground  above,  as  no  great  rise  or  fall  is  pererivable 
throughout  its  entire  direction.  At  about  the  distance 
of  a  mile  and  a  half  from  its  mouth,  the  cave  takes  a 
majestic  bend  to  the  left,  and  two  miles  further  we  ar- 
rived at  what  is  called  "  the  cross  roads."  From  this 
large  and  gloomy  expanse,  fourtr.  distinct  cavern* 
branch  out  in  difierent  directions.  The  glare  of  our 
lamps  was  just  sufficiently  powerful  to  dinlay  tho 
opening  on  the  left.  It  looked  ULblaok  and  dismal  aa 
darkness  could  make  it,  and  wa^>rmed  by  vast  frag- 
ments of  rock,  thrown  together  with  a  ooafVision 
equalling  that  at  the  pass  in  the  Pyrenees,  usually 
known  by  the  name  of  Chaos.  We  elambered  ovor 
them,  and  after  half  an  hour's  walking  we  arrived  at 
what  seemed  to  be  the  termination  of  the  cavern; 
but,  in  the  comor  on  the  left,  is  a  kind  of  natural 
chimney,  through  which  we  climbed  to  another  cham- 
ber. It  did  not  much  differ  ftom  the  other  parts  of 
the  cave,  excepting  that  it  is  much  wider  in  proportion 
to  its  length,  and  the  roof  blacker.  A  solitary  bat 
was  clinging  to  it,  and  was  the  only  living  animal  I 
saw  in  the  cave.*  No  other*  inhabit  this  mansion  of 
utter  darkness.  The  small  pyramids  of  stone,  and 
the  marks  of  fire,  were  very  numerous.  We  explored 
the  other  branches  of  the  cave  in  succession.  At  in« 
tervals  the  huge  blocks  of  limestone  roea  nearly  to  tho 
roof,  and  seemed  to  set  progress  at  defiance ;  bat,  af. 
ter  mastering  the  summit,  we  were  enabled  to  eon- 
tinue,  till  we  reached  another  and  similar  difficulty. 
The  cave  never  appeared  to  such  effect  a*  when  ■••& 
from  the  top  of  one  of  these  eminences;  because  it* 
downward  dimensions  were  not  visible  'hy  the  light  of 
the  lampe,  and  a  bottomless  pit  was  an  easy  eonjeo. 
ture.  The  most  terrific  place  is  what  is  called  tha 
cataract*;  hwo,  the  floor  sinks  away  to  a  graatar 

•Tbouaadi  of  bate  toomtw  in  thli  cave  dorliic  the  wiuar. 
Tbmr  hang  la  cliwten,  and  ars  hannlcM  unlcM  dlslaibed,  whan 
Umv daitat  the  lliliis carried  by  tht  vUton.  HorriMe Morits ara 
loM  at  Um  cave  of  uaTsUefs  being  left  In  eoaaeqaencs  ta  tcMal 


%:* 


MMtiijfc— <i'iiiiii'>i  it^ifililiHiWM'ao-i'iHxri  I"'  irtiii»«ni 


«l(f 


124 


8IX  MONTHS 


depth,  and  n  Urge  chasm  i*  formed  on  one  ilde  by  gi. 
irantic  mis-shapen  rocks,  fearfully  disposed  over  the 
head  of  the  explorer,  as  ho  gladly  descends  to  reJre«h 
himself  with  a  draught  of  llio  pure,  delicious  water, 
tha\  falls  from  the  roof.     I  thought  I  had  nev»r  be- 
fore aeen  any  thing  so  unearthly,  except  ing  perhaps 
the  crater  of  Vesuvius.     We  subsequently  entered  a 
•mailer  part  of  tha  cave,  which  is  gradually  contract- 
ed  into  so  narrow  a  passage,  that  we  were  obliged  to 
crawl  on  oil  fours.    It  led  us,  in  a  few  minutes,  to  the 
brink  of  a  large  black  pit,  down  which  I  tossed  some 
fragments  of  stone,  and  wo  heard  them  descending 
from  rock  to  rock,  for  the  depth,  I  should  jndge,  of 
150  feet.    In  this  intnner  I  visited  three,  and  I  have 
reason  to  believe,  all  the  four  extremitiea  of  the  prin. 
cipal  branches  of  the  cave.    I  had  been  told  that  it 
waa  as  much  as  twelve  miles  to  the  end  of  the  cavern 
which  I  entered  through  the  chimney,  and  that  the 
cave  iUelf  had  been  explored  for  more  than  fourteen. 
The  guides  make  it  out  to  be  more  than  double  its 
real  length.    I  was  more  than  six  hours  under  grround, 
•nd  moving  almost  incessantly,  during  which  time,  as 
nearly  as  I  could  calculate,  I  walked  but  nine  or  ten 
miloa.    The  extreme  ends  of  the  principal  branches,  I 
■hoold  say,  were  between  four  and  five.    There  are 
leveral  smaller  chambers,  which  I  did  not  visit,  but  1 
heard  that  they  contained  nothing  new,  or  different 
from  the  others;   and  feeling  greatly  fatigued,  was 
glad  to  emerge  into  the  open  air.    I  found  it  requi- 
■ite  to  pause  at  the  entrance :  there  is  no  intermediate 
temperature  between  the  cool,  but  not  chilly  air  of  the 
oavo,  and  the  sultry  atmosphere  of  noon.    The  sensa- 
tion was  extraordinary ;  with  both  my  arms  extended, 
one  hand  would  be  warm,  at  the  same  time  that  I 
would  gladly  withdraw  the  other  from  the  contact  of 
the  colder  air  of  the  cave.   Those  who  du  not  take  the 
precaution  of  waiting  a  few  minutes,  are  almost  inva- 
riably attacked  with  giddiness,  or  a  fainting  fit.* 

*  Our  author  has  omitted  to  mention,  that  at  every  an|le  or  ton 
In  the  cave,  rude  aimws  are  carved,  which  oriilinBlly  nil  P<>"M 
to  the  entrance.  By  this  aiinple  contrivance,  visitors  were  mails 
aware  of  the  route  they  ought  to  follow.  There  seems  to  belM 
elrcurastanees  under  which  men  can  he  placed  where  some  of  las 
race  will  not  feel  an  Inclination  to  docelve  his  suceessois.  WbsB 
the  writer  of  this  note  visited  the  mammoth  cave  In  1619,  aaae 


118 

rmcd  on  one  tide  by  gi. 
ully  dispoBod  over  the 
dly  doineiidi  to  refreih 
I  pure,  delicioua  water, 
ouglit  I  had  nev»r  be- 
hly,  cxccpling  porhapi 
8ubiicquent)y  entered  a 
1  is  gradually  contract- 
;hat  we  were  obliged  to 
in  ■  few  minutct,  to  (he 
irn  which  I  towed  Rome 
heard  them  descending 
ipth,  I  should  judge,  of 
isited  three,  and  I  have 
extremitiei  of  the  prin- 

I  had  been  told  that  It 
lo  the  end  of  the  cavern 

chimney,  and  that  the 
for  mure  than  fourteen. 
..  more  than  double  it* 

six  hour*  under  ground, 
f,  during  which  time,  ai 

walked  but  nine  or  ten 
the  principal  branches,  I 
ur  and  five.  There  are 
ich  I  did  not  visit,  but  I 
othing  new,  or  different 
g  greatly  fatigued,  was 

II  air.    I  found  it  requi- 
there  is  no  intermediate 

,  but  not  chilly  air  of  the 
an  of  noon.  The  senia- 
both  my  arms  extended, 
Lt  the  same  lime  that  I 
ither  from  the  contact  of 
hose  who  du  not  take  the 
minutes,  are  almost  inva* 
s,  or  a  fdinting  fit.* 

ion,  that  at  every  angle  or  Ian 
d,  which  oriKinalljr  all  patalM 
lnuivanc^  visltois  were  msd* 
illow.  Tliere  seems  Co  be  few 
in  be  placeii  where  some  of  llw 
docelve  his  sueeaMors.  Wbn 
mammoth  cave  in  1810,  soms 


IN  AKBBIOA. 


126 


I  had  erred  in  believing  that  the  huge  bones  of  the 
mammoth  and  other  quadrupeds  at  present  unknown, 
had  been  found  in  this  cave ;  and  in  imagination  I  had 
listened  to  the  dying  cries  of  agony  sent  forth  by  thoae 
stupendous  animals  as  they  struggled  in  the  thundering 
billow  of  the  deluge  that  had  risen,  and  rolled  into  their 
hiding  place,  and  reduced  them  to  a  state  of  frenzy  aud 
desperation.  But  it  has  received  its  name  of  the  **  mam- 
moth cave"  only  on  account  oi'  its  superior  sixe  and  ex- 
tent :  the  term  being  frequently  applied  where  sixe  or 
importance  is  intended  to  be  designated.  For  instance, 
the  branch  bank  of  the  United  States  at  Cincinnati,  i* 
called  the  Mammoth  bank.  None  but  human  bonca 
have  been  found  in  this  cave.  These  were  often  dug  up 
by  the  saltpetre  manufiicturers,  and  were  usually  found 
lying  side  by  side,  but  separated  and  covered  over  by  • 
rou^  slab  of  limestone.  I  was  informed  that  upwards 
of  a  hundred  skeletons  had  been  there  unearthmi ;  and 
it  is  probable  that  more  are  still  remaining  in  diflferent 
parts  of  the  cave.  In  general  they  are  not  larger  than 
those  of  the  ordinary  race  of  men.  They  are  doabtlcM 
the  remains  of  some  of  that  ancient  nation,  whose  very 
name  is  unknown ;  whose  customs  and  occupation  ar« 
unrecorded ;  whose  chiefs  and  heroes  remain  unohroni- 
cled,  and  whose  existence  is  to  be  traced  only  in  th* 
monuments  of  death  or  warfare. 

The  manner  in  which  this  and  the  other  caves  in 
Kentucky  have  been  formed  may,  perhaps,  be  more  than 
conjectured.  They  are  all  composed  of  sectmdar^  lime- 
stone, resting  on  a  substratum  of  sand, — a  singular 
formation,  but  one  that  is  common  in  this  part  of  Aow- 
rica.  The  sand  may  have  been  gradoally  dislodged  by 
the  action  of  water ;  a  theory  which  the  sloping  natare 


!>. 


wretch  had  altered  the  dlreeUon  of  the  arrow,  at  ibe  opsniag  of 
one  of  the  cbamlwrs,  and  the  luide  beini  completely  deceived,  the 
ptrtr  wandered  in  an  unexplored  iabyrlnUi  (tar  an  hour,  sad  were 
ioiii  in  a  stale  ol  dlaagieeaMe  aneertatai^.  Their  perplexity  was 
cvulderably  auamented  by  the  rrifht  of  the  Clcefone,  a  mulaMs 
man,  who  loformed  us  it  was  quite  a  possible  case  we  mlfht  never 
aialn  see  day  lie ht  The  total  darkness  and  awAil  sUence  Miike 
dwariadon  'intealeriBf,  asamoof  theinterestiagMtareior  Um 
Disee.  Tb(  (panskm  of  the  air  of  the  cave  In  suanMr  caasas  It 
toruh out  ai  tbronly  openlnf, where  a  lighted  ewlta is bMa^ 
sxilMaWMd—tB  winter  the  current  is  raversed.  Tha  pnrlqr  oftBe 
liiiimMhtSTi  within  randeia  it  very  agrasaMe  to  the  linw  It  Is 
the  neon  la  sammer  of  nuaaerous  parties  ftem  the  ■alghMmciat 
■Brings  at  Harredsbai|.— £d. 
11* 


126 


SIX  utmrm 


of  the  ground  between  tho  cave  and  the  Green  river, 
only  a  lew  hundred  yards  diitant,  doet  not  contradict, 
A.gentloman  intbrnvnd  tno  that  he  had  lately  wilneited 
a  umilar  procois.  He  had  for  a  lon((  time  watched  the 
inoroaie  of  a  small  sand  bank,  that  had  been  forming  in 
a  stream  on  his  own  property  in  (he  lower  part  of  Ken- 
tucky,— and  upon  ftirther  examination  he  found,  as  ha 
expected,  that  a  cave  had  been  gradually  hollowed  out 
by  the  action  of  the  water  behind  it.  The  whole  of  this 
country  and  the  region  watered  by  the  MiaaiMsippi,  it 
diluvial,  and  in  many  places  marine  shells  and  the  ibsail 
remains  of  marine  animals  have  boon  found  in  great 
abundance. 

In  the  neighbourhood  of  tho  cave,  there  are  a  great 
many  wild  turkeys,  and  a  lolorahio  sprinkling  of  deer, 
but  both  were  dilticult  of  approach  at  that  season  of  the 
year. ,  I  was  exceedingly  anxious  for  a  shot  at  a  wild 
turkey,  but  committed  a  great  error  in  loading  with  ball 
only  ;  and  although  I  contrived  to  get  three  or  four  fair 
•bote  on  the  ground,  and  on  the  wing,  yet  I  conftsi 
through  eagerness  to  have  missed  thom.    Once  I  con- 
trived to  near  a  brood,  but  ha  !  the  mortification,  al- 
though close  to  them,  to  hear  them  rising  one  by  one 
on  the  other  side  of  a  thicket ;  and  when  I  did  pull  at 
the  last  bird,  my  gun,  which  was  loaded 'with  shot, 
misled  fire  through  the  badness  of  the  copper  cap-    Af- 
ter vainly  toiling  through  the  forest  in  search  of  a  deer, 
for  one  whole  August  day,  I  was  poacher  enough  to 
drop  down  the  Green  river  in  a  canoe,  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  cave,  at  two  in  the  morning,  in  order  to  get  a  shot 
•t  one  whilst  feeding  upon  the  moss  at  the  bottom  of 
the  river.    A  light  was  placed  at  the  head  of  the  boat 
with  a  board  tohind  it.    I  sat  in  the  middle  of  the 
canoe,  which  was  paddled  forward   by  a  man  at  the 
■tern  ;  both  of  us  being  as  silent  as  possible.  Tlie  darker 
the  night,  the  better ;  the  deer  stand  gazing  at  the  light, 
till  the  canoe  almost  'ouches  them ;  they  appear  as  white 
••  a  eheep,  and  the  aim  of  a  Kentucky  rifle  is  usuallv 
too  true,  at  any  reasonable  distance,  to  render  the  death 
of  one  of  them  an  uncertainty.    But  I  waa  agaia  ua- 
fortnnate.    I  bad  been  disappointed  in  the  attendance 
of  an  experienced  hunter,  whom  1  had  engaged  to  go 
with  me,  and  my  rompanion,  who  waa  •  novice,  allowed 
tkrao  deer  th"*       '  •  etanding  cloae  to  oa,  bat  not  dis- 
tingniihaUe  >     vr  wnong  toa  tall  Mdfo,  to  nm  off  an.- 


jS""''.'iMtMl';i«f.«ffflii 


mnmm^- 


'n* 

re  and  the  Green  river, 
,nt,  does  not  contradict, 
he  had  lately  wilneiiec! 
a  long  time  watched  the 
hat  had  been  forming  in 
n  the  lower  part  of  Ken- 
lination  he  fonnd,  ai  he 
.  gradually  hollowed  out 
nd  it.  The  whole  ofthii 
od  by  the  MimiHsippi,  ji 
irine  shells  and  the  ibstil 
ive  been  found  in  great 

cave,  there  are  a  great 
rahio  sprinkling  of  deer, 
Mch  at  that  season  of  the 
ous  fur  a  shot  at  a  wild 
error  in  loading  with  ball 
il  to  get  three  or  four  fair 
the  wing,  yet  I  conftn 
lied  them.  Once  I  con- 
la  !  the  mortification,  al. 

them  rising  one  by  one 
;  and  when  1  did  pull  at 
h  was  loaded 'with  shot, 
ssof  the  copper  cap.  Af- 
forest in  search  of  a  deer, 
[  was  poacher  enough  to 
a  canoe,  in  the  vicinity  of 
ng,  in  order  to  get  a  shot 
le  moss  at  the  bottom  of 
1  at  the  head  of  the  boat 
•at  in  the  middle  of  the 
irward  b;^  a  man  at  the 
ntMpoeaible.  The  darker 
■  stand  gaaing  at  the  light, 
hem ;  they  appear  as  white 
Kentucky  rifle  is  usuallr 
itance,  to  render  the  death 
y.  But  1  waa  again  un- 
iwinted  in  the  attendanee 
mm  1  had  engaged  to  go 
who  w»B  a  novioa,  aUowed 
X  oloM  to  oa,  bat  not  dii- 
•  tall  Mdg«,  to  ran  off  OBr 


IN  AHEIIICA.  ffr^ 

touched  by  the  random  shot  I  sent  aiVer  them.  The 
back-woodsmen  are  excellent  marksmen,  their  rifles  are 
long  and  heavy,  carrying  a  very  small  ball,  often  not 
bigger  than  a  large  pea.  With  these  a  good  shot  will 
alternately  hit  and  miss  the  head  of  a  squirrel  at  sixty 
yards  distance. 

I  returned  to  Bell's  tavern  with  the  determination  of 
idviiing  every  travelling  friend  who  visited  Kentucky, 
by  no  means  to  leave  that  state  without  having  seen  tM 
Mammoth  cave ;  and  1  think  that  a  sportsman,  well 
provided  with  dogs,  guns,  &.c.  might  well  spend  a  week 
in  a  very  satisfactory  manner  by  taking  up  his  quarters 
at  Bell's  tavern.  When  we  had  forded  the  Green  river, 
the  coachman  addressed  a  man  on  the  opposite  side,  and 
asked  him  how  his  wife  was,  »  Thank  'e,  I  guesa  she's 
smartly  unwell  this  morning,"  waa  the  reply- 

Louisville  is  about  ninety  miles  fVom  the  cave.    For 
the  last  twenty,  the  road  runs  along  the  bouks  of  the 
Ohio,  passing  through  the  most  magniflcent  foreat  of 
the  beech  trees  I  had  ever  beheld.    There  is  nothing 
remarkable  in  the  appearance  of  Louisville.  It  is  a  large 
and  regularly  built  town,  containing  11,000  inhabitants. 
From  this  place  the  larger  stenmboats  start  for  New 
Orleans.  Those  that  come  from  Pittaburgh  are  of  snMller 
dimensions,  on  account  of  the  shallowneas  of  tho  water. 
The  course  of  the  Ohio  from  Pittsburgh  to  Louisville  is 
about  600  miles,  and  thence,  to  its  confluence  with  the 
Mississippi,  is  nearly  300  more.    The  length  of  the 
Mississippi,  from  its  junction  with  the  Ohio,  is  1300. 
The  fells,  or  rapids  of  the  Ohio,  are  immediately  below 
Louisville,  and  part  of  them  may  be  seen  from  the  town. 
1  had  been  very  desirous  of  seeing  St.  Loaia  and  tho 
Missouri  -,  but  the  season  was  too  far  advanced, and  that 
part  of  the  country  ia  exceedingly  unhealthy  daring  Um 
summer  heats.    Steam-boaU  run  thither  constantly,  in 
three  days,  from  Louisville.    There  is  also  a  land  con- 
veyance,  which  occupies  nearly  the  same  time  on  tho 
iourney,  and  passes  through  the  groat  Prairiea,  in  In- 
Sana  and  lUinois.   Wild  turkeys  are  there  wry  plenti. 
fnl;  qnailsand  prairie-hens  are  frequently  to  be  seen 
.Mm  the  road  in  groat  abundance;  and  I  woold  strongly 
lecommend  any  traveller  who  ia  fend  of  shooting,  and 
wko  will  pat  up  with  vary  indiSbiant  acoomodatioa,  to 
Liuoaad  for  abeat  one  handred  milea,  or  oron  lMa«  by 
Sua  iw4,  into  t|ia  piairiw,  for  tbo  pnrpoM  of  ahooUBC. 


1S8 


aix  MOUTHS 


It  mutt,  however,  be  added,  that  he  will  probably  kill 
much  more  than  ho  can  either  oat  or  carry  away. 

That  there  ii  a  >,  .;at  quantity  of  game  in  lome  parti 
of  America  ii  indinputable  ;  but  it  i»  equally  eo,  that  it 
ii  ikat  decreaiing  in  other*.  Unleia  some  attention  be 
paid  to  preiorving,  deer  will  become  extremely  loarce, 
except  in  the  unaettled  country ;  and  t!.  breed  of  wild 
turkeya  will  be  extinct,  aa  they  are  not  fiiund  much  to 
the  weit  of  the  Miniisippi  and  Miatouri  riven.  Go 
where  you  will,  you  are  told  there  ii  plenty  of  game  of 
■ome  kind;  but  the  iportaman  who  relie*  on  thii  in- 
formation at  ihi«  aeaion  of  the  year,  while  the  treei  are 
yet  thick  with  foliage,  will  be  aurely  diiappointed.  I 
have  occasionally  atsyed  for  a  day  at  diffetent  placet, 
where  I  had  been  induced  to  believe  that  I  iliould  find 
■ome  iport ;  but  I  aoldom  found  any  gamo,  although  1 
•Iwaya  took  with  me  aome  peraon  well  acquainted  with 
the  woode.  The  want  of  doga  moat  certainly  be  taken 
into  conaideration. 

The  inhabitant!  of  Kentucky  may  be  called  the  Gai- 
oona  of  America.  They  have  a  humoroui,  good-natured, 
boairting,  boiateroua  peculiarity  of  language  and  manner, 
by  which  they  are  known  in  all  parU  of  the  Union.  To 
a  etranger,  they  are  courteoua  and  hoepitable;  but 
Mnongat  themaelvea,  they  quarrel  and  fight,  like  the 
Iriih,  for  fiin ;  or  merely  to  lee  which  ii  the  beat  man, 
without  any  provooation ;  and  thtty  evince  great  pai- 
tialitT  for  their  cwn  aUte— which  they  familiarly  de- 
nominate "  Old  Kentuck,"— perhapa  more  than  the  in- 
habitanta  of  any  other  in  the  Union. 

Kentooky  waa  originallr  need  by  the  Indiana  aa  a 
hunting-field,  and  for  no  other  purpoee.  The  neighbour- 
ing natione  agreed  never  to  build  upon  it. 

From  Lottiavilla«  I  proceeded  in  a  etoam-boat  to  Cin- 
cinnati, in  eighteen  boura.  About  forty  roilea  on  thia 
aide  of  the  town,  we  paaeed  the  month  of  the  atream,  ao 
well  known  by  the  name  of  the  "fiig  Bone  Lick,"  on 
aeeonnt  of  the  number  of  the  bonea  of  the  mammoth 
and  other  aninuJa  that  have  been  firequentlv  dug  up  in 
ita  vioMuty.  There  ia  a  auJphnr-apring,  and  a  boua*  Ar 
thaaooommodationi^viaitora.  Our  dHtinguiahad  ooun- 
trymaa,  Mr.  Bullock,  whom  I  aaw  at  Cmcinnati,  h<«d 
beea  lately  redding  on  the  apot  for  three  montha,  ami 
had  had  twenty  men  oonatantly  employed  in  diffiag. 
He  had  diaooverad,  amongat  other  aniniua,  the  bonea  of 


iBt  ho  will  probably  kill 
BBt  or  carry  away. 
>.y  of  game  in  loinB  parti 
it  it  in  equally  lo,  that  it 
Inleii  some  attention  be 
ccomo  extremely  loarce, 
r ;  and  K\.  breed  of  wild 
I  are  not  A^und  much  to 
nd  Miwouri  riven.  Go 
ere  ii  plenty  of  game  of 
1  who  relie*  on  thi«  in- 
year,  while  the  treei  are 
)  lurely  diiappointod.  I 
day  at  dilTetent  placet, 
:lieve  that  I  iliould  find 
id  any  gamo,  although  I 
■on  well  acquainted  with 

I  moat  certainly  be  taken 

y  may  be  called  the  Gai- 
humoroua,  good-natured, 
of  language  and  manner, 

II  parts  of  the  Union.  To 
lus  and  hospitable;  but 
irrol  and  fiffht,  like  the 
e  which  is  the  best  nwn, 
,  tb^y  evince  great  par- 
rbich  they  familiarly  de- 
srhape  more  than  the  in- 
Jnion. 

sed  by  the  Indians  as  a 
purpoee.  The  neighbour- 
iild  upon  it. 

d  in  a  steam-boat  to  Cin- 
Lbont  forty  miles  on  this 
B  mouth  of  the  stream,  so 
he  "  Big  Bone  Lick,"  on 
I  bones  of  the  mammolh 
Mn  flreqoentlv  dag  np  in 
■r-spring,  uid  a  noniv  Ar 
,  Oar  dHtingaiahad  oona- 
[  saw  at  Cmoinnati,  li<*d 
ot  for  three  montits,  taA 
tly  empioyad  in  diffiaf • 
lh«r  MUmus,  the  booeaof 


IN    AMKRIl'A. 


lt§ 


a  smaller  and  distinct  species  of  migalonyx  ;  an  animal 
haviri);  partly  the  generic  character  of  the  armadillo, 
and  partly  that  of  the  sloth,  and  nearly  equalling  the 
rhinoceroii  in  sixo.  Hut  the  most  remarkable  remains 
were  thoHe  of  a  youn);  colt,  and  a  gigantic  horse,  that 
could  not  have  been  luiis  than  twenty-four  hands  high. 
Unfortunately,  however,  for  the  advancement  of  science, 
they  were  all  destroyed  by  a  fire,  which  took  place  about 
throe  weeks  before  my  arrival.  I'lio  fossil  remains  of 
about  thirty  animal*,  now  supposed  to  be  extinct,  have 
been  found  at  the  liig  Bone  Lick ;  and  Mr.  Bullock 
conjectures  that  there  are  no  more  remaining.  That 
thii  animals  did  not  perish  on  tlio  spot,  but  were  carried 
and  deposited  by  the  mighty  torrent,  which  it  is  evident 
once  swept  over  the  face  of  the  country,  is  probable, 
from  the  circumstance  uf  marine  shells,  plants,  and  fiw- 
sil  substances  having  been  found,  not  only  mixed  with 
the  bones,  but  adhering  to  thnm,  and  tightly  wedged 
into  the  cavities  of  the  skulls — "  those  lioles  w)iai«  eye* 
did  once  inhabit,"  were  oAen  stopped  up  by  shell*  or 
pieces  of  coral,  forcibly  crammed  into  them. 

From  tho  Big  Bone  to  the  Blue  Lick,  a  distance  of 
about  sixty  miles,  there  is  a  buffalo-path.  Thoee  animala 
existed  in  great  numbers  in  this  part  of  the  country, 
within  the  memory  of  many  individuals  now  living. 
They  passed  fVoin  one  favourite  spring  to  the  other  in 
vast  herds,  always  pursuing  the  same  path,  seldom 
turning  to  the  right  or  left,  and  overturning  very 
^oung  trees,  or  any  slight  obstacle  that  might  occur 
in  their  line  of  march.  They  have,  however,  long 
been  killed  off  from  the  eastern  side  of  the  Ohio,  and 
Mississippi ;  not  being  seen  nearer  than  within  fifW 
miles  of  St  Louis.  They  ore  found  in  inniunerabb 
herds  in  the  widely  extended  plains  of  the  Misaouri, 
and  towards  the  regions  of  the  rocky  mountain*.  The 
Indians  kill  a  great  many  of  them,  for  the  sake  of 
their  skins,  which  sell  in  Philadelphia  at  four  dollar* 
t  piece,  while  that  of  a  hear  may  be  purchased  for 
three.  They  are  so  numerous,  that  this  traffic  occasion* 
no  perceptible  difference  in  tho  site  of  the  herd*.  An 
Indian  will  drive  an  arrow  so  hard  that  the  point  will 
ojqiear  on  the  other  side  of  the  bufiyo.  At  certain  aea- 
MMM  of  the  year,  their  trampling  and  bellowing  may  be 
heard  at  a  vast  distance  on  the  plaina,  by  puttinf  the 
«vto  the  ground;  and  in  this  way,  if  neard  in  the 


I  ()' 


180  IIX    MOMTIIS 

morning,  incrediblti  u  It  nwy  appear,  it  will  aoiMtimM 
be  evening  befbri-  Iho  Imnteri  can  curiie  up  vith  them. 
The  bonamuih  exhibited  lonut  yean  ago  in  Ixiiidon, 
waa  merely  tlio  common  American  buffalo;  which  i», 
atrictly  aiinaking,  ttiu  biioii,  or  animal  with  the  hump, 
and  not  the  buifala  The  biaon  in  found  of  dilTfrent 
■ilea  and  under  dilTerent  nauici  in  Africa,  in  Asia,  in 
the  ialand  of  Madagaacar,  and  on  the  Malabar  coaat; 
and  exiata,  aa  wo  liave  aeon,  in  immvnae  numberi  Id 
North  America  i  and  it  will  asaociato  with,  and  breed 
with  the  tame  cattle :  but  tlie  real  buffalo,  which  haa  no 
hump  on  the  ihoulder,  ia  n^t  found  in  the  New  Conti- 
nent, but  ia  common  in  India,  and  in  AlVica,  near  the 
Cape.  I  have  alao  aeen  them  in  the  Pontine  marihei, 
where  they  are  uaod  for  agricultural  purijoaea.  A 
marked  different  variety  of  which,  it  ia  auupoaeil,  that 
our  domeatio  animala  have  doaconded,  ia  to  be  obaurved 
in  the  fkct  of  the  tamo  cattle  roftUlng  to  bread  with  the 
buffalo,  and  in  the  period  of  goatatiun  in  that  animal 
being  extended  to  a  whole  year. 

The  navigation  of  the  Ohio  and  the  Miaaiaaippi  la  often 
rendered  dugaroua  by  theUunkaof  treea,  or  anagB,uthey 
arecalled,  whloh,iuflo«tingdowntheatrcani,getentangled 
and  atiokfiutln  the  mudatthebottom;  preaenting  a  moat 
fbrmidable,  and  frequently  unaeen  point  near  the  aurface 
of  the  water.  Our  ateamer  ran  upon  one  of  them,  but 
waa  Boon  got  off  by  meana  of  a  long  apar  of  wood 
that  wma  dropped  into  the  water,  and  then  uaed  aa  a 
lever,  with  the  aide  of  tho  boat  for  a  fiilcrum,  by  meana 
of  a  rope  wound  about  the  capatan  and  faatcned  to  the 
top  of  the  apar.  In  the  midat  of  the  cuufluion,  an 
Amerieon  atepped  up  to  mo,  and  aaid,  "  Stran^r,  I 

rm  we're  in  a  bad  fix  !"  To  bo  in  a  good  or  a  bod 
ia  an  expresaion  very  commonly  made  uae  of  in 
OMee  of  dilemma.  Speaking  of  a  man  placed  in  the 
•tooka,  for  initanoe,  a  common  American  would  remark, 
that  he  waa  in  a  "  bad  fix,"  without  the  leaat  fear  of 
oommitting  a  pun,  even  at  Philadelphia,  where  the  dia- 
eaae  b  very  prevalenL  The  American  error  ia  detected 
in  the  formal  and  decided  accentuation  of  narticular 
■yllablea  in  aeverol  common  worda,  and  in  the  laughaUi 
mianae  of  many  othera;  aad  not  in  any  miaprononoia*. 
tion  of  the  language,  g«nerallT.  The  word  angina,  fer 
inatanea,  ia  pronounced  engine;  favourito,  fkrount*; 
EuroijMn,  Eurdpian,  4m.    A  pi^ia,  or  provinwdia- 


^ 


PTIII 

•l>pe«r,  it  will  hoimUiimi 
can  come  up   «lth  them. 

n«    yearn  ajr<i  in  London, 

iierican  bulfalo;  which  ti, 
animal  with  the  hump, 

iaon    i«  found  of  diffprenl 

ici  in  Africa,  in  Aila,  in 

>(!  on  the  Malabar  coait; 
in  inimonio  numberi  io 

aiiaociato  with,  and  breed 
real  buffalo,  which  hu  no 
found  in  the  New  Conti- 

I,  and  in  AfVico,  near  the 
in  the  Pontine  marihea, 

agricultural   purpoavi.    A 

wnioh,  it  ia  auppoaeil,  that 
laoondod,  ii  to  be  obeerved 

roAiting  to  breed  with  the 
f  goitation  in  that  aniiuil 
lar. 

and  the  MiMiaaippi  ia  often 
nkaof  tree*,  or  inaga,Mthey 
>wn  tlie  itroam,  getentangM 
lebottom ;  proaenting  a  mott 
laeen  point  near  the  lurface 
■an  upon  one  of  them,  but 
a  of  a  long  apar  of  wood 
vater,  and  then  used  u  ■ 
at  for  a  fulcrum,  by  meani 
:apatan  and  iaatoned  to  the 
tidat  of  the  conftiaion,  an 
0,  and  aoid,  "  Stranger,  I 
To  bo  in  a  good  or  a  bod 
commonly  mado  uac  of  in 
f  of  a  man  placed  in  the 
m  American  would  remark, 

without  the  leaat  fear  of 
hiladelphia,  where  the  dia> 
American  error  ii  detected 
accentuation  of  particular 
wordt,  and  in  the  laogkabb 

not  in  any  miapronimoi^ 
Iv.  The  word  engine,  Ar 
rine;  favourite,  hrmaiw, 
A  pstoii,  or  provineiwdia- 


IN   ANXHICA. 


131 


l«ct,  luch  aa  la  heard  in  the  more  diatant  countiea  in 
Kngland,  la  unknown  aniongat  the  nativea  of  the  United 
HMft;  and  the  aimilnritv  of  lanfpuge  to  be  heard  in 
pviry  part  of  the  Union  that  I  viiilod,  could  not  but  at- 
tract my  attention  oa  an  l-inKliahman.  To  travel  by  the 
mail,  for  two  or  three  iiundrcd  milni,  and  to  lit  beiide  a 
roachman  who  aiMikv  an  the  one  with  whom  I  firat 
•tarted,  had  certainly,  nt  leaat  I  thought  ao,  the  effect  of 
■hortrnin)(  the  diitancr. 

The  education  of  the  poor  claaoea  ia  very  much  at- 
tended to,  exccptinir  perhajia,  in  the  more  weitem 
•latca,  whore  the  inhabitanta  think  tiiey  can  get  on  juat 
iM  well  wittiiiut  it.  In  the  Atlantic  atatoa,  there  ia  not 
one  perion  in  five  hundred  (I  am  apeaking  of  native 
Aincricanii,)  that  cannot  read  and  write.  The  mail 
would  oflen  itop  oppoaite  a  oolitary  log-houae,  in  the 
midiit  of  the  thickcat  fbreat,  and  throw  down  a  newa- 
paiicr,  which  waa  immediately  picked  up,  and  apelled 
over  with  the  greatest  avidity.  Moat  of  the  baok-woodo. 
men  can  talk  with  all  roaoonable  correctneoa  ol  the 
itate  of  Europe  generally,  but  the  reform  bill  in  Eng. 
land,  and  the  Liverpool  rail-road,  wore  viwaya  amaant 
the  moat  prominent  aubjeota  of  eager  inquiry.  An 
Envliahman  cannot  travel  a  mile  in  a  atoge  coaoh  in.tlie 
United  Btateo,  without  being  aaked  whether  ..o  haa  been 
on  the  Liverpool  rmil-road.  In  Europe,  and  in  France 
MLrtioularly,  it  ia,  "  Have  you  aeen  de  tunnel  under  de 
Thamea  7"  It  ia  the  uiefmneaa  in  forwarding  the  pros- 
perity of  a  country  that  luggeata  the  American  query : 
whilst  with  the  Frenchman,  ue  uoe  is  entirely  out  of  Vm 
question ;  he  thinks  merely  of  the  magikitode  and  tba 
novelty  of  the  undertaking,  and  nerer  fails  to  aifiwrk, 
ihat  the  engineer  was  a  native  oi  France.  A 'great 
proportion  of  the  inhabitanta  of  the  eastern  uMman 
Dutch  and  CSerman.  They  are  verr  numerous  in  dM^ 
rent  uarts  of  Pennsylvania,  where  tliey  have  the  oiwko- 
tor  or  being  good  and  industrious  fitfmers ;  bat  la  other 
respects,  tlwy  are  very  ignorant  and  opiniooatsd,  ttBrn- 
inf  the  education  that  is  oShred  to  them  gratis  ibr  Iheir 
duUrsn,  who  are,  of  course,  &r  behmd  the  vonng  Aiae. 
riouis  in  intelUgenoe.  I  have  often,  when  passing 
tlnoagh  the  ibreat  stopped  to  ask  •  cottager's  ehiU.  S 
wbat  eeonlry  he  was,  '*Flaaae,  sir,  fiuher's  aa  Irish- 
■aa^ad  mother's  Dnteh;"  and  "  I  waa  raised  herar 
ThalpMar  aspresaioB  b  very  commoalgf  oaad  whm  the 


i»:v 


132 


SIX   HONTHS 


di 


place  of  nativity  is  inquired  after.  I  have  been  frequent- 
ly addressed  with.  Where  were  you  raised,  stranger  ?  1 
:ueas  you're  from  tlio  old  country  ?  There  are  half  a 
Jozen  words  in  constant  use,  to  which  an  English  ear  is 
unaccustomed,  in  the  sense  they  are  meant  to  convey, 
•uch  as — ^"  to  fix,  to  locate,  to  euess,  to  expect,  to 
calkilate,  &c"  The  verb  "  to  fix,"  Tias  perhaps  as  many 
■ignifications  as  any  word  in  the  Chinese  language.  If 
any  thing  is  to  be  done,  made,  mixed,  mended,  bespoken, 
hired,  ordered,  arranged,  procured,  finished,  lent,  or 
given,  it  would  very  probably  be  designated  bjr  the  verb 
**  to  fix."  The  tailor  or  bootmaker  who  is  receiving  your 
instructions,  the  bar-keeper  who  is  concocting  for  you  a 

Slats  of  mint-julep,  promise  alike  to  fix  you,  that  is,  to 
it  your  taste  exactly.  A  lady's  hidr  is  sometimes  said 
to  be  fixed,  instead  of  dressed;  and  were  I  to  give  mv 
coat  or  my  boots  to  a  servant  to  be  brushed,  and  to  tell 
him  merely  "  to  fix"  them  for  me,  he  would  perfectly 
understand  what  he  bad  to  do.  There  is  a  marked  pe- 
culiarity in  the  word  "  clever."  In  America,  a  man  or 
woman  may  be  very  clever  without  possessing  one  erain 
of  talent.  The  epithet  is  applied  almost  exclusively  to 
a  persoD  of  an  amiable  and  obliging  disposition.  Mr. 
A.  is  a  man  of  no  talent !  no !  but  then  he  is  a  very 
elever  man !  According  to  their  meaning,  Buonaparte 
was  terribly  stupid,  and  Lord  North  was  a  very  clever 
fellow  indeed. 

To  say  nothing  of  their  oaths,  tiieir  expressions  are 
•ometimes  highly  amuving.  I  haye  heard  a  horse  ae- 
•cribed  as  a  ''  raal  smashn  at  trotting,"  and  a  hiffhwajr 
robbery  conndered  as  a  "  pretty  tough  piece  of  busi- 
neaa ;"  with  a  vast  number  more  uf  the  same  kind.  I 
beg  it  may  be  understood,  that  I  mean  these  remarks  to 
apply  chiefly  to  the  middle  and  lower  classes  of  Ameri. 
Milril;,  the  language  of  every  one  is  perfectly  intelligible, 
and  ii  I  have  before  remarked,  there  is  no  patou :  I 
think  it  should  rather  be  called  a  "  slang."  There  is 
also  much  less  of  the  nasal  twang  than  I  had  been 
taught  to  expect  in  American  parley.  Still  I  was  in* 
formed,  that  many  Americans  when  they  hear  a  man 
talk,  will  instantly  mention  with  certainty  the  oountiy 
in  wUch  he  has  been  long  resident,  being  able  to  detect 
•oma  words,  accents,  or  exprcMions  peoJiar  to  Mch 
stale.  The  Engli^  languaga  doM  not  oontain  mxds 
enongh  for  them.    Th«  word  ooqgnimiiwl  iawtut 


KTH8 

ter.  I  have  been  frequcnt- 
'6  you  raised,  stranger  ?  1 
intry  ?  There  are  half  a 
to  which  an  English  car  is 
hey  are  meant  to  convey, 
,  to  guess,  to  expect,  to 
I  fix,"  has  perhaps  as  many 

the  Chinese  language.  If 
,  mixed,  mended,  bespoken, 
rocured,    finished,   lent,  or 

be  designated  by  the  verb 
laker  who  is  receiving  your 
'ho  is  concocting  for  you  a 
ilike  to  fix  you,  that  is,  to 
ly's  hair  is  sometimes  said 
1;  and  were  1  to  give  my 
to  be  brushed,  and  to  tell 
)t  me,  he  would  perfectly 
There  is  a  marked  pe- 
In  America,  a  man  or 
rithout  possessing  one  grain 
iplied  almost  exclusively  to 
obliging  disposition.  Mr. 
DO !  but  then  he  is  a  very 
their  meaning,  Buonaparte 
d  North  was  a  very  clever 

ctaths,  tiieir  expressions  are 
I  have  heard  a  horse  ae- 
at  trotting,"  and  a  highway 
pretty  tough  piece  of  busi- 
nore  of  the  same  kind.  I 
tat  I  mean  these  remarks  to 
and  lower  classes  of  Aineri. 
'  one  is  perfectly  intelli^ble, 
rked,  there  is  no  patois:  I 
»lled  a  "slang."  There  is 
d  twang  than  I  had  been 
oan  parley.  Still  I  was  in'< 
ans  when  they  hear  a  man 
with  certainty  the  oountiy 
esident,  being  able  to  detect 
cpreaaions  pecvJisr  to  eedi 
1^  doea  not  oontain  MMdt 
ord  oongreMkuwI  to#&i( 


in    AKJBBIOA. 


183 


coinage  from  "  congresa,"  like  the  word  parliamentary 
from  parliament.  But  a  member  of  congress  is  said  to 
be  deputized ;  and  a  person  in  danger,  to  be  jeopardiied. 
I  remember  that  about  two  years  ago  being  in  the  Jar- 
din  des  Plantes,  I  was  nearly  ••  cameleoparAied"  by  the 
ffiraffe  that  kicked  at  me.  In  New  York  I  obeerred 
that  a  gumnaker  had  pnt  up  over  hi*  door,  ■*  Flint  and 
steel  guns  altered  and  percuaakmiwd."  Although  tlw 
meaning  of  all  this  is  perfectly  understood,  stiU  it  ia 
American,  not  English ;  and  although  the  English  lan- 
guage be  in  use,  yet  the  very  un-E!ngliah  conatmctioii 
and  distorted  meaning  of  many  sentencee,  render  it  eo 
different  from  the  language  spoken  in  good  eodehr  in 
England,  that  I  do  not  think  it  can  eaftly  be  dignufled 
with  the  name  of  good  ESngliah.  But  the  iJ^ngHJi  gpo. 
ken  in  the  first  circles  [in  all  the  luger  citiea  of  tbe 
the  Union,  is  usually  very  good :  so  that  between  the 
language  of  the  En^ish  and  the  American  gentleman, 
the  difference  ia  exceedingly  slight ;  but  atill  there  is  « 
difierence  here  and  there,  by  w&ch  I  tfaii^  any  peraon 
of  observation,  who  bad  been  lu  the  United  States,  could 
decide  upm  the  country  of  the  speaker,  wileaa  ef  oottrae 
he  had  resided  in  England.  I  should  however  add,  tliat , 
I  have  in  a  few  instances  met  with  gentlemen  whoae 
language  and  pronunciation  wouM  have  deoehed  wy 
one.  ^^ 

At  Baltimore  whilst  Uking  a  aketch,  I  told  adnnkl' 
on  ill-favoured  old  nigger,  that  I  would  taka  hia  fde- 
ture.  He  accordingly  plaoed  himaelf  in  altitude^  and  I 
ioon  hit  him  off  with  the  eamera-lueida.    He  «»■ 
very  much  pleased,  and  showed  the  pietnta  to  hit. 

loured  friends,  the  alavas,  who  were  working  nair  i 

He  soon  returned  with  an  old  black,  aa  ugly  aa  him* 
•elf,  and  aaid,  that  this  man  wiahed  to  have  his  ■*tiUa** 
taken  too. 

We  arrived  at  Cincinnati,  the  emporium  of  vtm- 
merce,  and  the  largest  city  in  Western  Amerioa,  flen> 
t^iag  30,000  inhabiUnta,  and  thirty  diibrent  pl« 
«  worship.  In  appearanea  it  diflbra  nom  moat  of  I 
laiger  towna  in  the  United  Statea,  on  aMonnt  of  th«' 
peat  improvement  that  haa  taken  plaea  In  the  colour 
•f  the  houaaa,  which,  inataad  of  being'of  the  nau«l 
wight  ataring  red,  are  fluquently  of  a  white  gray,  «r 
t  yii»wiah  tint,  and  diq^lay  a  great  deal  of  taala,  4il 
JM  wnaaant.    The  paUie  bnUdinga  are  not  kr^, 


"wngjg 


rtraHi»>jiiiriiiHi" 


aSiu 


134 


SIX   KOMTHB 


but  very  neat  and  claiaical ;  I  admired  the  lecond 
Preibyterian  church,  which  i*  a  very  pretty  specimen 
of  the  Doric.  The  atreets  are  handtome,  and  the 
■hops  have  a  very  fashionable  air. 

The  principal  trade  of  Cincinnati  is  in  provisions.  Im- 
mense quantities  of  corn  and  grain  are  sent  down  the 
Ohio  and  the  Mississippi  to  New  Orleans.  Part  of  it  is 
consumed  by  the  su^ir  planters,  who  are  supposed  to 
grow  no  com,  and  part  is  sent  coastwise  to  Mobile,  or 
expcvted  to  the  Havana  and  the  West  Indies  generally. 
In  the  United  States,  the  word  "corn"  is  applied  exclu- 
sively to  the  Indian  com  or  maiae,  other  grain  is  specified 
Inr  name  as  in  England.  The  quantity  of  flour  received 
in  1831  at  New  Orleans,  amounted  to  370,000  barrels, 
fOtont  150,000  barrels  more  than  had  been  received  in 
any  tanaiet  year.  A  ateat  quantity  of  flour  had  also 
been  shipped  to  England,  bat  it  is  very  often  soured  by 
the  warmth  of  the  water  in  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  In  183S, 
the  quantity  of  augar  prcdnced  at  New  Orleans  was 
88378  hemhcada  ^  1000  pounds  each,  and  in  1837,  the 
number  m  sugar  phntationa  was  seven  hundred,  in  which 
an  acgregate  capital  of  45,000,000  of  dollars  was  in- 
vested. 

Cincinnati  has  displayed  more  wisdom  than  her  op- 
posite neighbouir  in  Kentucky.  A  speculative  system  of 
buJting  was  carried  on  about  the  same  time,  and  was 
attifirifi  with  the  same  results  as  those  1  have  before 
noticed  when  speaking  of  that  state.  Credit  was  not  to 
ha  obtained,  commerce  was  at  an  end,  and  grass  was 
l«i«wing  in  the  streets  of  Cincinnati.  But  the  judicature, 
^mSt  equal  Justice  and  determinaiiiHi,  immediately  en- 
fereed  by  its  decisions  the  resumption  of  cash  pigments. 
Many  of  the  leading  families  in  the  place  were,  of  (sonrse, 
miuBd,  and  at  present  there  are  not  above  five  or  six  per- 
sons in  CSncinnati,  who  have  been  able  to  regain  their 
tbmuft  eminence  as  men  of  business.  But  it  was  a  sa- 
eri&M  of  individnds  fbr  the  good  of  the  community,  and 
fortwie«nly  dewrted  the  speculatorB  in  order  to  attend 
upon  the  owitalMta,  who  quickly  made  their  appearanos 
statss,  and  have  raised  the  city  to  lU 


■  ■>'-* 


Mstm 
itcbwptoqMTity. 


firam  the 

present  ptcb  C  r—r^~j  ■ 

Cineimiati  \}\  iifiiTii  to  have  two  exeellent  taina,  both 
of  whiah  giw  pcoauae  at  every  comfert :  Uie  taWe  wa» 
Mvh  good,  but  my  rest  wwi  destroyed,  not  aMtetor  dU- 
turMibythairanitormmiin.    A  dean  had,  te  it  wu 


M&* 


•  1*^- 


HB 

I  admired  the  second 
a  very  pretty  ipecimen 
re  handtome,  and  the 
lit. 

lati  w  in  provisions.  Im- 
rain  ore  sent  down  the 
V  Orleans.  Part  of  it  is 
■s,  who  are  aupposed  to 
coastwise  to  Mobile,  or 
West  Indies  generally, 
'corn"  is  applied  exclu. 
le,  other  gram  is  specified 
quantity  of  flour  received 
inted  to  370,000  barrels, 
ui  had  been  received  in 
lantity  of  flour  had  also 
;  is  very  often  soured  by 
Gulf  of  Mexico.  In  1838, 
9d  at  New  Orleans  was 
ida  each,  and  in  1837,  the 
8  seven  hundred,  in  which 
0,000  of  dollars  was  in- 

ire  wisdom  than  her  op- 
A  speculative  system  of 
the  same  time,  and  was 
m  as  thoee  I  have  before 
'.  state.  Credit  was  not  to 
t  an  end,  and  grass  was 
Innati.  Bat  the  judicature, 
mination,  immediately  en- 
uuption  of  cash  p^ments. 
1  the  place  were,  of  course, 
•e  not  above  five  or  six  per- 
been  able  to  regain  their 
iiaineas.  But  it  waa  a  aa- 
ood  of  the  community,  and 
lulators  in  order  to  attend 
kly  made  their  appearanoa 
lave  raised  the  city  to  its 

B  two  exeelletit  fana,  bo<h 
nry  oomiort:  the  taMe  was 
lestrayed,  not  iMiPetar  dis. 
m.    Acleanh«l,h«K»«t. 


IN   AMSBICA. 


436 


of  straw,  is  a  line  qua  non  with  an  English  traveller  ; 
and  as  I  did  not  feel  perfectly  well  after  breathinji  the 
unhealthy  fogs  of  tlie  Ohio,  I  had  consoled  myseUwith 
the  idea  of  a  comfortable  sleep  for  that  night  at  least 
But  I  was  wofully  disappointed,  being  nearly  in  a  fever ; 
aud  when  I  was  permitted  to  close  my  eyes  for  a  few 
niiuutes,  I  dreamed  of  the  most  unconnected  sabjectSf— 
bullirogs,  and  universal  sufTraffc,  for  instance. 

I  stuted  by  the  mail,  in  order  to  cross  the  country  to 
Lake  Erie.  Biibre  we  were  out  of  tlie  town,  the  near 
leader  became  unmanageable,  and  the  coach  waa  over- 
turned, in  the  open  street  I  was  on  the  box,  aud  ex- 
pected to  be  kicked  to  (Mcces,  an  I  fell  close  to  the  hoTsea; 
but  providentially  they  all  four  ealloped  off  with  the 
two  n-ont  wheels,  and  no  one  was  hurt.  It  waa  scarcely 
day -light — no  one  was  up — the  coachman  went  after  the 
horses,  and  it  fell  to  my  lot  to  deliver  the  coach  of  her 
nine  inside  passengers,  who  scrambled  out  one  by  one 
tlirough  the  window,  guessiag  and  *  calkilating*  the 
whole  time. 

By  the  evening,  we  had  naobed  the  YeBow  Sftrinn ; 
a  ftshionable  watering  |dace,  taking  its  name  mtm  tl^ 
colour  imparted  to  the  rocks  by  ue  water,  which  |a 
chalybeate.  A  large  boarding  house  for  the  acoonuBo- 
dation  of  visitors  is  the  only  building  of  ctmseqnenoe  in 
the  neighbourhood. 

At  CentreviOe,  about  twenty  mile*  from  the  springs,  is, 
or  rather  was,  for  it  has  been  partly  deatrojred,  a  m- 
markably  fine  Indian  fort;  beintf  a  deep  ditch  lying 
between  two  raised  banks,  and  incbsing  a  space  of  toree 
(juarters  of  a  mile  in  circumference,  on  wmch  the  town 
is  built  On  the  outside  is  a  large  mounds  which  had 
been  lately  opened,  and  was  found  to  cmttain  a  number 
of  human  bones. 

At  a  distance  of  nine  miles  from  the  sp 
Sanduskv  road,  stands  Springfield,  a  small  thriv 
which  like  most  of  those  in  this  part  of  C 
exceedinglv  neat  and  clean.    In  the  neighbo^lip^  Ja  a 
considerable  number  of  IjngUsh  iipttlera,  obi 
fl-om  Yorkshire.    There  is  no  dpabt  that  aigr'i 
is  able  and  willing  to  work  for  his  Itee^l^i^,  cmi 
in  two  or  three  years,  make  hiwse|rin|irter,  of  m  i 
the  back  woods,  in  this  or  any  otbar.  p^k  of  i|^  Vn 
The  average  value  of  unclea|«d  Iandi!^|  ai^Hndrva  (kDars 
ftr  eighty  aores.  A  single  man  can  «if(^  Irliere  earn  a* 


136 


SIX   XONTOS 


leMt  twelve  dolkn  a  month.  ProvisioM  are  exceedingly 
cheap ;  a  aheep  or  a  deer  can  be  purchaaed  for  a  dollar ; 
wheat  may  be  about  two  ihillinga  the  buahel,  and  an 
acre  of  Indian  com,  which  is  only  one  ahiUing  the 
bnahel,  will  produce  twice  the  quantity  that  is  railed  on 
an  acre  of  wheat  It  is  unfortunate  that  the  common 
class  of  Bi  itish  emigrants  are  too  much  disnosed  to  be- 
lieve that  a  land  of  liberty  is  identified  with  a  land  of 
promise,  aad  -  that  when  they  emigrate  to  America,  no 
difficulties  will  ever  present  themselves.  The  conie- 
qnence  is,  that  exaggerated  accounts  of  their  first 
troubles,  bearing  no  proportion  to  their  real  privations, 
are  fivquently  sent  home  to  their  friends  in  England : 
but  I  am  convinced  from  my  own  observation,  and  oc- 
casional ooUoquy  with  my  emigrant  countrvmen,  that  it 
must  be  a  man's  own  fiudt,  however  poor  be  may  be  at 
first,  if  he  be  not,  in  a  very  few  years,  to  use  a  common 
phrase,  completely  above  the  world ;  be  his  occupation 
triiat  it  may.  The  B!"gii»h  and  Scotch  conunonly  travel 
a  long  way  into  the  western  country,  where  dwy  become 
ftnners  «nd  graziera;  ibe  Irish  prefer  remaining  in,  or 
near  the  jffincipal  towns,  and  what  is  very  onosual  in 
Irishmen,  they  find  employment  ai  rnatl-rnilfrrs  rjnal- 
diggers,  or  bricklayers.  Witness  tlic  rcsuil  ot°  ueu,  uiul 
protecting  institutions.  Fiihr  yean  ago,  the  praulation 
wcatwara  of  the  Allegheny  did  not  exceed  15,000 ;  now 
it  amounts  to  500,000!  The  population  of  priest-ridden 
Mexico  has  not  increased  for  centuries. 

Odumbus,  the  capital  of  the  state  of  Ohio,  contains 
nearly  4000  inhabitants.  Its  appearance  is  very  promis- 
ing, but  there  is  nothing  in  it  to  detain  the  traveller. 

At  Mansfield  I  was  obliged  to  remain  a  day  and  a 
half,  in  consequence  of  the  late  rains  having  rendered 
tho  streMBU  impassable.  Fortunately  I  |Jaced  myseh*  in 
very  good  quaitors,  at  the  inn  or  tavern,  where  I  met 
with  uw  greatest  dvilitT  and  attention,  and  iu  more 
comfort  and  cleanliness  toan  is  often  found  at  a  country 
inA  la  tti  United  States.  I  passed  a  whole  morning  on- 
lyiy  with  my  gun  in  the  woods.  "  Well,  struger, 
J  gtSnggonidng  this  morning  7"  •<Tea;andpnT 

gilmeis  therein  the  forest  herer  I  boM* 

•  Why,  air,  there  is  robin,  and  some  turkey,  «|a  eon- 
sideraUe  squirrel,  about  sundown."  The  roUn  ia  a  vny 
oomttion  bird  of  the  fieldfiue  genus,  with  a  red  bnaat,  > 
little  larger  than  oar  redwing.    However,  I  met  with  no 


>'!f 


ns 

oviiioni  are  exceedingly 

purchaeed  for  a  dollar ; 
ings  the  btuhel,  and  an 

only  one  ahiUing  the 
uantity  that  is  raiwd  on 
unate  that  the  common 
x>  much  diapoaed  to  be- 
dentified  with  a  land  of 
migrate  to  America,  no 
henuelvea.  The  conie. 
acconnta  of  their  firit 
to  their  real  privationf, 
teir  friends  in  England : 
wn  obacrration,  and  oc- 
rant  countirmen,  that  it 
rerer  poor  ne  may  be  at 
yeara,  to  uae  a  common 
rorld ;  be  hia  occupation 
Scotch  oommonly  travel 
utry,  where  dwy  became 

prefer  remaining  in,  or 
what  is  very  nnosual  in 
it  a**  rnart-Tm^rr'',  rrnol. 
;ss  tlio  result  of  lieu,  iind 
yeara  ago,  the  population 

not  exceed  15,000;  now 
opulation  of  prieatndden 
inturies. 

I  state  of  Ohio,  contains 
>pearance  is  very  promis- 
>  detain  the  traveller. 
[  to  remain  a  day  and  a 
e  rains  having  rendered 
(lately  I  placed  myself  in 
i  or  tavern,  where  I  met 
attention,  and  &r  more 
dten  found  at  a  ooontry 
■ed  a  whole  morning  un- 
)  woods.  "Well,stniger, 
mfaagT"  "Yea;  and  pray 
sreat  here  7*'  I  batpni- 
i  some  turkey,  d|a  eon- 
ivn."  TheroUnlaavery 
•nus,  with  a  rad  hreaat, » 

However,  I  met  with  va 
* 


IN    AMBBIOA. 


lOT 


turkey,  and  contented  myself  With  seeing  my  coropa- 
nion  hit  or  "  scare"  (terrify)  the  squirrels  with  his  rifle. 
Sassafras,  sarsaparillo,  and  ginsencr,  are  found  in  these 
foresU.  The  latter  root  is  so  plentiful  as  to  bo  an  article 
of  commerce  ;  great  quantities  of  it  arc  sent  to  the  coast, 
and  exported  to  China,  where,  as  is  well  known,  it  is 
very  highly  prized,  buinf  congidered  a  panacea. 

The  last  five  miles  into  Sandusky,  or  Porthmd,  lie 
over  a  small  prairie ;  but  it  is  not  a  good  specimen,  as 
the  herbage  is  short,  and  copses  of  stunted  trees  are  fl«. 
quent.  Prairies  are  either  dify  or  wet  The  wet  prairie* 
ore,  in  fact,  nothing  but  a  marsh  covered  with  ioog 
grrass,  and  have  been  so  from  any  indefinite  period  of 
time.  Of  the  dry  prairies  some  m.T.y  have  been  origi- 
nally wet,  and  some  may  have  been  cleared  by  the  b- 
dians,  for  the  purpose  of  uains  them  as  hunting  fields. 
But  the  former  supposition,  if  the  fact  could  be  aaeer- 
tained,  would  probably,  in  most  caae^  be  found  to  be 
the  true  one. 

The  shores  of  the  lake  at  Sandusky  are  exceedingly 

flat.    I  was  fortunate  in  finding  a  steum-boat  thm 

which  was  going  to  Detroit,  Green  Bay,  and  the  Saut 

de  SL  Marie,  at  tlie  entrance  of  Lake  Superior,  and 

would  afterwards  return  to  Buffalo.    The  "Superior*' 

as  she  was  called,  was,  I  think,  the  most  oomiortaiiie 

steamer  I  had  yet  entered ;  her  upper  deck,  about  one 

hundred  and  twenty  feet  in  length,  was  of  great  width, 

and  afforded  a  most  excellent  promenade.    We  lud  on 

board  upwards  of  sixty  passengers,  many  of  whom  were 

ladies ;  and  there  was  plenty  of  room  for  us  all,  with  the 

advantage  of  an  excellent  table,  and  a  small  band.'    The 

lake  afforded  us  a  supply  of  most  delicious  fteab  water. 

Soon  aAer  leaving  Sandusky  we  pa— od  in  sifht  of  Put- 

in-Bay,  in  the  Baas  Islands,  forming  one  of  tiie  finest 

natural  harbours  to  be  found  any  wb^n.    Commodor* 

Perry  lay  at  anchor  there  on  the  night  previooa  to  the 

10th  of  September,  1813,  on  which  d«r  he  gained  his 

victory  over  our  fleet  in  the  vicinity.   Night  soon  rlnaod 

in  upon  us.  We  passed  Maiden,  vr  Anhentburg,  aa  it  irr 

more  usually  called.  The  British  aquMbon  lay  at  anehot 

^era  previously  to  its  engagement  with  Gaamodtm 

Perry.  .  A  boat  pushed  off  in  toa  darknoa^,  and  aalted  to 

betakmiintow.   "  Who  are  you  7"  vary  HDMwly  Mked 

tbeaaptau.    "We  British !»  was  the  lacKmManawar 

ofiMne  Franch  Canadiana,  and  the  aleaiaar  paassd  on. 
13* 


f^^ 


188 


•IX  KONTHI 


A  compuiy  of  the  79th  wu  itationed  at  Maiden.    In 
the  mornfaig  we  found  ounclvea  at  Detroit :  thia  pitice 
waa  a  oonaUerable  French  aettlement  ao  long  ago  aathe 
year  1759,  when  it  fell  with  the  Canadaa  into  the  po«. 
aetaion  of  the  Britiah,  and  ia  now  increoidng  with  a 
rapidity  to  which  it  ia  fkirly  entitled  by  iu  lituation,  on 
the  outlet  of  the  great  Ukea.    The  French  unqueationa- 
Uy  diaplayed  their  uraal  tact  and  foreaight  in  their 
ohoioe  of  the  dillbrent  pointa  of  communication  in  the 
•xtenaiTe  chain  of  fbrta  which  waa  originally  continued 
from  the  Canadaa  to  the  Miaaiaaippi— the  proof  ij,  that 
■11  of  them  are  of  great  importance  at  the  preaent  time. 
A  aimilar  but  more  enlarged  inatance  of  thia  the  highest 
grade  of  military  stratecy,  ia  to  be  found  in  the  vigorona 
and  preaerving  policy  of  great  Britain,  which  haa  aecured 
to  her  a  cham  of  fortreaaea,  by  which,  aa  a  gallant 
ABMriean    g^teral-officer   ezpreaaed    himaelf    to    me, 
••She  haa  cbeck-mated  the  world."    The  maater  mind 
of  General  Bemrrd,  the  ettve  and  aide^e-camp  of  Na- 
poleoa,  and  perhapa  the  iT<  OBginfler  now  living,  whom 
I  had  the  honour  of  meetiny  at  Waahington,  haa  dia- 
idaye^  itaeUTin  the  very  extenaive  and  accurate  military 
rarreya,  which  he  haa  taken  in  almoat  everr  part  of  the 
Unite<!  Statea.    The  fortiiicationa  which  he  haa  con- 
■traotad,  have  rendered  the  eatuariea  of  the  United 
Statea   altogether  inacceaaible   to   an  invading  fleet. 
Ganeral  Bernard,  aa  ia  weU  knovm,  haa  lately  quitted 
the  aervioe  of  the  United  Statea,  and  returned  to  France. 
The  wharft  and  buildinga  at  Detroit  extend  along  the 
rarer  aide  for  about  a  mile,  and  exhibit  much  of  the  buatle 
of  a  Commercial  town.    The  atreeta  are  Hpacioua  and 
regolarv— the  largeat  is  more  than  half  a  mile  in  length, 
and  oontaina  aome  excellent  diopa  and  a  capital  hotel. 
That  part  of  the  bonk  upon  which  the  city  ia  built,  ia 
alightfy  elevated  above  the  reat  of  the  country,  and  com- 
manda  a  view  which,  althoush  generally  flat,  ia  fiir  from 
being  onintereating.    The  ftrma  are  lud  out  in  narrow 
alipa  of  land,  whidi  run  parallel  to  each  other,  and  at 
ri^t  aaglea  t«  the  river,  reaching  to  the  edge  of  the 
fmat,  diatant  about  two  milea  ft«m  the  ciW.    By  tta 
meana  the  firat  aetilera  were  enaUed  to  buiH  thab  kab^ 
tationa  within  a  abort  diatanoe  of  each  other ;  ^^ 
a  anMlIer  apaioe  of  road  to  keep  in  repair,  and  aflorna 
•aeh  other  a  mntoal  auppoh  againat  the  anddaD  ^teflka 
oTtht  Indiana.    At  Dttfoit,  th«  AmarieMi  OoMral  BaB 


Wiimm«m»^' ' 


iipiiii-^:>ij).Mwt?f 


■.<ir\ 


^tw^ 


IB 

tioned  at  Maiden.    In 
at  Detroit:  this  piuce 
ment  bo  lonff  ago  as  the 
Canadaa  into  the  pos- 
now  increoaing  with  a 
Ued  by  its  situation,  on 
be  French  unquestiona- 
and  foresight  in  their 
commnnication  in  the 
ras  originally  continued 
lippi — the  proof  is,  that 
nee  at  the  present  time, 
tanceof  this  the  highest 
be  found  in  the  vigorous 
itain,  which  has  secured 
>y  which,  as  a  gallant 
vsaed    himself    to   me, 
UL"    The  master  mind 
nd  aide^e-camp  of  Na- 
finecr  now  living,  whom 
It  Washington,  hasdis- 
ve  and  accurate  military 
almost  every  part  of  the 
6ns  which  he  has  con- 
Bstnaries  of  the  United 
to   an  invading  fleet, 
cnown,  has  lately  quitted 
,  and  returned  to  France. 
Detroit  extend  along  the 
ixhibit  much  of  the  bustle 
streets  are  spacioua  and 
lan  half  a  mile  in  length, 
ops  and  a  capital  hotel, 
rluch  the  city  is  built,  is 
of  the  country,  and  com- 
generally  flat,  is  for  from 
ns  are  lud  out  in  narrow 
lei  to  each  other,  and  at 
ching  to  the  edge  of  the 
I  fl«m  the  citv.    By  this 
tabled  to  buikl  theb  kabi- 
of  eufa  olher;11iOThad 
sp  in  repair,  and  mtiad 
gainst  the  raddni  ■tiaaks 
•  ABMriflw  GmmnI  HoB 


IN    AMBBIOA. 


139 


surrendered  to  General  Brock  during  the  last  war,  but  th« 
city  was  subaeqnently  retaken,  previously  to  this  btttto 
of  the  Thames. 

We  entered  the  lake  of  St.  Clair, — about  thirtr  miles 
in  length,  and  twenty-five  in  breadth ;  we  passed  a  con- 
siderable distance  fronf  its  banks,  but  they  appeat«d  to  ^ 
be  very  flat  and  unintcrebting.  On  the  right  is  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Thames;  made  remarkable  by  the 
victory  obtained  over  the  British  by  a  i  iperior  foroa 
under  the  American  General  Harrison.  The  celebrated 
Indian  chief,  Teeumseh,  fell  in  the  engagement ;  and  the 
importance  of  this  victory  to  the  Americans  was  ftH  by 
tiie  dissolution  of  the  hostile  Indian  confoderaey  conse- 
quent on  the  death  of  their  leader. 

On  the  left  of  the  entrance  to  the  river  St  Clair,  ia  e 
large  wet  prairie :  on  the  right  are  several  islanda,  form- 
ing to  all  appearance  but  one  extensive  morass,  and 
abounding  in  wild  fowl.  As  the  channel  became  nar- 
rower, we  perceived  that  the  American  banks  were  flur 
more  setUed  than  those  on  the  Canada  side ;  but  they 
soon  alike  presented  nothing  but  a  dense  mass  of  forest 
trees,  at  a  slight  elevation  s««>ve  the  water. 

After  moving  on  for  about  thirty  miles,  we  arrired  at 
Fort  Gratiot  at  the  head  of  the  river ;  it  contained  a 
amidi  garrison,  just  raJBdently  strong  to  resist  an  attawk 
from  me  Indians.  The  pay  of  an  American  private  ia 
eight  dollars  a  month,  with  an  allowance  of  one.  raian 
per  diem ;  but  his  duties  are  for  harder  than  those  of  tiie 
British  soldier,  which  accounts  for  the  frequency  of  de- 
sertion. A  lieutenant  in  the  army  receives  but  six^ 
dollars  a  month,  after  deduction  for  subsistenoe,  forage, 
ftiel,  quarters,  and  expenses  for  servants.  The  pay  Ma 
captain  after  the  same  deduction,  amounts  -to  aboat 
eighty  dollars  a  month.  The  stipend  of  a  naval  certain 
amounts  altoffether  to  four  thousand  four  hundred  dot. 
lars  a  year ;  his  cabin  is  flimished  better,  and  the  allow- 
anoe  for  breakage  is  more  liberal  than  thatof  an  En|^isii 
offieer  of  die  same  rank. 

I  here  saw  an  Indian  dance :  the  performers,  an  iM 
man  and  his  sons,  advanced  towaiils  us,  on  a  foraat 
paAh,  looking  like  wood  demons,  jumping  and  ra^ng 
with  oaeli  ouer,  and  uttering  a  amaU  ahrill  ory  at  in> 
tarmis;  they  were  nearly  naked,  bedaiAed  i4i^*v«r 
with  day,  and  began  the  daneo  with  light  oMbfl  in 
Umr  haua:  aonMtiaiaa  they  writhed  on  the  gronnd 


ii 


140 


SIX    MONTH! 


lik*  inakaa,  at  otheri  ttiey  ibook  their  clabi  tt  aach 
other,  and  lued  the  wildcat  and  mott  oxtraragant  «■• 
turea.  The  old  Indian  beat  time  on  a  imall  tkin 
■tretched  aoroM  a  piece  of  hollow  tree.  When  atoep- 
ing  to  the  ground  and  looking  upwarde,  hie  featurei 
aud  figure  reminded  me  of  the  celebrated  statue  of  the 
••  Bemouleur"  at  Florence. 

The  whole  of  tbia  part  of  America  is  inhabiUd  by 
tha  Cbippawaa,  by  far  the  largest  tribe  of  Indians  on 
iha  ahores  of  the  great  lakes.  Tbo  waters  of  Lake 
Huron  had  been  agitated  by  a  furious  north  wind, 
and  headed  directly  on  the  mouth  of  the  river;  the 
currant  was  running  with  such  velocity,  that  the 
ataam-boat  did  not  effect  her  passage  without  a  long 
and  very  saver*  atrnggle,  and  when  at  last  fairly  out 
on  the  lake,  aha  made  so  little  progress  that  she  was 
obliged  to  put  back.  Some  of  the  passengers  amused 
tbamaelvaa  with  fiahing,  and  caugh*.  aome  black  baas ; 
BB  for  Dvsalf,  I  proceeded  with  two  Indiana  in  a 
canoa  to  tha  moraaa  oppoaita  the  fort,  which  abounded 
in  wild  fowl  of  all  kinda;  I  contrived  to  ahoot  aavaral 
dudu,  notwithatanding  tha  unaeaaonable  cries  raised 
by  tha  Indiana  in  token  of  their  delight,  on  aaeing  a 
bud  (all.  Their  quickneaa  of  sight  and  hearing  an- 
i««rod  nearly  all  the  purpoaaa  of  a  water  apaniel, 
when  I  could  not  iamadiaUly  find  a  wounded  bird. 
At  length  wa  made  another  attempt,  and  antorad  the 
vaat  axpaaa*  of  Lake  Huron.  The  coaat  on  the  right 
atratobad  away  to  the  north  nearly  at  right  anglea; 
and  we  gradually  loat  eight  of  it.  Our  oourae  waa 
along  the  waatam  ahore,  where  the  bauka  were,  or 
aoamed  to  b»,  a  little  higher ;  but  atill  vary  low,  sp- 
p{»aring  nowhere  to  exoeed  thirty  feet  in  height.  The 
unbroken  and  interminable  forest,  with  which  they  are 
oovarad,  containa  more  game  than  any  otlier  part  bor- 
daring  on  tha  lakaa,  being  leaa  frequented  hj  hunteis. 
The  AoMrican  elk  (tha  wapiti  of  the  EgypUan  Hall,) 
the  mooaa  and  common  deer,  are  found  there,  with 
pleiUy  of  baara,  wdvae,  and  other  wild  inhabitants  of 
tha  roreat;  tha  mooae  haa  tha  power  of  remaining  va- . 
dar  watar  fo"  *  ''"Kf  '^Df  ^"i"*  *od,  when  in  dugai, 
h|f  boMi  known  to  {dunga  into  a  pool,  and  ranajb  at 
tha  bottom  6tt  mora  mioutaa  than  I  oara  t*  mmlim 
hei«. 


>  u 


III 


IM   AMIRIOA. 


141 


>k  tbair  claba  at  aacli 
moat  extravrngkiit  Mt- 

time  on   a  tinaU  uiin 

)w  tree.  When  itoop- 
upwards,  hii  features 

celebrated  itatuo  of  the 

merica  ia  inhabited  by 
eat  tribe  of  Indiana  on 
The  walera  of  Lake 
_  furioua  north  wind, 
jouth  of  the  river;  the 
loh  velocity,  that  the 
paaaage  without  a  long 
when  at  laat  fairly  out 
progreaa  that  abe  waa 
the  paaacngera  amuaed 
ingh*.  aome  black  baaa ; 
trith  two  Indiana  in  a 
be  fort,  which  abounded 
itrived  to  ahoot  ae*eral 
laeaaonable  criea  raiaed 
air  delight,  on  aeeing  a 
eight  and  hearing  an- 
lee  of  a  water  ananiel, 
y  And  a  wounded  bird, 
ttempt,  and  entered  the 
The  coaat  on  the  right 
nearly  at  right  anglee; 
>f  it.  Our  courae  waa 
Bre  the  bauka  ware,  or 
)  but  atill  very  low,  ap- 
rty  feet  in  height.  The 
eat,  with  whion  they  are 
han  any  other  part  bor- 
I  frequented  by  hnntera. 
of  the  EgypUan  Hall,) 
,  are  found  there,  with 
ther  wild  inhabitanta  of 
power  of  remaining  va- . 
le,  and,  when  in  duigWt 
10  a  pool,  and  nmtjmtlt 
than  I  oar*  t*  mwitiiaii 


W*  ataered  directly  for  the  Saut  de  St  Marie,  at  Um 
foot  of  Lake  Superior,  and  diatant  two  hundred  and 
twenty  milea.  One  mile  of  the  ooatt  on  any  of  (hae« 
lakea  will  give  a  very  tolerable  idea  of  the  whole  of 
tliaro,  with,  of  courae,  aome  exoeptiona.  Yet  although 
there  waa  but  little  variety  in  thia  reepeot,  the  Toyaga 
waa  exceedingly  intereating.  The  flneneaa  of  IM 
weather,  the  cool  breeie  ao  refireahing  after  the  aultry 
heat  to  which  I  had  been  expoaed,  the  comparative  ah* 
aeac*  of  muaquitoa,  and  the  ever  preaent  reoollcetion 
that  we  were  aailing  on  the  great  lakee  of  North 
America,  where,  comparatively  epeaking,  ao  tkw  had 
been  before  me,  gave  a  tone  to  the  exoaftioii  that 
compenaated  for  more  commanding  acenery.  Aa  wc 
paaaed  Saganaw  bay,  we  were  very  nearly  out  of 
eight  of  land.  The  Mannito,or  Spirit  ialanda,  were  the 
next  objeeta  that  preaented  themaelvea  to  our  view : 
thee*  are  euppoaed  by  the  Indiana  to  be  inhabited  by 
apirila,  the  word  m^nnito  in  tha  Indian  langnaga  aif- 
■ifyinf  apirit.    We  then  paaaed  Drummond  lalaad. 


which  during  the  laat  war  contained  a  Britiah  fort  and 
garriaon,  but  haa  been  ainoe  abandoned.  Some  rolmi 
en  the  large  ieland  of  St.  Joeeph  were  viaiU*  fl«m  the 
ateam>boat;  they  were  the  temaina  of  a  fort,  which 
waa  auffered  to  fall  to  decay,  previonaly  to  the  fi>r*,lfl< 
caliona  being  erected  on  Drummond'e  Ieland.  On  Ih* 
American  bank,  near  the  entrance  of  the  river  St. 
Marie,  we  obaerved  a  apot  called  the  Sailor'*  En- 
campment. The  foreat  had  been  partially  claarvd 
away,  and  there  waa  no  veatige  of  humanity  remain- 
ing. Some  yeara  ago,  a  aloop  waa  wrecked  there; 
the  crew  auffered  incredible  hardahipe,  4ftd  many  of 
them  died  from  want,  before  the  aurvivora  contrived  to 
make  their  eacape.  We  entered  a  cluater  of  email 
ialanda  at  the  mouth  of  tha  river,  and  I  thonglit  thia 
the  fineat  piece  of  lake  acenery  I  had  yet  witneeeod ; 
aa  far  aa  I  eould  judge  en  poaaanl,  they  appeared  to  be 
ehiefly  eompoaed  of  gneiaa,  lying  in  large  maaaee  of 
roek,  reearobling  thoae  that  are  no  common  in  aome 
parte  of  Sweden.  In  comparing  theae  with  the  ialanda 
of  Killamey,  and  Looh-Lomoiid,  I  ahoold  redkark, 
that  the  full  rich  foliage  did  not  aeem  eompMe''#itfc* 
out  the  arbutna ;  and  the  dark  tint  of  the  flr  treea, 
with  which  they  were  covered,  waa  not  rolievod,  u  ii) 


..J.. 


143 


•IX   KONTHI 


tlw  SooltMh  Ikke,  by  the  ezqaiiitoly  delicala  apiMar- 
■NM  of  Iha  weeping  birch. 

It  wee  a  remerkably  fine  eveniny:  ae  the  iteanicr 
oMMd  rapidly  on,  hor  paddlen  •eomed  to  lake  inflnitn 
plMraie  in  defacing  the  o»toni«hed  lurface  of  llie  wo- 
tor,  and  eplaahed  away  through  the  liquid  oryetal  willi 
•a  HtUe  oeremony  ar.  if  they  had  been  propelling  i 
BMN  fcrry  boat.  Ewy  thing  beeidee  waa  huafaed  and 
tiMiqaih  tho  wj  peeeengere,  who  had  all  Meembled 
■Mr  the  forward  pwt  of  the  deck,  were  Inteneoly 
Msiat  vpon  the  eoene  aroand  them  >  and  wattOied  in 
Z\mnf  bfeathlaaa  ailenea,  ae  the  veieel  rounded  each 
trtiin  the  deep,  but  comparatively  narrow  nver,  that 
4awl0Md  In  quick  aucceeeion  aome  new  and  more 
bMoUt^I  object  at  erery  turn.  Suddenly  we  heard 
tbo  eoTMma  of  a  party  of  Indian*,  who  had  doeeried 
ua  ftom  their  wigwama  on  one  of  tho  Wande,  and 
war*  paddling  after  oe  in  a  canoo  with  all  their  might. 
On«  of  them  waa  a  chief,  who  diapla^ed  the  flag  of 
tha  United  SUtae.  In  the  coarea  of  the  aiiamaoo, 
w*  had  bean  amaeing  oanMlree  by  ahootiag  with 
riflaa  at  a  bottle  attaohed  to  a  line  about  forty  yardi 
ia  Ungthi  thie  had  been  left  hanging  from  the  eteni, 
aod  tb*  andaaToaia  of  tbo  Indiana  to  catota  hold  of 
tfca  itring,  alfimlod  na  no  little  amaeeoMnt.  Their 
Ateee  were  doepW  aUined  with  ('  e  red  extract  ftom 
Um  blood  root  (Sangiiiiiaria  Cao.i  leneie ;)  they  were 
in  tha  beat  poaeibia  humour,  and  their  wild  diaeordant 
laagh,  and  the  atill  wilder  ezpreaeion  of  their  ibaturM, 
aa  they  enoouraged  each  other  to  exertion  with  quick- 
ly repeated  and  guttural  eiclamationa,  enabled  u*  to 
£rm  eomr  idea  of  their  animated  appearanee,  when 
eacited  to  deeda  of  a  more  lavage  deecriplion.  By 
dint«f  the  greateet  exertion,  they  contrived  to  leiie 
tha  etring;  they  held  on  for  a  moment  by  it;  it 
anappad,«nd  the  canoe  waa  insUntly  running  aaUrn 
at  the  fDta  of  eeven  or  eight  knot*.  They  again  had 
reoonrea  t«  their  paadloe,  and  uiod  thorn  with  redou- 
bled energy ;  we  then  ■lackoned  our  pace  for  a  minute 
or  two,  and  throw  them  a  rope,  by  which  thay  aoon 
pulled  Ihemaelvee  under  the  atom.  We  couveraed 
with  thain  through  the  medium  of  an  interpreter,  and 
mada  them  preeonte  of  bread  and  apirita.  They  eeem- 
ad  very  thankful,  threw  ua  aome  pigeone  which  they 


m 

uifitely  delictia  apiietr- 

iveninf:  m  the  •Uanicr 
•  leemeil  to  taka  inflnitn 
liihed  lurrace  of  the  wo- 
(h  the  liquid  crycttl  with 
f  had  been  propelling  a 
(  beaidoe  woe  huahed  and 
I,  who  had  all  aaaembled 
he  deok,  were  inlenaely 
d  them  >  and  watched  in 
the  veiael  rounded  each 
itively  narrow  river,  thai 
an  aome  new  and  more 
rn.  Buddenly  we  heard 
idiani,  who  had  deacried 
one  of  tho  ialanda,  and 
inoe  with  all  their  might. 
ho  diaplayad  the  flag  of 
ooarae  or  the  afUmooo, 
MlTee  bjr  ahooting  with 
a  line  aboul  forty  jrardi 
t  hanging  fVom  the  atem, 
Indiana  to  oatoh  hold  of 
little  amuaement.  Their 
ith  f  e  rod  extract  ftom 
Can>i  lenaia ;)  they  were 
and  their  wild  diaeordant 
ipreaaion  of  their  fhaturef, 
»r  to  exertion  with  quiok- 
clamationa,  enabled  ua  to 
imated  appearanoe,  when 
■avago  deacription.  By 
I,  I  hey  contrived  to  aeiie 
for  a  moment  by  itt  it 
I  inataiitly  running  aatern 
knota.  They  again  had 
id  uied  thorn  with  redon- 
ned  our  pace  fur  a  minute 
rope,  by  which  th^  aoon 
le  al«rn.  We  cooveraed 
urn  of  an  inlerpreter,  and 
1  and  apirita.  They  eeem- 
some  pigeone  which  they 


I.N    AMBBIOA. 


148 


had  killed,  and  flred  a  f*u-di.joi»  with  their  fowling- 
piecei  at  parting. 

The  next  morning  we  came  in  eight  of  the  Haul,  re- 
lembling  the  inclined  plane  of  a  large  artificial  dam. 
The  aoonery,  though  not  grand,  waa  decidedly  ourioua 
and  pictureaque.  On  the  right  are  the  Canadian  aet- 
tiementa,  ana  the  original  oatabliihmenta  of  the  north- 
weit  company  :  the  Toll  bank  ia  lined  by  a  auoreeaion 
of  email  neat>looking  counlry-hooaea  and  white  cot- 
tagee.  Near  the  Saut  atanda  the  fort,  large  enongh  to 
contain  three  coropanloa;  but  then  garriaoned,  I  be- 
lieve, with  but  eighty  men.  Every  thing  abo«l  it  wm 
ID  excellent  order :  before  our  drawing  ■»  4*  tlw 
linding.placo,  we  were  boarded  by  aevoral  Mlana 
with  moocaaina  (leathern  aandala,)  bolta,  tohaeeo 
pouchea,  and  bark  work,  for  aalo. 

The  Baut  de  8t.  Marie  moat  eAetnally  pravenU  any 
veaael  from  aacending  the  river  to  Lake  Saperior,  m- 
cepting  eucli  aa  are  light  enongh  to  be  towed  np.  Aa 
Iha  atesm-boat  could  not  proceed  fWrther,  we  embark- 
ed in  eanoea  on  a  email  canal,  which  baa  been  cut 
f>om  the  fort  to  the  river  above  the  Sant,  waA  paddled 
away  for  the  entrance  of  the  lake.  ImmedUUly  aftar 
I  had  atartad,  my  eanoa  began  to  leak;  aha  vaa  !■• 
■Untly  drawn  on  ahore  by  taa  Indiana  doaa  tn  a  wif. 
warn,  and  turned  keel  upwards.  A  ligfat-oolovrad 
pitch  extracted  fVom  a  apecien  of  pine,  waa  boiled  in 
about  tan  roiButee.  A  piece  of  oanvaaa  waa  than  ba- 
imearad  with  it,  and  laid  over  the  leak  OH  tba  ontalda. 
Another  layer  of  pitch  waa  followed  by  aiMhaf  plaea 
of  eanvaaa,  and  then  a  third  and  laat  |laalar  of  tha 
piteh  waa  apread  over  the  whole.  Is  a  qiMirlH  of  an 
boor  aha  waa  again  launched  parAotly  water-Ufht, 
Theea  oanoM  are  of  a  light  and  moat  elegant  eon- 
■truction.  They  are  made  of  birch  bark  oximded  over 
a  alight  firaina  of  cedar,  and  fastened  or  nlhat  aawed 
to  it,  by  the  flexible  rooU  of  the  young  aytoaa  tree. 
They  aia  uauall»^bout  fifteen  feet  in  laa|^  and  can 
carry  aawn  or  eight  peraona  without  da^pr.  Soma 
of  tMVkowever,  are  much  larger. 

Tha  land  on  each  aide  of  tha  river  praaantod  moch 
tha  aanaa  anpaaranee  aa  that  wa  had  hilhatto  aaan. 
Laha  Snparisr  may  be  fairly  said  to commanaaal  tka 
Paint   nnx  Pins,  a  flat  aandy  piDmontctjl,  IMant 


j.^?WfeillW{feL' 


144 


■11  MOUTHS 


ftboul  •!■  milM  (torn  th«  8«ul.  Bayond  it,  lb«  inHWe* 
of  th«  waur  it  (udd(<nly  •iiUrfed  to  •  width  of  ihr«« 
or  four  Biilati  and  lliuugh  llio  open  tipante  of  U>« 
lako  ia  not  viiibla  from  tlia  Point,  yat  ttia  high  and  ab- 
rnpl  ridgoa  of  land  lliat  riia  imroadiattljr  at  Iha  an> 
tranea  of  the  lake,  and  Iha  claar  axpama  of  oloudltii 
aky  that  waavstandad  bayond  thani,  claarly  informtd 
oa,  lliat  tha  might/  inland  ooaan  waa  naar  at  hand. 
Lako  Buparior  ta  aix  hundrad  and  lafanty  milaa  in 
laagtb— of  oouraa  a  vail  daai  larger  than  the  British 
Channel^— the  water  ia  ua  clear  aa  cryilal,  and  eool  in 
Um  bollaat  weather.  Being  chiefly  auppliad  by  land 
aprlagat  Uia  quantity  of  water  that  falla  over  the  Saut 
ia  miMh  greater  than  that  which  ia  poured  into  the 
laka  hy  ita  tributary  rivara  and  •treame,  which  are 
ooap«rativoly  amali  and  ioaignifioant.  The  aailora  in 
the  eUuB^boat  wonld  oooaaionalty  peel  a  large  pota- 
to*, and  throw  it  in  advane*  of  the  boat,  and  by  the 
tia*  aba  arrived  at  tha  apot  whore  it  fell,  the  potatoa 
haa  aank  to  the  depth  of  thirty  or  forty  feet,  but  (Vom 
tba  olaameaa  of  tha  water,  ita  ahapa  and  colour  ware 
ptrflMUv  diatlnet. 

Of  aU  the  diflhront  plaoM  wo  toaehed  at  en  onr 
Toyaga,  the  Bant  had  the  atrongoal  claima  on  oar  time 
and  attantioa.  Wa  ware  much  mortified  at  being 
obliged  to  leavo  it  tba  aamo  afternoon ;  tha  eaptain 
datmniaiiif  to  rotam,  contrary,  I  belieTO,  to  the  wiah 
of  mntj  oaa  on  board.  Only  one  or  two  oanoea  that 
bad  alartad  earlier  than  tha  othara,  ware  able  to  pro- 
•aad  ftrtboi^  than  tba  Point  aux  Pine. 

In  onr  way  back  to  the  ataamar,  eTcnr  canoe  ebot 
down  tbo  Saut,  Thia  ia  an  exceedingly  dangerona  ea« 
porimont,  except  when  they  are  guided  by  people  who 
MT*  boon  long  acouttomad  to  the  managaotent  of 
tbon.  The  Saut,  which  ia  tha  only  outlet  to  Iha 
watara  cT  Lake  Superior,  may  be  about  one-third  of  a 
nila  in  wiiH)*,  una  about  half-a-inila  in  length;  tha 


fUl  in  tb»»  apace  being  about  twantjMbnr  IteL  Tha 
eanoaa.  aritb  the  paddlee  fore  and  aft,  aoon  bgf  •»  to 
Ibel  the  elTeet  of  to*  current,  and  were  immedilwly  af- 


ter earriad  forward  with  great  Telocity.  In  irianf 
plaeaa  tbo  watara  were  without  foam,  and  perfbeltf 
tranaiMraat,  aad  the  large  looae  racka  at  tba  bof,oa.' 
wwra  diatinetly  nan;  many  of  tbam  ria*  nearly  U  ^Ha 


Hiiriitl^lMHMM 


Bityond  it,  tb«  rarhe* 
fed  to  •  width  of  ihrM 
•  open  ixpanM  of  lh« 
It,  yet  Iha  high  tnd  ab- 
immadtttaly  at  tht  on- 
ar  oipania  of  oloudltu 

thani,  cUarljr  informad 
«an  was  naar  at  band. 

and  aavantjr  mllfi  in 

larger  than  tha  Brilith 
1  aa  cryttal,  and  eool  in 
ibiefljr  auppliad  by  land 
that  falla  over  the  Baut 
lioh  ii  poured  into  the 
tnd  ilreama,  whieb  are 
nifleant.  Tha  aailora  in 
nally  peel  a  large  pota- 
of  the  boat,  and  by  the 
rhere  it  Ml,  the  potatoe 
f  or  fortj  feet,  but  (Vom 

ehape  and  colour  were 

we  tooohed  at  en  onr 
igeal  olaima  on  onr  time 
ich  mortified  at  being 
aAomoon;  the  captain 
rjr,  I  belieTO,  to  the  wiah 
'  one  or  two  canooa  that 
othera,  were  able  to  pro- 
IX  Pina. 

tamer,  evei^  canoe  abot 
icoedingly  dangerona  ea> 
re  guided  by  people  who 

to  the  management  of 

the  only  outlet  to  the 
f  be  about  one-third  of  a 
tlf-a-mile  in  length;  the 

twentfifonr  ftet.  The 
I  and  aft,  aoon  lM*n  to 
Md  were  immeduNMy  af< 
reat  Telocity.  lo  irianf 
lout  foam,  aad  perflwUf 
oee  rocks  at  tlM  haVM: 
r  them  rlae  navAy  U  ilw 


IN   AMHRIOA. 


140 


■nrflice,  but  were  aToided  bv  the  re-aarhable  deateritjr 
of  the  aleereman,  where  the  ■lighiaat  want  of  ekJl 
muit  inevitably  have  overturned  the  canoe.  The  de* 
■cent  occupied  between  three  and  four  minutaa.  The 
raplda  on  the  left  bank  were  evidently  mere  ftirieue, 
iiid  are  very  eeldom  deecended. 

The  Beat  de  81.  Mario  waa  originally  occopiad  by 
(he  Frenek  aa  a  military  and  tiadin^  port.  At  tM 
foot  of  the  rapida  there  ia,  I  waa  iniorroed,  eome  of 
the  Aneet  fly-fiahing  in  the  world  t  the  trout  are  vary 
fine,  In  enoroMHia  quanlltiea,  and  riao  wry  Araely.  B«l 
our  inesorablo  captain  eared  for  none  of  tbeea  thlngib 
Whlle-Aah  (auppoaed  by  eome  to  be  of  the  ealmo  g«* 
noe,)  are  oaoeedingly  plentiftil.  Their  flavour  ia  f 
markably  fine  and  daliaaU. 

The  next  morning  wo  approached  the  iaiand  of  MU 
ehilimacklnac,  aignifylng,  in  the  Indian  language,  tk« 
Oreat  Turtle ;  and  ao  called  ftom  ila  eotlino  bearing  a 
■uppoaed  roaemblanoa  lo  thai  animal  when  lytog  ■!»• 
the  water,  though  I  cannot  aay  that  I  eoald  dwavrer 
■o  flattaring  a  llkeneaa.  When  within  a  abort  dlataaoa 
it  appeared  to  be  diamond-abaped,  with  aa  angle  mn- 
Jecting  twvarda  ua,  and  tha  aidae  remlari*  aaaf po4  by 
the  hand  of  nature.  Apparently  aboot  tba  oantM  of 
the  island  riaee  what  In  Ameriea  ia  called  a  ••  binVi"  • 
word  which  ia  provoking  ftom  Ita  abeordily,  and  «oa< 
■tant  roenrrenca  in  American  doeeriptiaaa  af  wmamj. 
What  ia  a  blniT}  I  aaked,  and  ao  would  any  other 
Engllihman :  "  A  blulT,  air !  don't  you  know  wkat  • 
bluir  laT  A  binflr,  air,  ia  a  place  of  rleing  gronnd, 
partly  rock,  not  all  of  it,  with  one  side  steep,  bnt  yet 
not  very  sleep,  the  other  side  sloping  away,  yet  not 
too  cnddsniy  i  the  whole  of  it,  except  the  steep  sldn. 
covered  with  wood;  in  short,  sir,  a  bluff  is  a  Uuffi'* 
The  word,  I  think,  may  do  well  enouf^h  lo  exprees  • 
small  rough  rooky  bill,  but  somstimes  il  bappene  that 
a  bluff  ie  highly  picturesque,  and  then  to  talk  of  a 
most  beantiiul  bluff,  is  somsthing  like  talking  oT 
>*Beaaly  and  the  Boaal."  Aa  a  aubaUntive,  and,  ia 
tha  aeaM  in  which  it  is  used  in  Ameriea,  Ibo  word  U 
eaeineively  their  own,  and  it  really  woald  not  bo  fUr 
to  call  it  EngUah.  Nowlheless,  tbeieia,  and  shall  ha 
"  a  Maff "  ta  the  midst  of  the  island  of  BCicUttmaaU* 
■afl|  rMng  ta  the  height  of  more  than  thren  hnadred 
1& 


146 


SIX    UONTUS 


ftet  •hove  the  waters  of  the  lake,  which  have  been 
aioertained  to  be  about  «ix  hundred  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  Atlantic.     On  the  left  aide  of  the  island  is 
the  town,  and  above  it  appeared  tho  fort.    In  the  bay 
were  several  trading  sloops,  smaller  craft,  and  Indian 
canoes ;  and  the  sun  shone  brilliantly  on  the  whole  of 
this  enlivening  scene,  which  we  saw  to  the  best  ad- 
vantage.   The  town  may  contain  about  eight  hun- 
dred inhabitants,  exclusively  of  the  garrison.  The  In- 
dians  are  sometiinoe  to  bo  seen  in  groat  numbers,  even 
to  tho  amount  of  one  thousand  or  one  thousand  five 
hundred,  who  live  in  wigwams  close  to  tho  water's 
edge.    A  wigwam,  or  Indian  village,  is  a  collection  of 
email  tents  constructed  of  matting  and   birch  bark. 
Tho  day  before,  we  had  met  twenty-two  canoes  in  tho 
open  lake,  each  containing  seven  or  eight  Indians, 
who  were  going  from  Mackinac  to  our  settlement  at 
Peii>T-tang-y-8hen,  on  Lake  Huron,  to  receive  their 
Minwii  presents  from  the  British  government.        _ 

Mackinac  is  the  rendexvoua  of  the  North-l^eit 
Ameriean  missionary  establishment.  It  contoined  six 
miasionariea ;  of  whom  four  were  Presbyterian,  one  a 
Catholk),  and  om  of  the  Church  of  England,  and  a 
large  establishment  for  the  instruction  of  one  hundred 
ehildren,  of  whatever  persua«i<m.  .  „    , . 

A  very  carious  and  legularly  abaped  natural  Gothic 
areb,  on  the  top  of  a  rock  at  the  north-eastern  side, 
elevated  about  two  hundred  ftet  above  the  level  of  the 
lake;  a  huge  isolated  calcareous  rock;  and  a  small 
cave  called  Skull  Cave,  are  the  natural  curiosities  of 

the  laland.  ...•■• 

The  principal  trade  is  the  for  trade,  vfhich  is  carried 
on  there  to  a  great  extent,  chiefly  throtteh  the  medium 
of  Canadian  ro^geurt.  The  fort,  'which  is  kept  in  ad- 
mirable order,  commands  the  whole  town,  but  is  itself 
oommanded  by  another  eminence  in  the  woods  behind 
it.  During  the  late  war  a  strong  party  of  British  uid 
Indiana  pushed  across  from-  Dr ummond'a  Island,  with 
deven  pieoea  of  cannon,  and  bein(|r  &voured  by  the  derk- 
nesi  of  the  night,  contrived  to  gain  this  emineace,  die- 
tant  half-a-roile,  without  being  perceived  by  the  Aiwan- 
nana  in  the  fort,  who  had  not  received  notice  of  iha  war 
having  broken  out  They  beat  the  "  reveilUe"  aa  anal 
in  the  morning,  and  were  exceedingly  aatoniahed  t» 


■5* 


■cqpPMMMi 


IS 

ake,  which  have  been 
iiruirs^  feet  above  the 
eft  aide  of  the  island  is 
d  Iho  fort.    In  the  bay 
lallcr  crafl,  and  Indian 
liantly  on  the  whole  of 
re  saw  to  the  best  ad- 
itain  about  eight  hun- 
r  the  garrison.  The  In- 
in  great  numbers,  even 
id  or  one  thousand  five 
IS  close  to  tho  water's 
'illago,  is  a  collection  of 
atting  and  birch  barli. 
i-cnty-two  canoes  in  the 
levou  or  eight  Indians, 
ao  to  our  settlement  at 
Huron,  to  receive  their 
ih  government, 
lus  of  the  North-Wwit 
iroent.    It  contained  six 
were  Presbyterian,  one  a 
jrch  of  Hngland,  and  a 
itruction  of  one  hondred 
ion. 

y  ilMpAd  natural  Gothic 
t  Ifae  north-eastern  side, 
et  above  the  level  of  the 
eona  rock ;  and  a  small 
he  natural  curiosities  of 

ir  trade,  vf  hich  is  carried 
efly  through  the  medium 
fort,  Vvhich  is  kept  in  ad- 
whole  town,  but  ia  itself 
Dce  in  the  woods  behind 
ong  party  of  British  and 
Dvummond's  Island,  with 
eing  &vottred  by  the  dark- 
i  gain  this  euinencet  dk- 
r  perceived  by  the  AnMU' 
received  notice  of  Um  wu 
.t  the  "  reveilKe"  m  urail 
ixeaedingly  aatoniatwd  to 


IN    AHBRICA. 


147 


hear  it  immediately  answered  by  the  British,  who  were 
above  them.  Resistance  would  have  been  useless,  and 
the  fort  surrendered.  The  remains  of  tho  old  Britlah 
fortification  are  stiti  to  be  seen  upon  the  hill:  itW 
called  Fort  Holmen,  after  Major  Holmes,  a  gallant 
American  officer,  who  was  advancing  to  retake  it,  and 
met  his  fate  at  the  head  of  the  attacking  column. 
Mackinac  was  given  up  to  the  Americans  by  the  treaty 
of  Ghent,  in  1814.  There  was  originally  a  French  fort 
and  settlement  on  the  main  land  of  the  Michigan  terri- 
tory. The  first  British  garrison  who  occupied  it  were 
murdered  by  the  Indians,  and  the  fort  and  settlement 
were  afterwards  removed  by  the  British  to  th»  island. 

I  amused  myself  with  shooting  pigeons,  which  are  to 
{«  found  on  the  island  in  great  numbers.  I  was  quite 
surprised  at  the  extraordinary  facility  and  qnicluiese  of 
eye,  with  which  my  guide,  half  Indian  and  half  Cuadi> 
an,  discovered  them  sitting  in  the  thickest  foliage ;  his 
sight  seemed  to  me  to  be  fkr  keener  tiwn  that  of  an 
English  sportsn  \b  when  looking  ibr  a  hare.  The  wooda 
with  wliich  the  island  is  covered,  are  pr'.ncipelly  com- 
posed of  haael  and  maple ;  I  could  have  Ihncled  akjmSt 
in  a  Kentish  preserve,  but  that  wild  ror^rries  were  in 
great  abundanee  in  the  <^n  spaees. 

In  the  evening  I  woat'to  see  the  Indians  spear  fish 
by  torch  light  A  lightod  roll  of  birch  bark,  emitting 
:t  most  vivid  fSame,  was  held  over  the  head  of  the  boat, 
where  the  Indians  were  stationed  with  their  spears. 
The  water  was  exceesively  clear,  and  the  fish  were  at- 
tracted by  the  light,  and  several  of  them  were  instantly 
pinned  to  the  ground  at  the  depth  of  fbor  or  five  feeL 

About  ten  miles  north-east  of  Maekinae  are  tike  St.' 
Martin's  island^ ;  one  of  them  abounds  in  sypsnm.  At 
about  the  same  distance  from  Mackinaic  and  on  tbe  main 
land,  I  was  informed  that  there  was  a  remarkably  Une 
trout  stream  that  would  amply  repay  the  fly-fisher  Sat 
his  trouble  in  going  there.  There  is  no  fly-fishing  at 
Mackinac,  but  very  fine  fish  are  to  be  taken  with  a  Mit: 
they  have  pike,  bass,  white-fish,  and  what  are  called  sal* 
mon-trout,  in  great  perfectbn.  As  to  these  last,  I  very 
much  question  whetiier  they  are  of  the  salmo  genus  at 
dl;  as  they  never  rise  at  a  fly.  They  certainly  are  not 
what  are  called  sahnon-tront  by  English  sportsme*,  nor 
are  they  tiie  large  bull-trout  of  the  Ehiglish  lakifc  I 
saw  a  tioat-load  containing  a  dozen  that  had  be^n  eatoght 


148 


■a   XOKTIU 


in  one  night  woighing  flfom  fifteen  to  twenty  pooBdi 
Mch;  they  more  roeembled  in  every  reepect  the  fiib 
Mlled  the  aalmon  in  the  Lake  Wenner  in  Sweden,  tnd 
l^ioh  I  h»ve  eeen  taken  of  an  enormoiu  iiie  below  the 
OUa  •f  TtoUhatta.  The  meat  at  thia  aeaaon  (Auguit) 
WM "White,  but  weU  flavoured.  I  waa  informed  that  xt 
beoooMa  of  a  reddiah  oobur  in  October  or  November. 

Maokipy  ia  an  excellent  market  for  Indian  cwMutiM. 

Our  next  deatination  waa  Green  bay,  on  Lake  Ittichi- 
na.  On  our  way  we  paaaed  aoveral  fine-Iooking  lalandi, 
--•11  thiekly  covered  with  foresta,  and  apparently  uma- 
ha^^yirf  A  fort  and  a  flouriahing  aottlement  are  to  be 
Men  at  Green  bay ;  bat  there  ia  nothing  attrkctive  about 
cither,  and  the  country  ia  very  flat  and  umntoreatuig, 
euMtt  to  a  aportaman.  There  are  ptentv  of  wild  fowl  to 
be  found  at  Dock  creek,  about  three  milea  oS,  and  1  pro- 
OMdad  thoie  in  bofut  of  altooting  aome,  but  did  not  fall 
ui  with  than  nntU  it  waa  too  hie  to  have  much  wort 
Hmnmr,  I  chanced  to  meet  an  old  Indian  who  had  baui 
man  aaoeeaafiil,  and  I  carried  fanok  to  the  ateamJiqat 
two  aihw  dooka,  which  an»w"»««t  *imj  purpoM,  aa  no 
mtT«*~Tf  wan  aakad  My  i^mu  had  been  enumerating 
to  aa  the  dUbiant  wild  anil  n^t>  .:  found  in  that  part 
of  the  foreat,  and  I  ohaaoed  .  !:  m,  if  foxea  were 

pientiftl;  hia  aaawer  waa  aa  »  •  l{aa,air;  there  » 
MoaidaraUa  fox."  lathevar}  ^.A.y«i  part  of  the  foreat, 
aboot  two  and  a  half  milea  ft«m  tiM  aoutt  of  dM  creek, 
waa  the  randenoa  of  an  Indian  doctraaa  and  <ortiua- 
taUar.  I  hmded  there  out  of  ourioaity  to  have  ny  fiw- 
tnaa  told ;  but  her  manner,  her  language,  and  tba  eub- 
Btanoeof  what  ahe  aaid,  diilered  in  no  reaf 


of  a  oomnion  Rngliah 


eapeet  ftom  that 

„ gipay  woman.    She  ahuffled  a 

dir^  pack  of  carda,  and  told  me  of  the  foir  lady  and  the 
dark  lady,  the  fiJae  friend  and  the  true  friend,  the  trecr- 
man  t»  be  found  and  the  journey  to  be  ta!;en,  with  the 
■aoM  chwtcr  of  aoeidenta  and  nnavoidaUe  dangera.  I 
poiohaaad  aoma  of  her  medical  herba:  the  pruMMl 
plut  waa  aaraaparilla.  I  obaerved  wild  rice  growing  p 
gnat  abundance  on  the  margin  of  tha  atream. 

Bf  peMing  up  the  river  at  Green  bay,  a  tnvelltt  may 
Bcooaad  in  caaoea  down  the  Wiakanaaw  river  to  tM 
head  of  the  Miaaiaaippi,  having  only  to  paaa  over  qua 
mile  of  terra  firma;  ao  that  with  thu  aingle  raoepUM, 
the  wiMla  diatanoa  from  Qoabec  to  NowOrleaaa  maybe 
tnmBad  by  water. 


ua 

teen  to  twenty  pou&da 

evvj  reapect  the  fiib 
tenner  in  Sweeten,  tnd 
inormoui  liie  below  the 
thia  aeMon  (Augnrrt) 

_  WM  informed  that  it 
October  or  November. 
At  for  Indian  curioaitiet. 
en  bay,  on  Lake  Michi- 
eral  fine-looking  ialandf, 
ta,  and  apparently  unin- 
If  aettlement  are  to  be 
nothing  attrutiTe  about 

flat  and  unintereating, 
re  identT  of  wiU  fowl  to 
bree  milea  off;  and  I  pro- 
ig  aome,  bat  did  not  M 
Ue  to  hvn  mneh  qwrt 
old  Indian  who  had  liaan 

back  to  the  BteamAiqat 
vA  rrary  porpoM,  aa  no 
iMd  been  enumerating 
'  found  in  that  part 
h  fo,  if  toMM  ware 
.A,  •  tea, air;  there  ia 
:. .  A^  part  of  tha  foreat, 
1  tba  mouth  of  dM  creek, 
la  doctroH  and  fertoaa. 
lurioeity  to  have  my  for- 
■  language,  and  tho  aub- 
I  in  no  reapeot  from  that 
roman.  we  ahnffled  a 
9  of  the  foir  lady  and  the 
Jm  Une  friend,  the  trea- 
By  to  be  tahen,  with  the 
unavoidable  daagera.  I 
ial  herba:  the  principal 
ved  wild  riee  growing  la 
ofthaalream. 
reen  bay,  •  traveller  may 
iV^iakanaaw  river  to  the 
I  only  to  paaa  over  oaa 
Ok  thia  aingle  eaaeptiaa, 
stoNewOrleaMmaybe 


IN    AHERICA. 


149 


Jill 


We  left  Oreen  bay,  ond  returned  to  Mackinac,  and 
paned  the  day  much  in  the  aame  manner  as  before.  Our 
cvening'a  entertainment  was  rather  of  a  novel  deacri]^ 
lion.  A  Catholic  priest,  whom  we  had  previously  left  at 
Mackinac,  and  who  was  known  to  be  an  eloquent  man, 
was  going  to  preach  in  the  chapel,  and  accordingly  maay 
of  us  went  to  hear  him  :  he  had  come  to  tiie  island  for 
the  sole  purpose  of  holding  a  religious  controversy  with 
some  of  the  Presbyterian  clergy.  The  expected  meet- 
ing did  not  however  take  place ;  and  havmg  been,  or 
fancying  himself  to  have  been  very  much  wronged,  he 
entered  into  a  long  explanation  of  the  whole  affair.  He 
rood  letters  and  papers,  and  commented  upon  them  in 
his  robes  from  the  altw;  he  made  a  long  tirade,  in 
which  sarcasm  and  ridicule  were  successively  promi- 
nent, and  wound  up  his  speech  more  suited  to  tlie  bar 
than  the  pulpit,  by  accusing  his  adversary  of  telling  a 
"thumper."  Whether  he  was  in  the  right  or  the  wrong 
was  lit*!e  to  the  purpose:  in  common,  I  believe,  with 
every  one  that  hecrd  him,  I  thought  the  whole  proceed- 
ing was  exceedingly  disgraceful. 

We  now  steered  again  for  Fort  Gratiot,  acd  poased  to 
Detroit  and  Lake  Ene.  From  Detroit  to  Bnfihlo  H  la 
three  hundred  and  fiflfy  miles.  We  touched  at  several 
posts;  and  in  short,  after  a  voyage  of  one  thousand  eight 
handled  and  ten  milea,  performm)  in  nineteen  days,  we 
arrived  at  Buffido,  and  fired  asaloteof  twenty-fonrguna, 
one  for  each  state.  The  distances  the  steam-boat  had 
passed  over  were  as  follows.  From  BoflUo  to  Detroit, 
three  hundred  and  fifty  miles;  to  Fort  Gratiot,  seventy- 
five;  length  of  Lake  Huron,  two  hundred  and  twenty ; 
from  the  month  of  the  river  St  Marie  to  the  Saut,  and 
bock  to  tiie  lake,  one  hundred  miles;  thence  to  Mac- 
kinac, forty  miles;  to  Green  bav,  one  hundred  and 
eighty;  back  to  Mackinac,  one  hundred  and  eighty 
more ;  thence  to  Fort  Gratiot,  two  hundred  and  tmj ; 
to  Detroit,  seventy-five;  to  Buffalo,  three  hundred  and 
flify;  total,  one  thonaanil  eight  hundred  and  ten  milea.' 
The  voyage  altogether  had  heen  very  pleasant,  and  the 
weather  so  fitvouraUe  that  quadrilles  were  danced  on 
deck  ahnost  every  evening.  On  one  night  onljr,  the  meet- 
he»  of  Lake  Huron  waa  agitated  by  aomethmg  like  a 
saoaU,  aad  the  rolling  of  the  steam-boat  waa  exoeediiu^ 
dwagteaable.  I  had  nothing  to  complain  o^  but  nw 
canMit  and  untaiiteable  insolence  of  the  stewards;  whi<Ai 
13* 


il:  I 


&^!msM^MS0£'''imm^s^ 


IfiO 


UX  MONTHS 


were  remarked,  and  I  have  no  doubt  will  be  remembered, 
hy  many  of  the  warmeat  admirer*  of  liberty  and  equality 
wlw  were  on  board. 

BoAlo  ia  a  large,  thriving  anJ  cheerAil  town,  con- 
taining about  fourteen  thouiiuid  inhabitanta>  The  prin. 
«i|ial  atreet  >•  apacioue  and  himdaome,  and  of  great  length. 

And  now  fi>r  Niagara,  the  diapaam  of  fireah  wateri ! 
An  honr'a  drive  brought  me  to  the  village  of  BUck 
Bock,  where  the  Niagara  river  i*  about  half  a  mile  in 
linadth,  and  run*  from  the  lake  with  a  very  atrong  cur. 
mt  Oppoaite  to  Uack  Rock  are  the  remaina  «l  Fort 
bie,  nnaucceaaftilly  beaieged  ^r  the  Britiih  in  1814. 

I  proceeded  along  the  aide  of  the  river.  Ita  rapidity 
Hon  oeaaea,  and  it  preaenta  a  aurface  a*  atill  and  aa 
calm  aa  that  of  a  lake.  A  turn  of  the /oad  brought  my 
Toiture  to  a  email  inn,  doae  to  the  ield  of  battle  of  Chip- 
pewa, Ibught  during  tlie  laat  war.  At  thia  apot,  which 
^y  the  toad  ia  about  fbur  milea  distant,  vre  were  within 
hearing  of  the  deep  hoUow  roar  of  the  cataract,  and  firrt 
■aw  the  aprqr  that  aroae  ftwn  the  gnlph  beneath.  Both 
■leaoBMtlmea  perceptible  at  a  &r  greater  distance.  The 
moon  waa  juat  riaing,  and  threw  a  ikint,  pale  light  over 
liw  rinvwhich  ia  Iwre  enanded  to  a  breadth  m  aeveral 
milea.  There  waa  aearcely  a  ri|mle  to  be  aeen;  the 
whole  aheet  of  water  waa  tran^ou  and  reaignad:  the 
■tiaam  appeared  to  ceaae  flowing,  while  lul  nature, 
hnahed  and  breathleaa,  liatened  with  it  to  the  diatant 
thondera  of  the  cataract  Tbia  acene  ia  ceatinued  fitr 
ahoot  a  mile  ftirther,  and  thence  the  tale  ia  aoon  UM. 
The  bed  of  the  river  begins  to  skpe,  and  the  agitation 
of  the  watera  indicate  the  commencement  of  the  rapida. 
The  mighty  atream  mahea  iorward  with  ongoveraable 
TideBce— ita  confiiaion  and  exasperation  are  inereaaed 
every  inatant—it  neara  the  brink  of  the  precipice  in  a 
state  of  ftenay — and  bounds  over  it  to  ita  dealiny  Afmiat 
and  Ibam,  in  unexampled  volume,  and  with  terrifle  im- 
petnoai^. 

Thia  atupendona  &11  haa  been  fteqoentiy  and  well  da- 
seribed;  and  I  do  but  treapaaa  on  your  patienoe  ia  re- 
marking, that  it  ia  divided  mto  three  porta  by  twoiataada 
— « larger  and  a  amaller  one.  Inobding  theaa,  the  W 
of  the  nnt  immediately  above  the  fUl  u  anddsvly  aar* 
nwed  to  ahoot  three  quartara  of  a  mile.  ThsUeClhs 
rapida  above,  msamencing  near  the  village  rtfCtlpyew, 
two  miles  from  the  blink  of  the  oatataat,  ie  eattoaSsd  at 


i>.BMJr-jJ..IIMtHJ-*lie 


w 


TUB 

doubt  will  be  remembered, 
ere  of  liberty  and  equality 

anJ  cheerAil  town,  con- 
id  inhabitantet  The  prin- 
Iflome,  and  of  great  length, 
liapaaon  of  fresh  waters ! 
to  the  Tillage  of  Black 
'  is  about  huf  a  mile  in 
;e  with  a  very  strong  cur- 
are the  remains  of  Fort 
by  the  British  in  1814 
>f  the  river.  Its  rapidity 
sur&ce  as  still  and  as 
n  of  the  ^«ad  brought  my 
the  field  of  battle  of  Chip- 
var.  At  this  spot,  which 
I  distant,  we  were  within 
ir  of  the  cataract,  and  first 
the  golph  beneath.  Both 
frr  greater  distance,  llie 
nr  a  bint,  pale  light  over 
ded  to  a  breadth  of  several 
t  riMe  to  be  seen;  the 
inqou  and  resigned:  the 
owing,  while  iQl  nature, 
)d  wtth  it  to  the  distant 
lis  scene  is  coatianed  for 
noe  the  tale  is  soon  told. 

0  slope,  and  the  agitation 
unencement  of  the  rapids, 
irward  with  ongovemable 
izasperation  are  inoreaaed 
ink  of  the  ]H«cipioe  in  a 
rer  it  to  its  destiny  of  mist 
me,  and  with  tamfie  im- 

in  fteqnently  and  well  4»> 

1  on  your  patieaoe  in  re- 
I  three  ports  by  two  islands 

Inohiding  tJinaa.  tha  M 
I  the  ftUb  taMmfymt- 
ofanilv.  Tlwfidl«rdw 
r  the  viMage  of  C1ri|ip— . 
•  catanol,  io  ailteakri  at 


IM   AMniOA. 

ninety  feet  On  the  American  side,  the  river  is  predpi. 
tated  flrom  a  height  of  one  bundled  and  sixty-four  ftet : 
on  the  Canadian  bank,  the  &11  ie  about  ten  feet  lesa;  Sit 
contains  by  far  the  greater  quantity  of  water,  the  pte> 
cipice  having  been  worn  into  the  form  of  a  vast  crescent 
by  the  "  green  water,"  (so  called  on  account  of  its  bril- 
liantly trannparent  colour  when  the  sun  ahines  on  it), 
which  fidls  uem  the  middle  of  the  river  in  a  solid  mass, 
not  less  than  five  or  six  feet  in  thickness,  and  is  driven 
ferwarda  with  an  impetus  that  hurls  it  into  the  gulph 
below,  at  a  diatance  of  fifty  feet  firom  the  baae  ««  the 
rock.  * 

The  finest  general  view  ia,  I  think,  to  be  obtained 
from  the  top  of  Mr.  Forsyth's  hotel  (where,  be  it  added, 
having  just  entered  the  British  dominions,  we  drank  hia 
Majesty's  health  in  a  bunper,  at  the  table  d'hote),  be- 
cause the  whole  sumonding  ooontry  and  the  rapids, 
which  of  themselves  are  wwUi  a  long  journey,  are  seen 
at  the  same  time.  The  kottem  of  the  fell  it  ia  true  ia 
not  visible;  bat  I  believe  the  view  will  sot  be  tbouffht 
the  leas  magnifieent  on  that  aoaount,a«itiewn[  AsaiUe 
fl«m  that  apet  to  imagiae  the  height  aCOw  JUl  to  be 
even  giMter  than  it  really  is.  I  maj  ali»  be  aUowi^  |p 
lemark,  that  I  think  tBe  immediately  surrounding  seeftny 
is  suSeiently  in  fceepu«  with  Ifae  grandeur  of  the  cata- 
ract, alUioagh  I  am  aware  that  many  are  of  a  difiwent 
opinion.  Tve  country  ia  on  the  same  level  both  aUove 
and  below  the  &U,  aa  the  river  precipitatea  itaelf  into  a 
channel  which  it  hM  fenaed  in  the  solid,  but  soft  fbtid 
limestone,  and  which,  as  is  usually  contended,  has  been 
hoUewed  out  by  the  reoedinfr  oatarac^  all  the  way  ftom 
Lewistown,  distant  aevcn  miles. 

This  fiMt  has  been  aametimee  doobted,  but  it  would 
aniear,  without  much  reason.  It  has  been  ascertained 
that  an  inragular  ledge  of  rook  ia  extended  between  the 
lakea  Erie  and  Ontariflw  at  a  varying  distance  ftom  eitbdr 
of  them;  aometimes  pieroinji  through  the  aoil  thatoovacs 
,  and  in  many  places  jutting  out  with  aalient  Ufl  re- 


J  the  bed  flflfce  river,  tewaids  lake  Ontada 

Thit  theory,  however,  b  •my  amsh  waakanaH,  if  not 
• '  uwrthwarn,  by  the  ghaawtiona  W<wr  oawtnr- 
Owen,  who,  wfam  enfloyMl  on  the 


irf^W 


^^p 


im?T. 


152  SIX    MONTH! 

government  lurvevi  in  the  yean  1816,  16,  17  wi^  19, 
oontrived  to  force  his  boat  nearer  to  the  foot  of  the  fUla 
thmrn,  any  person  had  ever  done,  and  ascertained  by  re- 
peated MMindingB,  that  the  nearly  constant  depth  of  the 
river  from  Lcwistown  to  the  falls,  was  about  two  hundred 
feet,  excepting  in  limited  spaces,  where  it  did  not  exceed 
forty.five  feet  These  spaces  or  points  he  oonceived  to 
be  composed  of  (p'anite  » in  situ,"  or  of  some  other  ••~-' 
which  beins  harder  than  the  soft  lime-stone  of  w 
the  bed  of  me  river  is  generally  composed,  had  offered  a 
proportionably  greater  resistance  to  the  regular  action  of 
the  falling  element. 

Having  first  stripped  off  my  clothes,  and  enveloped 
myself  in  an  oilskin  dress,  I  followed  a  guide  who  con- 
ducted mo  under  the  fell.  This  is  a  service  of  some 
danger,  as  a  single  felse  step  in  some  places  might  prove 
htu.  As  we  crept  along  the  side  of  the  rock,  we  en- 
countered a  most  forioua  gust  of  wind,  that  increased  in 
violence  till  we  were  feirly  behM  the  sheet  of  water, 
and  atfived  at  what  )m  called  the  Termination  Rock. 
Here  vre  nta^iaBi  for  ••few  minutes,  gasping  for  breath, 
stunned  wttl^  ^  noise,  and  drenchM  with  a  shower  of 
itpray.  If  I  wished  to  speak,  I  was  obUsed  to  put  my 
month  close  to  the  ear  of  the  guide,  and  to  raise  mV 
voice  to  the  utmost ;  and  it  was  with  the  greatest  diffi- 
culty that  I  could  look  upwards  for  a  moment,  and 
glance  at  the  tumbling  element,  aa  it  rushed  over  the 
edge  of  the  rock  that  towered  high  above  our  heads,  and 
dien  fell  into  the  abyss  within  arm's  length  of  us,  with 
the  rapidity  of  lightning. 

About  half  a  mile  below  the  fell,  the  river  is  orossed 
in  a  ferry-boat  On  the  American  side  a  wooden  bridge 
of  admirable  construction  conducts  the  visiter  to  Goat 
island,  the  larger  of  the  two  which  divides  the  fell.  A 
walk  of  a  few  minutes  will  lead  him  to  another  bridge, 
thrown  from  rr-k  to  rock,  till  it  actually  overhangs  the 
e^  of  the  principal  part  of  the  cataract  I  am  ftilly 
persuaded,  that  when  any  one  who  has  seen  the  fell 
from  this  spot  asserts  that  he  is  disappointed,  it  is  but  a 
proof  of  insuffiBTable  afiectation,  or  what  Johnson  would 
oall "  stark  insensibility."  It  is  possible,  that  some  fct.^ 
aouled  Dutchman,  who  would  think  of  nothing  but  Mw 
he  might  turn  the  course  of  the  river  by  a  dam ;  or  «i»t 
pwMioRlese  manufecturing  Yankee,  who  would  »  guM|><* 
to  be  a  pity  that  such  an  almighty  water  power  shoinn 


4<tlMtMMMal 


«4^       , 


\»  .    -^  ■  • .     . 

I  1816,  16,  nui^lS, 
to  the  foot  of  the  fUla 
and  OKoert&ined  by  re- 
'  conatant  depth  of  the 
waa  about  two  hundred 
Inhere  it  did  not  exceed 
Mints  he  conceived  to 
or  of  aome  other  •»•'' 
ift  lime-Btone  of  w 
lompoaed,  had  offered  a 
to  tne  repilar  action  of 

dothea,  and  enveloped 
iwed  a  guide  who  con> 
I  ia  a  service  of  some 
ome  placea  might  prove 
de  of  the  rock,  we  en- 
wind,  that  increased  in 
nil  the  sheet  of  water, 
the  Termination  Rock, 
ites,  rasping  for  breath, 
nched  with  a  ahower  of 
waa  obliged  to  put  my 
i;u!de,  and  to  raise  mv 
with  the  greatest  diffi. 
da  for  a  moment,  and 
t,  aa  it  mahed  over  the 
gh  above  our  heada,  and 
rm'a  length  of  ua,  with 

iUl,  the  river  is  crossed 
an  side  a  wooden  bridge 
ucts  the  visiter  to  Goat 
lich  divides  the  All.  A 
I  him  to  another  bridge, 
t  actually  overhanga  Uie 
le  cataract.  I  am  ftUly 
I  who  haa  aeen  the  ftU 
diaappointed,  it  ia  but  a 
or  what  Johnaon  wonld 
I  possible,  that  some  flat- 
link  of  nothing  but  how' 
river  by  a  dam ;  or  MaM 
Lee,  who  would  "gusM  it 
fhty  water  power  shooM 


IN   AMBBIOA. 


163 


UBpioyen,'  nugnt  regara  me  scene,  wnen 
II  any  other  point,  and  remain  unmoved  hf 
r;  hot  it  is  next  to  impossible  to  look  upon  it 
tridge,  and  net  be  affected  with  somethteg 


remain  ununployed,"  mi^ht  regard  the  scene,  when 
viewed  from       "^  -      --   — ^  '  -"  *— 

its  grandeur; 
from  this  bridge, 

like  awe  and  aatonishment  Let  the  atheist— and,  if  be 
will,  with  wine  and  warmth  in  his  bosom — repair  to  this 
spot,  as  is  usual,  by  moonlight,  when  one-half  of  the 
cataract  is  in  shade,  and  the  other  glistening  with  moee 

than  snowy  whiteneis.— I     tb.  re  gaae  in  security, 

and  ei^oy  the  $iMimt  w>.  ' '  <'  n-or;  and  should  one 
thought  of  annihilation  trouue  him — should  he  eevet 
the  pinion  of  the  bald  eagle  as  he  fearlessly  glidee  over 
the  abyss,  or  envy  the  finned  tribe  thai  eon  live  and 
revel  in  the  boiling  gulf  beneath — let  him  reflect  tlMt 
his  reason  ia  with  him,  the  undoubted  substitute  fin- 
these  physical  advantages;  his  reason,  alike  the  pto- 
moter  «r  his  heppinees,  and  tiw  medium  of  hie  mieeiy. 
Then,  taming  to  a  more  tranquil  seeee,  let  hhn  g«ae  en 
the  silvery  spirit-like  faeontiee  of  tlK4  lunar  rainbow ;  kt 
him  observe  the  worMenpon  woiide  that  throng  the  liea> 
vene  above  hint,  declaring  the  existence  of  thefr  Ovotot, 
aa  they  roll  onward  in  eternal  obediMCM  to  bia  will,  hut 
in  silent  amsiement  at  his  meaning  I  and  let  bim  aak 
why  hie  reason  should  be,  ■>  it  were,  eo  tantaltM.il  bjrUe 
senses.  Had  no  leweon  been  intanded,  the  flrmanMat 
might  as  well  have  been  pieced  &r  beyoad  the  reaeh  of 
iiiartal  night ;  and  perhape  the  little  be  con  see  and  know 
of  it  nuy  teach  him  to  believe  in,  and  hope  for,  anot(ier 
and  haniier  borne,  by  proving  to  him,  at  enoe,  bow 
much  must  be  withheU  from  him,  and  bow  much  must 
remain  to  be  enjoyed. 

I  am  not  aware  whether  the  experiment  has  ever  been 
tried,  but  I  ahonld  oonceive  that  the  efiect  of  a  Bei^ 
li|(ht,  sent  up  firom  thu  bridge  on  a  dark  stormy  winter's 
night,  would  be  exceedingly  fine. 

At  about  two  miles  below  the  fidl,  the  river  again  be- 
comes a  torrent  I  proceeded  along  the  ed^e  of  the 
chasm  through  which  it  rages,  in  <wder  to  visit  "  the 
whirlpool,"  whose  deep  and  ghKmj  aj^earanoe  well  re- 
paid ma  for  a  very  hot  walk. 

I  procured,  a  hook,  and  rode  to  the  abyoe  in  the  side 
of  (be  river,  known  by  the  appellation  of  the  •*  Devil'e 
Hole."  I  followed  a  party  who  had  deeoended  the  lad. 
ders  before  me ;  we  all,  as  I  learned  afterwards,  took 
a  wrong  path  to  the  riglit,  which  aoon  conducted  us  to 


154 


*•■ 


nX    MONTHS 


the  edge  of  a  nnall  but  impMiable  precipice,  and  nnder 
the  imprenion  that  we  had  Rcen  all  that  waa  worth  aec- 
inv,  we  rc-aacendetl  the  laddcri  and  returned  to  Nlanri, 
•mr  havin?  enjoyed  a  very  fine  view  of  the  river  trom 
the  bold  Hattened  rock,  tliat  is  projected  on  the  left 
hand. 

The  road  by  which  I  paaaed  down  the  Canadian  tide 
of  the  river,  for  the  purpoae  of  joining  the  iteamboat  on 
Lake  Ontario,  at  but  a  very  abort  distance  firom  Niagara, 
lies  over  the  field  of  tM  mnrderoua  and  leverely  con- 
teeted  battle  of  Brldgewater,  or  Lundv'a  Lan«,  whieh 
waa  fought  on  the  nigh^  of  the  25th  of  July,  1814,  and 
terminated  without  much  advantage  to  cither  party.  A 
few  mile*  further  on,  to  theieft,  ia  a  heavy-looking  pi|. 
lar,  erected  to  the  memorv  of  General  Brock,  who  wa* 
UUed  early  in  the  battle  of  Qaeenaton,  October  13, 1819, 
in  which  the  Americataf*Were  forced  to  repass  the  river 
'<rith  mat  loas,  whilat  nVeral  thousands  or  their  militia 
were  Idly  looking  on  from  the  other  bank. 

Near  the  mouUi  of  the  river,  on  the  Canadian  side,  is 
Fort«G«orge ;  on  the  American  bank  stands  Fort  Ni- 
agara, in  which  the  notorious  William  Morgan,  who 
wrote  a  book,  in  which,  as  I  have  before  remarked,  he 
revMlnd  the  mcrnta  of  freemasonry,  was  confined  under 
fitlse  pretences,  previously  to  his  being  murdered  bv 
aoni'  fanatic  maaons,  and  afterwards,  as  it  is  snppoaed, 
^tcned  into  the  lake,  or  the  Niagara  river. 

I  am  afraid  I  shaU  be  ezeommunicated  by  my  Ame- 
rican readers,  as  I  visited  neither  the  Erie  nor  the  Wet- 
land canals ;  not  even  the  locks  at  Lockport,  or  the 
Deep  Cut,  or  the  Mountain  Ridge.  The  Welland  canal, 
however,  is  unquestionably  a  great  national  work,  and 
refleeta  much  credft  upon  the  spirited  individnala  by 
whom  it  was  undertaken  ;  by  its  means,  the  obstacles 
presented  to  navigation  by  the  falls  of  the  Niagara,  have 
been  effiwtually  overcome,  and  a  communication  opened 
between  the  lakes  Erie  and  Ontario. 

Chitario  is  one  nf  the  deepest  of  the  lakes — its  mean 
depth  being  about  six  hundred  feet  It  has  been  aaeer< 
tained  that  the  bottom  of  lake  Erie,  which  is  two  hun- 
dred and  seventy  miles  in  lenftih,  is  six  fbet  highet  than 
the  surfkce  of  lake  Ontario.  The  distance  betwadn  the 
two  lakes  is  thirty-five  miles,  in  which  &pmeo  the  riwr 
Niagara  is  supposed  to  fidl  about  three  hondfwl  Att, 
whieh  is  therefore  the  depth  of  lake  Erie. 


lable  precipice,  and  under 
en  all  that  was  worth  lee- 
I  and  returned  to  Niavari, 
ne  view  of  the  river  from 
ia  projected  on  the  left 

d  down  the  Canadian  aide 
'  joining  the  ateamboat  on 
>rt  diatance  fVom  Niagara, 
'deroua  and  aeverely  con. 
or  Lundy'a  Lane,  which 
le  asth  of  July,  1814,  and 
[ntage  to  cither  party.  A 
lA,  ia  a  heavy-looking  pi|. 
'  General  Brock,  who  wai 
leenaton,  October  13, 1819, 
forced  to  repoaa  the  river 
thousanda  or  their  militia 
other  bank. 

',  on  the  Canadian  aide,  ia 
lan  bank  atanda  Fort  Ni. 
■  William  Morgan,  who 
have  before  remarked,  he 
BOnry,  waa  confined  tuder 
)  hia  being  murdered  bv 
erwarda,  aa  it  ia  auppoaed, 
liagara  river, 
immunicaled  by  my  Ame. 
Iher  the  Erie  nor  the  Wei- 
ocka  at  Lockport,  or  the 
idge.  The  Welland  canal, 
great  national  work,  and 
le  apirited  individuala  by 
r  ita  means,  the  obataclea 
)  ialla  of  the  Niagara,  have 
1  a  communication  opened 
ntario. 

at  of  the  lakea — ita  mean 
d  feet  It  haa  been  aaeer. 
I  Erie,  whidi  ia  two  hnn> 
e^,  ia  aix  feet  highet  jhtm 
Thediatanoe  betWadbUM 
,  in  which  epaee  the  river 
ibout  three  hundred  ft*t| 
yrUw  Erie. 


IN   AMERICA. 


160 


I  embarked  in  a  aplvndid  ateamboat,  "  the  Great  Bri- 
tain," proceeding  to  KIngaton,  at  the  other  end  of  the 
lake.  I  could  not  but  rrmark,  that  although  a  finer  vea- 
lel,  her  table  waa  by  no  mean*  ao  well  aupplied  aa  that 
of  the  American  boat,^in  which  I  had  made  my  excur- 
lion  to  the  great  lakes. 

During  the  abort  time  we  remained  at  Kincaton,  we 
were  entertained  by  the  band  of  the  tf6th,  which  gave  us 
the  national  aire  of  England  and  America  in  the  fineat 
■tyle :  the  principal  Britiah  naval  eatabliahment  and  dock- 
yard on  the  lakea,  is  at  Kingaton.  1  observed  two  firat- 
ratera  and  a  large  fi'igate  on  the  atocka.  The  8t  Lawrence, 
of  one  hundred  and  twenty  guna,  which  made  one  cniiae 
at  the  end  of  the  laat  war,  waa  rotten,  and  half  aun>  in 
the  water.  There  were  several  smaller  vessels  in  ordi- 
nary ;  but  thoae  on  the  atocks  are  not  to  be  proeeeded 
witn,  according  to  the  atipulationa  of  the  treaty  of 
Ghent 

Immediately  aflerwards,  we  entered  the  thooaand 
"  islands,"  extending  for  aixty  milea  up  the  river  8t  Law- 
rence. There  are  m  ftot  twelve  hundred  of  them,  and 
although  certainly  verv  pictureaqoe,  are  without  variety, 
and  much  resemble  tboBe  on  the  lakes,  being  flat,  and 
thiolLly  covered  with  treea.  Their  number  ia  not  of 
courae  perceived,  aa  they  lie  ao  doaely  together  along 
the  side  of  the  channel,  that  they  appear  more  like  pointa 
or  promontoriea  fktnn  the  main  ahme. 

I  quitted  the  ateamer  at  Cornwall,  and  entered  a  lu|o 
boat  with  a  number  of  ladiea  and  ^fentlenMn,  wImi,  Um 
inyaelf,  wiaiied  to  descend  the  rapida.  In  our  way  to 
Montreal,  we  were  obliged  to  change  our  mode  of  travel, 
ling  byland  and  water,  no  leaa  than  four  times  in  vnv 
day.  The  river  above  Montreal  ia  fbll  of  rapids.  The 
most  formidable  of  these  are  called  the  Long  Seat,  and 
the  rapida  of  the  Cedars.  We  passed  down  two  or  three 
of  minor  consideration,  and  then  eo^mienced  the  desosnt 
of  the  **  Long  Saut."  Our  boat  waa  carried  along  at  a 
great  rate  for  several  miles,  and  soon  approaehed  the 
only  part  that  can  be  considered  dangreroua,  where  the 
river  waa  running  with  appalling  violence.  The  waves, 
M  soon  as  they  are  formed,  do  not  subside  and  then 
swell^p  again  at  regular  distances,  bat  dart  furiowdy 
enwacd,  raeing  and  crowding  upon  each  other  in  amoat 
siliJpiihwiT  oonihaion  of  spray  and  foair,  that  riaai  to 
a  Mgfat  of  mar  or  five  fbtt,  and  splashes  over  the  sides 


166 


■IX   XOIITHI 


of  the  bokt  to  the  great  dMcomfltuie  of  the  Udira'  djreHCf, 
•imI  the  very  eerioue  looki  of  the  genUemen.  The  bo«l- 
men  diieoled  oar  etlMatioii  to  tiie  rapidi  of  tJie  "  Lort 
Channel"  on  our  loft,  from  which  wn  were  divided  by 
an  iaiand.  They  are  &r  more  dangeroua  than  those  we 
were  pawing,  and  at  x  dirtanoe  of  half  a  mile,  we  could 
•ea  that  the  rive?  waa  moat  terribly  agiUted.  Tho 
"  Lost  Channel"  reooivea  ila  name  flrom  the  number  of 
Mraans  that  ha*«  periahad  there.  In  Iha  old  French 
■       handiMl  B 


WW,  •«»>  «,mm^^  Britiah  troopa  war*  kwt  In  the  tcr. 
rant :  the  Arat  boat  took  the  wrong  ehannal,  the  othen 
foUvwed,  and  all  went  to  pieoea.  The  floating  bodiet 
first  intimated  to  a  nenoh  garriaon  on  tha  river  below, 
the  aurpriae  that  had  been  intended  for  them.  The  boat- 
man are,  of  e•a(■^  naually  experienced  persons,  and  if 
■obar  there  is  no  danger ;  bat  it  is  not  always  that  they 
ate  so.  At  one  plaee  oar  tipay  pikrta  allowed  the  boat  to 
awing  across  the  stream :  fortunately  the  wont  of  th* 
tapUb  were  pawttil.  or  an  accident  might  have  occurred. 
Bath  the  Long  Bant,  and  thoao  of  the  Cedars,  which  w« 
nw  from  tiM  iomI,  arc  certainly  more  boisterous  than 
thoae  at  tha  Bant  da  8t  Marie,  on  account  of  the  greater 
body  of  water  in  tha  St.  Lawrence,  but  the  deaeent  at 
thelattar  is  man  rapid,  aa  tha  Ul  is  far  more  precipiuto 
in  prapertion  to  ita  length. 

rerSand  a  ataomboal  on  the  honka  of  the  Ottawa, 
which,  ahhoogh  a  nabla.loolung  stream  in  other  reepecta, 
ia  dark  and  mrty  in  oompariaon  with  the  St.  Lawrence. 
Tke  latter  river  aaema  not  to  leliah  the  allianee.  A  sud- 
den change  ia  perceivable  ia  the  ooioar  of  the  water,  th« 
Itea^Jonatian  being  distinctly  ohaarvabte,  and  for 
aeana  of  milea  down  tha  St.  Lawrcnoa,  ito  dearer  wa- 
tara  «m«»m  thnaaelvaa  to  the  aaalam  bank,  whUe  those 
on  tha  wealan  are  dlaooloared  by  the  "Ottawa  tide." 
I  afterwank  aaemdad  tha  OtUwa.  Wa  arrived  at  U 
Caiine,  and  praeeedad  by  land  to  Montreal  The  mnu- 
tain  behind  it  vraa  alraHly  in  eight,  but  the  city  itaalf  by 
tUa  road  ramaiaad  hiddan  tiU  we  were  within  a  very 
Ibw  milea  of  it  I  pamed  throogh  it  the  eame  evenhw, 
imandiM  to  aee  it  oa  my  Ntom.  Tha  Haroutoa,  a««nr 
ina  ataambant,  carried  me  to  Qnahac  ia  aboot  tmt»9 
hanri,  toaabiag  at  "Uw   Thioa  Hivara,"  vigMy^ 

BUMi<fl«m  Qaakec  and  viatttT'd*  ftwa  MgntntJ.    »> 
ftom  ()ari»e,  we  naaaed  the  moolh  or  th^OM^ 


m    AUUUOA. 


167 


itui  •  of  Um  Ikdica'  dNMCi, 

e  fentlemen.    The  bo«t- 

Um  rapids  of  Uic  "  Loat 

htoh  we  ware  di*idc<l  by 

dangerous  than  those  we 

I  ofnalf  a  mile,  we  could 

terribly   agitated.    The 

uune  mun  the  number  of 

ere.    In  the  old  French 

oops  were  lost  in  the  tor- 

mof  ehaoasl,  the  othen 

oes.    The  flaating  bodies 

rrison  on  th«  rifsr  below, 

nded  for  them.    The  boat- 

iperienced  persons,  and  if 

it  is  not  always  that  they 

pilots  allowed  the  boat  to 

tunately  the  wont  of  the 

dent  might  have  occurred. 

>  of  the  Cedars,  which  we 

nly  more  boisterous  than 

,  on  account  of  the  greater 

rrenoe,  but  the  descent  at 

fliU  is  far  uMire  preeipitato 

the  hwks  of  the  Ottawa, 
igslnamin  other  respects, 
Mw  with  the  St.  Lawrence, 
relish  the  aUiance.  A  sud- 
the  ooiour  ottht  water,  the 
netly  obMnrable,  and  for 
Lawienoe,  iu  dearer  wa- 
)  Malem  bank,  while  those 
rod  by  the  "Ottawa  Ude." 
ttawa.  We  arrived  at  La 
ItoMontreaL  The  moun. 
sight,  but  ths  city  itadf  by 
lU  we  were  within  a  wry 
rough  it  the  same  evsniaf  , 
am.  Th«  Hercntoa,  a««7 
aOnafaMi  ia  aboat  IfWflr 
miM  Rhrna,"  vil^iWr 
tr.«iK  ftwn  MommL  «> 
ritlMiBaiilbortiw'Clwi- 
■  Mb,  wUeh  IN  iiMM' 


about  three  or  four  miles  fW>m  the  spot  where  it  empties 
itielf  into  the  8t.  Lawrence,  whose  banks  every  where 
interesting,  become  ■till  more  no  on  approaching  Quebec, 
being  thickly  liru>d  with  l.'anadian  villagoa.  Lvery  cjt' 
tage  is  white;  the  churrliua  sre  of  the  ssmo  colour,  with 
theip  spires  covered  with  tin,  anil  arc  iVequently  to  be 
»een  at  a  great  diaUnco,  out-topping  the  neighbouring 
forest,  and  gliaktning  in  the  auiibeam.  In  some  places 
the  river  is  two  milra  in  width ;  hut  at  Quebec  it  is  nar< 
rowed  to  about  a  mile,  which  adds  to  the  beauty  of  the 
view  by  making  the  lotYy  banka  appear  higher  than  they 
really  are.  On  the  left  are  aecn  the  fortifications  on 
Cape  Diamond,  th«i  moat  elevated  spot  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  city.  On  the  right  ia  point  Ijcvi.  At  dUlbront  die. 
tanoeadowr.  tlie  river  are  ('ape  Tourment,  and  the  Beau- 
fort mounUina,  and  the  lale  of  Orleans,  dividing  tb» 
river  into  two  channels — that  on  the  left  bein^  danger- 
ous for  any  but  very  small  vessels.  The  city  tself  wu 
not  visible  till  the  boat  was  standing  in  for  the  landing- 
'place.  Numerous  merchant  ships  were  lyixff  ^^  anchor 
in  different  parU  of  the  river  j  whilst  rafts,  ferry-boall, 
and  smaller  craft,  were  moving  in  all  directions.  Thtii 
Oovemment-Houso,  or  Castle  of  St  Louis,  was  the  most 
prominent  object :  below  it  on  the  right,  is  the  old  parlia- 
ment house.  ITie  spacr  jvhioh  intervenee  bMween  these 
buildings  and  the  water,  is  occupied  by  the  lower  town, 
which,  Hke  all  lower  towns,  is  (kr  more  dirty  and  lively 
than  the  upper  ones,  where  some  of  the  streets  are  dull 
and  even  gloomy.  The  only  two  large  steeples  in  Que- 
bec, are  those  of  the  Protectant  and  Catholic  churches. 
The  upper  town  is  surrounded  by  a  strong  rampart,  and 
camion  are  planted  in  every  place  where  they  eottM  be 
used  with  advantage  in  case  of  a  siege.  The  whole  citT 
M  oommanded  by  the  fortress  on  Cape  Diwnohd,  wWch 
it  U  supposed,  when  fnished,  vrill  be  impregnable.  The 
interior  works  occupy  a  space  of  about  six  acres,  and  are 
advanced  to  the  edge  of  tlie  precipice,  where  it  is  about 
three  hundred  awf  fifty  foet  in  height  In  1774,  the 
Ameriewi  General  Montgomery,  and  his  iwo  aidea^l*. 
camp,  w«re  kitted  by  the  same  cuuioo-shot  at  the  watar'b 

edge  beneath  the  fort  

I  tKtiifc  I  shall  never  forget  the  appearaaea  of  thrvtew 

fl«m  the  rmmptfta.    It  in  very  beautiflil  and  iafxpm. 

iiUy  enlivening.    In  looking  down  the  tinr,  tfea  Ua 

dYMews  ia  on  the  right;  fit  the  eztiwne  distHM*  to 

14 


■tijMr-i'iiii 


•I 


H 


168 


•IX  MONTH* 


Vttfu  TouruMinl  i  wtUU  on  llic  loft  iit  «  gantly  iloitiui 
tMuk,  oxhibiliiiB  all  tlio  vitriutl  hiiui  of  •itunsiv*  oulliva- 
Uon,  betw«uii  Uiirty  aiul  forty  iiiilu*  in  laiiKth,  tiid 
ttom  two  to  five  Biui  «ix  iiiilei  in  width,  uid  rskohiikg 
from  Iho  margin  of  tho  water  to  ttiu  foot  of  tha  BMufort 
mountalua.  The  nioit  connpicuoui  villagus  aro  Indian 
LorotlM.C'harkiburtfh,  U«auiort,and  tiM  (liateau  Kiah«r, 
Maily  dtatingukhod  by  tliuir  hght  atoeplea  uov«ir«d  with 
tin.  Boaida  thoM,  nian*  houdrndu  of  wliita  vottagaa 
an  aoatUrad  over  the  plain  ;  and  tha  road  to  Mautrao- 
Nnci  ia  entirely  lined  with  them.  1  waa  reminded  by 
the  proepaot,  of  the  highly  cultivatud  garden  that  anvi- 
rona  a  oity  on  the  eastern  coaat  of  H|iain.  Ul've  treea 
and  Tiatiyards,  it  ia  true,  tliero  worn  none ;  but  oliva 
tiMS  aMi  viaeywda  are  not  miiaed  at  a  groat  diatance, 
•Mi  llw  Charleburg  eountry  ia  backed  by  the  Ana  range 
at  Um  Paaufcrt  mountaina,  which,  although  not  of  the 
kiclMat  eW*alio«,  can  yet  boaet  of  a  very  pictureaqua 
OVUM ;  and  being  thickly  covered  with  a  noble  fbreii, 
kvn  at  Uaat  ooa  lulTantage  over  tlie  barren  rocka  that 
mmaUj  r*r  thair  liaada  in  (he  vicinity  of  a  Bpauah 
"  Taga." 

Ob  Mm  aoiitb  aide  of  the  city,  at  a  diatanoe  of  two 
milaa,  are  the  plaina  of  Abraham,  and  at  their  flutbar 
•itnmity,  ia  WoUe'a  cave.  The  view  from  tlia  bank 
•bova  ia  aearealy  leaa  enchanting  than  that  1  had  ae 
lately  turned  from.  On  tha  wealcrn  horiaon  are  aeen  tha 
mountaina  which  by  the  late  deoiaion  of  the  king  of  the 
Netberbwb  aia  to  ibrra  the  boundary  line  betwaen  tiw 
Canadaa  and  the  United  Btatea.  The  interme^Hata  land. 
•eape  ia  moat  deliglitfiil ;  htrge  yellow  patohea  of  eoltk 
vation  raaeoed  from  the  apparently  endleaa  fiireat,ara 
eapied  in  diArent  dirootiona,  each  aurrounding  aoma 
Ibiiving  village  in  the  interior,  whilat  the  oppoaile  baaka 
of  the  mer  are  fringed  with  Canadian  oottagaa,  aa  wUta 
•a  lima  and  bruah  can  make  tbam }  and  the  intervening 
and  maieatio  watera  of  tlia  St  Lawranea  having  at  laofltn 
eaeapa«  from  tha  turbulence  of  the  rapida,  ara  aeen  flow- 
ing iMiMath,  aa  calmly  aiid  aa  ailently,  aa  when,  during 
tba  darkjitaa  of  a  night  more  than  aovanty  yeara  aga« 
the  gaUant  Wolfe  woa  floated  on  the  retiring  tide  lo  an 
vialary  and  hia  grave. 

Till  within  a  year  or  twa,  tha  atone  akaa  l»  wUoh  be 
bmthl<  Ua  laat,  waa  remaining  on  tha  field;  but  tha 
■lopiiatM,  a  pwraoa  of  infinite  laaU^  haa  bad  it  nmvmii. 


MiMM 


IM 

loft  in  It  gantly  aloiiiiig 
iiiu*  of  •atunaiva  oulliv»- 
iiiilu*  in  Uiigtb,  utd 
in  width,  and  reauhiikg 
>  tiiu  liwt  of  tha  Uwufurt 
iioiiii  vilUgu*  arc  liuliui 
,  and  lilt)  t!]iati]au  Hichw, 
kt  •Uiuplea  vuvttrvd  wilh 
(Iredi  of  wliiUi  isolUgM 
ind  th*  riiad  to  Moulmo- 
int.  1  wu  reiniiid«d  b« 
tivttttd  garden  that  anTi- 
it  of  Hpain.  OVn  tree* 
t)  were  none ;  but  oUra 
M«d  at  a  groat  diitonce, 
liaeked  by  the  line  range 
ich,  although  not  of  IM 
■t  of  a  very  picturaaqua 
ered  wilh  a  noble  fiirMi, 
er  tlie  barren  rooka  thai 
lie  vioinity  of  a  Bpaniah 

ity,  at  a  diatanca  of  two 
km,  and  at  their  flutbar 
I'bo  view  from  tha  bank 
ting  than  that  I  had  m 
•torn  horiaon  ar«  Man  tha 
eoiaion  of  tha  king  of  the 
tundary  Una  batmen  tha 
.  The  intormecHata  land- 
B  yeUow  patohea  of  evUW 
reatlv  endleaa  fi>reat,«M 
,  each  aurrounding 
whUattha  oppoaito  baaka 
■ludiHaaottagea,  aa  whH* 
lam  i  and  the  intarvaniac 
jawrenea  haring  at  lasftn 


IN    AKMICA. 


tAO 


the  rapida,  ara  aean  flow* 
ailentlyi  aa  when,  duriBg 
I  tiian  MJvanty  yean  af«t 
on  the  retiring  tide  to  IK 

lie  alone  alHa  towUoh  Iw 
ing  on  tho  field;  but  tha 
laata,  haa  had  it  ramoaa^ 


part  oif  it  having  been  uiad  fur  Ui«  purpoMa  of  tha  boildar, 
wiiilo  other  parta  i)f  it  are  cniiatanllv  undergoing  a  pro- 
ocaa  ol'  lutidiviainn  ff>r  the  benefit  «l  tlio  curious. 

A  plain  but  very  elegant  atnne  nbeliak,  worth  a  doaan 
■uch  as  Waaliington'a  nioniinHmt  at  Baltimore,  or 
General  Hrock'a  at  Qumin'a  town  llnighU,  had  bae« 
lateljr  erectrd  to  the  mrinory  of  Woltti  and  Monlealm. 
The  idea  of  paying  tho  laat  tribute  to  the  memory  of 
Ihoee  illuatriouaaoldiers,  originated  with  I<ord  Dalhouiia. 
A  aingularly  chaata  claasical  Inaoription  (rom  Ika  pan  of 
Dr.  i-naher,  tha  editor  of  the  Quebee  Oaaatla,  wiU  ba  en- 
graved ia  front  of  the  monument    It  ia  aa  lbUowi<  t 

'V    WOLFE— MONTCALM. 

MoKTCN.    Vuiva.    ComniNaM.  *  s, 

Faham.    HirroaiA. 

MoNOMurrnM    PoanrxaiTAi. 

DntiT. 

A.  S.  1RB7. 

A  kagor  Inaorlptioa  will  ba  pkoad  oa  Iha  olbw  i  >iji« 
of  the  monumant.  An  agad  nun  ia  now  living  in  /  ^ 
Uranlina  oonvant  al  Quebtc,  who  ramaaabera  '  •  ng 
haM  a  tayar  whan  the  ramaiBoof  tha  oUvalroua  i  w.Jt' 
man  were  lowered  to  hia  grave  in  tly>  oha^  vaall.  I 
aaw  a  aaall  oval  alab  of  marbla,  whio'  n  >  ahoftlyto  ba 
fixod  in  tlM  wall  mm*  the  apot  whan  be  i>  bumd.  It 
bore  tha  ibllowing  inaoription:—^  Ha  mil  Miliwlm  i 
la  deal  in  en  lui  derobant  la  viotoite,  I'a  recompanatf  fu 
lUM  mort  glorieuaa." 

Qnebao  waa  taken  from  Iha  French  in  Iho  raiga  vt 
Cawrlaa  I.,  130  yeara  bafere  the  death  of  WoUb,  b«l 
bainf  Ihooght  of  littlo  vahw,  waa  given  up  ia  tho  aanM 
foign  to  Louia  XUI^  by  the  trealx  of  Bt  Germain. 

At  Loretto  are  to  ba  pwwliaajid  the  bast  Indian  hmo. 
caahta,  and  oihar  iMthem  oarioaitkj,  at  tho  honiaof 
Marfi  Paul.  Tho  three  Huron  ohiefa  who  viailed  Bag. 
land  in  18S5,  and  who  ware  introdncod  in  the  firat  oifolao 
ia  Loodoa,  may  bow  ba  aean,  any  hot  day,  aobar  ar  in- 
toiiooted,  jMt  as  it  mav  happen,  sittingperhaM  in  tho 
dual,  before  tho  doora  of  their  cottages.  They  uika  grant 
plaaaora  in  ahowlng  the  madab  and  portraito  Ihn  r». 
oaivad  in  Bngland,  and  the  queen,  or  wife  of  the  pnnei. 
pal  oMaf  a  abort,  dumpy,  maaculine  woman  wwaalon. 
■Ily  TtnaiBi  to-  Qiu       *t  aall  moooaains,  and  haa  no 


M 


!;■ 


i)! 


160 


SIX  MOMTHS 


'  *l»  * 


aboriginal  antipathy  to  a  gltM  of  gin.  She  c<uutantljr 
wean  in  her  boaom  (and  very  clow  to  it  too)  a  ailrer 
medal,  pieeented  to  her  huaband  by  the  Lord  Mayor. 
There  la  loine  good  woodcock  [.hooting  at  Lorette, 
and  a  very  pretty  waterfall,— the  foam  spreading  itaelf 
over  the  rooka,  lo  aa  to  resemble  the  finest  lacework. 

On  looking  up  the  course  of  the  St  Lawrence,  from 
this  very  interesting  village,  a  wide  tqiening  is  discerned 
in  the  <Uatant  bank,  once  apparently  the  channel  of  the 
river,  which  at  some  time,  as  is  supposed,  by  a  junction 
with  the  mouth  of  the  river  St  Charles,  made  an  island 
mfthe  promontory  on  which  Quebec  now  stands. 

The  Canadian  oot-^jges  are  in  general  extremely  neat, 
the  windows,  in  particular,  being  remarkably  clean,  and 
oeoasionally  a  tall  pole  or  fla^  staff  is  placed  in  front  of 
Ihem,  to  indicate  the  residen'    ofanofficer  of  militia. 

Of  the  &Ua  of  Montmorenv  .  I  will  only  remark,  that 
they  are  well  worth  the  ride,  or  the  walk,  or  the  sail  to 
them,  llie  q^endid  view  of  Quebec,  the  river  and  the 
ranounding  country,  that  is  enjoyed  from  the  ground 
above  them,  ia  a  sufficient  reoompniae ;  and  no  stranjrer 
ohouU  leave  Quebec  without  paymg  them  a  visit  liie 
■ame  may  be  said  of  the  &lls  of  the  Chaudiere.  They 
on  in  &et  much  finer  than  thooe  of  Montmorenoi,  and 
witlun  ri«Uiif  distance. 

At  Chateau  Richer  there  ia  one  of  the  beat  snipe 
groaada  in  the  Caudoa.  In  October  they  may  be  shot 
ui  extnnrdiuar>  \iumbers,  but  should  the  ap«tsman  be 
diaappoSnted  in  finding  his  game,  he  may  proce^  to  the 
fidla  of  St  Anne,  distant  tvralve  milea.  I  mention  this, 
■npoaing  him  to  be  a  regular  water-fidl  man.  I  had 
eaased  to  be  ao  since  I  had  seen  Niagara.  The  difR)rei|t 
aecounts  I  heard  of  Lake  Charlea  nevented  me  flnom 

Eing  there.  Some  UM  me  it  waa  rail  of  cat-fiah,  and 
ge  frogs,  which  eat  the  little  ones;  othera  called  it  a 
baaudAa  Uke,  and  that  good  tront-fliihing  was  to  be  had 
time.  I  eertainly  eat  aome  small  onea,  which  hod  been 
aaaght  tbare,  of  a  moat  deKdona  flavour. 

flie  attracdona  erf*  Jaques  Cartier,  twenty^aeven  milat 
from  Quebec,  were  not  to  be  so  teifled  with.  This  is 
the  finest  place  iot  Balmon-fiahin|r  in  the  Canadaa,  and  > 
very  ptetU  apot  into  the  bargain.  All  ia  as  it  ahoirid 
bo{  HMre  la  a  email,  but  clean  and  eomftrtahie  «oanlq|> 
inai  tfaa  landlord  throwa  a  fly  beautiflilly;  hia  aiaMri  a 
vary  pretty  Canadian  girl,  waita  at  table)  and  the 


of  g^n.  She  (xmstantly 
close  to  it  too)  •  tilTer 
id  by  the  Lord  Mayor. 
„  [.hooting  at  Lorette, 
t  foam  spreading  itaeif 

the  finest  lacework. 
the  St  Lawrence,  from 
ide  tqieninc  is  discerned 
ently  the  uiannel  of  the 
supposed,  by  a  jmiction 
Charles,  made  «n  island 
•bee  now  stands, 
general  extremely  neat, 
1  remarkably  clean,  and 
taff  is  placed  in  front  of 
fan  officer  of  militia. 

will  only  remark,  that 
the  walk,  or  the  sail  to 
tuebec,  the  river  and  the 
njoyed  from  the  ground 
npenae ;  and  no  stranger 
ymg  them  a  visit  IJie 
f  tbe  Chaudiere.  They 
me  of  Montmorenoi,  and 

I  one  of  the  beet  snipe 
tttober  they  may  be  shot 
should  the  spwtanan  be 
e,  be  may  prooe^  to  the 

milet.  I  mentien  this, 
r  water-frll  man.    I  had 

Niagara.  The  di£R)rei|t 
rles  mevented  me  fl«m 
was  mil  of  cat-fiah,  and 

ones;  others  called  it  a 
Mtt-fiiUng  was  to  be  had 
til  ones,  which  had  been 
s  flavour. 

■tier,  twenty'.seven  miles 
so  trifled  with.  This  is 
ig  in  tbe  Canadas,  and  > 
un.  All  is  as  it  shoaJd 
ind  eomftHabie  «aantqr 
beantifliUy;  his  aiator,  a 
aits  at  table!  uti  the 


Miji  H  .iint)i^i0#IW>|»wAlui>M 


IN  AMBKICA. 


m 


mother  broils  the  sahnon  J  merveitle.  The  rivw,  at  all 
times  a  torrent,  and  now  very  mueh  swollen  by  two 
whole  days*  rain,  was  rushing  with  tbe  greatest  fiirr 
through  the  narrow  channel  it  has  worn  for  itself  through 
the  suid  rook.  The  bridge  which  is  cloee  to  the  inn,  is 
a  very  neat  government  work.  Under  it  is  a  holei,  forty 
or  fifty  feet  in  drpth;  and  when  the  river  is  low  and 
clear,  salmon  may  be  seen  lying  there  in  great  numbers. 
But  the  season  was  too  far  advanced,  the  weather 
entirely  too  cold,  and  the  river  too  high :  and  my 
friend  and  I,  seeing  that  we  could  not  expect  sport, 
returned,  having  killed  but  one  salmon  a-piece  in  the 
course  of  the  afternoon.  A  fine  c»en  ledge  of  rocks 
extends  along  side  the  river,  affi>raing  some  exoelleat 
fishing  stations.  The  place  is  named  after  Jaqoa* 
Cartier,  who  first  sailed  up  the  St  Lawrence  in  1535, 
and  founded  the  city  of  Montreal.  He  is  said  to 
have  wintered  there,  at  the  mouth  of  tbe  rivw  which 
bears  his  name.  On  his  return  to  France,  he  was  of 
course  oooUy  received,  as  be  brought  no  preaoas  metak. 
Ife  sailed  a  se<»nd  time,  with  orders  to  establiab  a  colony 
on  the  St  Lawrence,  but  having  iiad  the  misftrtuBe  ta 
quarrel  with  the  Indians,  he  returned  to  hie  native 
eountry  to  die  of  a  broken  heart 

The  Canadian  peasantry  are  of  the  middle  riae,  or 
under  it  Aldtovgh  they  breathe  aome  of  the  pofeatai* 
in  America,  theii  countenanees  are  wan,  ud  onheaMn 
in  appearance.  They  may  be  said  tor  be  sm«k*4riafl, 
being  seldom  without  a  pipe  in  their  mouths,  and  in 
winter  thoy  shut  themaelves  up  in  their  coktagM,'aad 
breathe  an  atmosphere  of  tobacco  fumes;  I  am  not  of 
OHuae  speaking  m  the  athletio  progei^  of  BritUi  wMmtt^ 
when  I  a£bm  thiA  a  talU  fln««KlMeoking  inan  i«  nntly 
to  be  met  with.  Neverthalwi^lltB  French  Canadiua 
an  a  brave,  hardy,  independent  noe,  and  hsMtar,  I 
should  imagine,  than  any  peasanNtT  iu  the  worm.  Tbqr 
pav  m  tame,  or  just  sufficient  te  ke^  the  raade  is  Mt. 
paw.  Moat  of  them  have  small  iunnu,  and  And  srMiyi 
market  fl»  the  prodoee;  and  these  who  haive  are  had  ef 
their  own,  can  easily  find  employment  wHb  tboee  thai 
kue.  They  never  give  away  money,  hit  aseeaaMi. 
inritv  ha(q^laU«  ia  other  respects;  and  the  WMi  fMt 
aHiwaat»  who  is  traveling  baxeibal  and  pem^Iiaailvtiia 
■laea  of  Im  daatiaatioB,  ia  sme  of  a  asad  at«aKdi|toM 
iflwrathav  have  one  U>  give.  Thew  aliH  i  i^Mi  wilt 
14* 


16« 


8IX    MONTH! 


of  the  French  naivete  in  their  character,  and  at  a  ftw 
mile*  from  Quebec,  they  know  and  care  aa  little  about 
the  prooMdiop  of  government,  aa  the  Irish  peasant  did, 
and  does  now,  about  Catholic  emancipation.  Without 
meaning  to  detract  iVom  the  merit  of  their  eharity,  it 
may  be  remoriceu,  that  there  is  something  like  a  spirit 
of  conciliation,  if  not  of  apprehension,  mixed  ap  with  it, 
for  they  are  afraid  that  the  ■*  Bat  de  tide,"  as  they  call 
the  stockingleas  Irish,  will  finally  drive  thenr  and  their 
daaooidantB  flx>m  bouse  and  home. 

The  population  of  Upper  Canada,  which  I  did  not 
visit  (my  time  being  occupied  in  the  unexpected  voyage 
on  the  Great  Lakes,)  is  about  350,000.  llMt  of  Lower 
Canada  may  be  estimated  at  500,000 ;  but  the  amount  m 
both  provinces  is  rapidly  increasiiu--  Sixty  thousand 
emigmnts  had  landed  atQnebec  in  iSl,  before  the  river 
waa  ftoaen  nn,  being  more  than  double  the  number  that 
arrived  in  18a0.  IkUny  of  them  brought  ont  consideraUe 
sums  of  money.  One  morning  during  my  stay  at  Que- 
bec, an  old  Motehmaa,  who  had  lived  about  fourteen 
years  in  the  Canadas,  returned  fi«m  Scotland  with  ninety 
of  his  ooontrymen,  whom  he  had  persuaded  to  tiZow 
him ;  he  himself  bringing  with  him  several  thousand 
pouids,  and  the  atben  pnsseswing  one,  two,  or  three 
huiidred  pounds  a.piece.  Two  thousand  of  tiie  emi- 
giants  that  arrived  m  Upper  Canada,  were  small  form- 
ers from  the  North  of  England. 

The  soil  of  U|^r  Canada  is  as  productive  as  any  in 
the  world,  so  that  the  nmimnt  has  no  occasion  to  pass 
the  United  Btatei^  in  order  to  obtain  a  better,  unless 
he  proeeed  to  partwnlor  spots,  where  he  would  be  liable 
taeateh  a  fever  and  mo,  and  where  the  excessive  beats 
togMher  with  the  moMnn  and  richness  of  the  soil,  ren- 
dw  itao  hastily  pniifio,  that  it  is  often  a  nutter  of  great 
unentainty  iriisthsr  a  crop  will  arrive  at  perftctioa. 
The  strraf  natonl  prejndioe  in  fovonr  of  the  British 
flaf :  the  feet  that  the  ftitish  manuftetures  can  be  par- 
ehaaod  after  payment  of  n  very  trifling  duty  of  two  y«r 
cent,  whereas  they  must  have  paid  an  average  duty  mT 
80;^oeat.,ifoomingiiMthe  United  States :  that  iMdi 
of  eipial  fcrtffity,  and  possessing  equal  advantagM  <f 
■itaaliaa,  are  sold  atone  half  the  price  that  is  paWftlht 
Unitad  States :  that  the  climate  of  the  Caaaiha  ia  MMst 
dMiMbr  the  healthier  of  the  two;  are  aAUtiOMd  and 


Ha 

chancier,  and  at  •  Aw 
and  care  aa  little  about 
u  the  Iriah  peaaant  did, 
smancipation.  Without 
erit  of  their  charity,  it 
•omethingr  like  a  apirit 
nrion,  mixed  np  with  it, 
to*  de  loie,"  u  they  call 
ly  drive  thenar  and  their 


uada,  which  I  did  not 
I  the  unexpected  voyun 
iSOflOO.  l^at  of  L^r 
1,000 ;  but  the  amount  in 
inr-  Sixty  thousand 
inieai,  before  the  riTer 
double  the  ntnnber  that 
brong^ht  out  conaideraUe 
durinfr  my  atay  at  Que- 
■d  liv«d  about  firarteen 
«m  Sootland  with  ninety 
lad  perauaded  to  ti.jow 
h  him  aeveral  thonaand 
line  one,  two,  or  three 
•  thonaand  of  the  emi- 
uiada,  were  ainall  farm- 

aa  prodnctiTe  aa  any  in 
haa  no  oooaaion  to  paaa 
obtain  a  better,  nnleaa 
rhere  he  would  be  liable 
'here  the  ezoeaaive  heata 
richneaa  of  the  aoil,  ren- 
■  often  a  matter  of  great 
ill  arrive  at  perftetion. 
n  Avonr  of  the  Britiah 
ann&etnrea  can  be  pur- 
trifling  doty  of  two  ftr 
wid  an  average  dilty  (aP 
United  Statea :  that  Wtdi 
og  equal  advantafM  << 
I  priee  that  ia  paifU  ihf 
of  the  Canaiha  ia  HMal 
m>}  are  additkiMd  awl 


IK    AUIBICA. 


168 


anbetantial  induoementa  to  a  permanent  reaidencc  in  the 
Britiah  ooloniea.  Good  land  in  the  beat  aituationa  ia 
aold  by  the  Canada  land  company  at  from  10a.  to  IS*, 
the  acre:  their  lalea  for  the  year  1831,  having  amounted 
to  I00;000  acrea  at  an  average  price  of  10a.  per  acre. 
OnOi^eventh  of  the  landa  in  every  townahip  in  the  United 
Statea  ia  reaerved  for  the  pajrment  of  the  clergy ;  and  the 
agent  for  the  clergy  rcaervea,  ia  authoriaed  to  aell  100,000 
acrea  a  ylhr  at  1^.  an  acre. 

The  nature  of  uncleared  land  ia  known  by  tbo  timber 
which  growa  upon  it.  Where  a  great  variety  of  timber 
abonnda,  the  aoil  ia  generally  a  Mack  loam.  A  clayey 
aoil  ia  known  by  the  great  proportion  of  fira  intermixed 
with  other  treea,  but  when  they  grow  al<me,  it  ia  found 
that  aand  uaually  predominatea.  Thu  ia  alao  the  oaae 
where  there  are  none  but  oaka  and  cheatnut  treea.  Po- 
tatoes and  tumipa  aucoeed  better  than  any  other  crop  on 
newly  deared  land. 

Berth  in  tbo  United  Statea,  and  the  Canadaa,  great 
quaatitiea  of  augar  are  made  from  the  maple  tr^^  The 
molaaaea  are  an  excellent  aufastitute  for  aweetmeate.  In 
the  month  of  March,  a  noteh  ia  out  in  the  tree,  and  a 
amall  pipe  of  wood  ia  ftatened  into  it,  through  whiefa 
the  aap  runa  into  a  woodm  trough  that  ia  placed  to  re- 
ceive It,  and  in  thia  manner  from  five  to  aeven  pounda' 
weight  of  augar  may  be  obtained  annually  from  oiie 
tree.  The  prooeaa  m  boiling  and  preparing  the  aqgar 
talwa  |dase  m  the  foreat. 

The  agonte  of  the  Canada  Land  Companjjr,  en  the  ar- 
rivml  of  emigrante  at  Quebec  or  Montred,  for  the  aeaaow 
at  1830,  undertake  to  convey  them  free  of  expenae  to 
York  or  tite  head  of  Lake  Ontario,  in  the  vieia%  vttk* 
choioeat  lands,  provided  the  emimnta  pay  a  firat  in- 
■talment  in  London,  Quebec,  or  Montreal,  of  two  ahit- 
linga  an  acre  upon  not  lets  than  one  hundred  acrea :  and 
the  oompany'a  agente  in  all  parte  of  the  Upper  Pr«vino^ 
will  give  auch  emigranto  every  information  and  aaaiat> 
ance  in  their  power.  Should emigrante on  their  arrivalat 
York  not  a«tde  on  the  company's  landa,  die  money  paid 

5thnn  will  be  returned,  deducting  the  actual  expaaae 
oonveyance.  At  York  there  are  large  boildinga  ex- 
iiiiilj  approvriated  to  the  reception  <.f  emigrant  Ami- 
fkt  previously  to  their  finding  anployment ;  andbcthilia 
goNmment  and  the  Canada  L«nd  Company  hanre  wag. 
OBf  drawn  19  on  the  wharrea,  in  order  to  oonv^  them 
and  their  'jaggage  from  the  place  of  landing. 


I; 


ttrnrni 


164 


aiX   MONTHS 


I  cannot  add  any  tiling  new  io  the  p<uticulan  (iren 
in  the  printed  papers  rektinf  to  emigtation,  which  are 
iawied  both  by  goTernment  and  the  Canada  Land  Com- 
pany ;  to  My  nottiing  of  the  "  WiUriiiie  Letten,"  or  the 
"Hlinla  to  Emigranta,"  paUiahed  at  Quebec.  TheM 
may  all  be  purchased  for  a  few  pence,  and  the  infi>nna- 
ticn  they  contain  ie,  of  courae,  derived  from  the  beet 
wuroat.  Their  instructions  and  adrice  on  tha  subject 
of  imposition,  which  misht  be  practised  upon  amigrants 
at  thair  first  arrival,  wiu  be  found  roost  useful 

Wheat  at  the  Canadas,  according  to  the  distance  from 
the  place  of  export,  varies  from  3*.  to  5t.  6d.  the  buajwl ; 
baef  (winter)  iid.  the  pound,  (summer)  3^  to4<l.; 
mutton  in  the  winter  is  Hid.  the  pound,  in  summer  it  is 
a  little  dearer ;  potatoes  are  from  It.  to  Sb.  tlie  bushel ; 
m  fooae  or  a  turkey  may  be  purchased  for  Ua.  or  Si§.  6d., 
MM  •  Gonple  of  fowls  for  1*.  or  U.  &<.  Ship-carpeuteri 
can  earn  fW>m  5*.  to  7s.  a-day ;  labourers  3*.  &/.  to  4%. 
■fkday ;  handicraft  tradesmen  from  fit.  to  7t.  6d.  a^y ; 
hoaseHMrvanta  reeeiva  from  3d*,  to  36>.  a-month,  with 
food;  bmales  from  151.  to  SOi.  a>month,  with  food.  In 
Qnebee  and  Montreal,  excellent  board  and  lodging  may 
ba  obtained  in  the  principal  hotola  and  boarding-fionses 
at  30*.  to  30*.  a>week.  A  labourer  or  mechanic  vroold 
pay  7*.  to  9a.  6A  a-week,  for  which  ha  will  gel  tea  or 
•aliM,  with  moat  for  brsakftst,  a  good  dinner,  and  aup- 
par  at  night.  An  exoallunt  private  dwelling-hoase  may 
be  ranted  at  ilrom  1001.  to  150(.  a.year  unfurnished; 
aiiopa  aaoording  to  their  situation  at  from  30i.  tolOOi. 
▲  &rm  of  100  aerea  with  ;iO  or  30  acres  clear,  with  a 
dwaBinchowe,  may  be  purchased  in  the  Canadaa  for 
IML  to  aOOf.  aeeonhng  to  the  situation.  There  are,  I 
1^  holiave,  fow  peraona  who  woold  not  alfew  that  emigre. 
tioB  ahoaU  be  enoouraoed,  at  all  events  as  a  temporary 
NBMdy,  and  the  rag*  for  building  discouraged,  provid- 
Hd  it  oanbodone  by  just  and  legitimate  means.  llieBri. 
tfth  govamaaent  have  an  emigrant  ageney  at  Qoabee ; 
UMooaragm emigration, and  finds oo4>peration and aa- 
iiitenMintheCanadaLandCompanyandtbeEitoignuita' 
Hoarital  at  Quebec.  Yet  if  the  timber  trade  in  the 
Caaaslaa  wera  aoddenly  deetrayed  by  the  meeaHNe 
wUoh  u«  a^  to  be  in  eontamplatian,  tha  immMHMf 
wuMMMe  woold  be,  that  the  eflbrta  ofgovemaMM  hi 
Nfm  to  ooa  ebjact  would  be  lieatraliied  by  Ma  o«a 
■cte  wMi  nfbionoe  to  another.    At  preaen/  than  an 


HS 

iothe  piutieulan  »iren 

0  amigtation,  which  are 
the  Canada  Land  Com- 
iltihire  Letten,"  or  the 
kad  at  Quebec  Theee 
pence,  and  the  infi>mia- 
,  derived  from  tiie  beet 
d  adrice  on  the  subjeot 
-actiied  upon  mnigranti 
nd  most  uaefuL 

iiig  to  the  dietance  from 
3t.  Io5<.6d.thebn8hol; 

(summer)  d^d.  to4d.; 
i  pound,  in  summer  it  is 
m  1«.  to  2s.  tlie  bushel ; 
chased  for  2a.  or  2«.  6d,, 
\t.  6d.  Bhip-carpenters 
;  labonrers  3*.  6d.  to  4*. 
om  St.  to  7(.  &/.  a-day ; 
I.  to  36(.  a-month,  with 
i-month,  with  food.    In 

board  and  lodging  may 
oleand  boarding-hooiea 
orer  or  mechanic  would 
rhioh  be  will  get  tea  or 

a  good  dinner,  and  aup- 
^ate  dwelling-hoase  may 
M.  a-year  unfurnished; 
on  at  from  301.tal00i. 
r  SO  acres  dear,  with  a 
ised  in  the  Canadaa  fbr 
lituatiunc    There  are,  I 

1  not  allow  that  emigra- 
II  events  as  a  temporary 
in^  diseoorag«d,^rovid> 
:itimate  means.  llwBri' 
rant  ageney  at  Quebec ; 
inds  oo4>peratioB  and  as* 
ipany  and  the  Eitoignuits' 
he  timber  trade  la  the 
'oyed  by  the  meeawes 
iplatian,  the  immMHal* 
I  elfbrte  of  govemoMMia 

neatraliaed  bgr  Me  own 
At  preaMt/  there  are 


IM  AXEBIOA. 


165 


from  six  hundred  to  eight  hundred  ships  employed  ev- 
ery summer  in  tlte  timber  trade.  They  sometimes  carry 
out  a  car^o  of  coals,  or  salt,  both  paying  a  very  insigni- 
ficant freight  (coals  sell  in  Quebec  at  36*.  the  chaldron) 
or  more  usually  go  out  as  it  is  termed  in  ballast,  and  thus 
afford  ftcilities  of  emigration  at  an  exceedinsly  cheap 
rate,  lo  thousands  whose  absence  from  Great  Britain  is 
an  advantage  to  both  countries,  as  far  as  population  is 
concerned  ;  and  who  otherwise  benefit  the  mother  coun- 
try by  affording  an  additional  market  for  her  cotton 
and  other  manufactures,  which  they  soon  find  the  means 
of  purchasing.    In  destroying  the  Canada  timber  trade 
by  a  sudden  increase  of  duties,  she  is  depriving  herself 
of  all  these  advantages.    She  would  bring  sudden  ruin 
upon  a  numerous  class  of  individuals  who  have  large 
capitals  invested  in  saw  mills,  and  other  buildings  con- 
nected with  the  trade ;  she  would  deprive  thousands  of 
the  means  of  buying  and  selling  land;  a  number  of 
•hlpe  would  be  thrown  out  of  employment ;  emigration 
would  be  stopped,  or  at  least  greatly  impeded  for  want  of 
the  facilities  which  are  now  given ;  England  would  not 
gain  in  the  aflfootions  of  the  Canadaa ;  she  would  loae 
a  rapidly  increasing  market,  and  the  benefit  of  a  fine 
race  of  British  peaaantry,  who  would  be  ever  ready  to 
fight  in  deftnoe  of  their  newlv  adopted  country. 

The  timber  is  cut  in  the  wmter,  before  the  aap  riaea. 
Suppose  then  that  the  new  duties  were  impoeed,  that 
the  trade  had  consequently  ceased,  and  th8<  next  year 
a  war,  by  which  the  Bahio  would  be  cloaed,  should  break 
out  about  the  month  of  March,  no  timber  would  have 
been  cut  and  prepared  in  the  Canada*,  and  there  can  be 
no  doubt  that  Great  Britain  would  be  obliged  either  t0 
purchase  inferior  timber,  cut  in  the  summer,  and  pre- 
pared at  a  great  additional  expense,  or  remain  without 
asupidy  of  timber  for  sixteen  months.  It  is  said,  and 
with  truth,  that  clearing,  for  the  sake  of  the  timber  only, 
rather  impedes  than  assisU  the  progress  of  cultiva- 
tion«— a  few  trees  only  being  selected  on  a  given  apace, 
which  are  squared  on  the  spot,  while  the  lumber  atM 
branches  are  left  to  present  additional  diffienlty  to  the 
flirmer  by  becoming  entangled  in  the  underwood ;  and 
it  haa  been  also  remarked,  that  the  annihilation  of  the 
trade  would  benefit  the  Canadaa,  by  augmenting  tte 
«Mit»l  and  labour  that  is  annually  expeniied  in  agri«ai» 
twal  pvryoaes,  and  that  the  additional  quantity  of  ex- 


166 


SIX   MONTHS 


ported  wheat  would  toon  make  amendi  for  their  tem- 
porarjr  loee  i  bnt  it  iihoald  alao  be  oonaldored,  that  the 
white-pine,  which  fanr'tt  mach  the  largect  proportion  of 
the  timber  exported  .'rom  the  Canada*,  i«  in  many 
piaeea  found  on  a  r  »;liy  and  aandy  leil,  which  it  not 
available  for  the  ptt;|iuae*  ofoultivation,  and  rooreorer 
that  the  quantity  of  wheat  exported,  ia  already  inoreaa- 
ing  with  the  tide  of  emigration  to  an  incalenlable 
unonnt. 

In  a  mercantile  and  politieal  view,  it  would  be  betlerthat 
the  Canada  timber  trade  ahoold  not  be  inL  rfered  with ;  bat 
if  any  inoreaae  of  the  dutiea  be  reaolved  opon,  it  ahould 
oertalnly  be  gradual.  One  reason  why  the  Canada  tin- 
bar  ia  not  ao  much  lilted  aa  that  which  come*  fVom  the 
Bahie,  is,  that  it  ia  not  ao  well  aqaared  and  finiihed  oiF 
for  the  market.  In  the  ?rat  year,  a  gradual  inereaaaof 
Aitiaa  mifht  remedy  thie  defeat,  bv  encouraging  eompe- 
UtioM,  while  at  the  lame  time  both  the  Britiah  f«veni- 
SMOt,  and  tlia  Canadian  oapitaliat,  would  be  •nablad  to 
■ee  thair  waj  more  oleartv. 

A  great  proportion  of  the  lands  in  Lower  Canada  ia 
divided  into  aeignoriea,  which  were  originally  granted 
by  the  FVeneh  crown,  under  the  fondal  tenure.  No 
aeignory  baa  bean  created  since  the  oonqncbt  in  1759; 
but  when  erown  lands  have  been  diapesed  of,  they  have 
been  granted  in  what  is  termed  fVee  and  eommon  soc> 
age,  and  bid  eat  like  the  old  seignoriee,  of  wfaiob  there 
are  about  two  hundred,  in  a  direction  ef  N  Jf  .W.  Iiy 
EAE^  nearly  at  right  angles  with  the  banks  of  the  St 
Lawranoe.  The  seignor  tnen  made  grants  or  "  conees. 
siona"  to  hia  under  tenants,  which  by  the  old  French 
custom  ware  thirty  acres  in  length,  by  three,  fronting 
the  river.  This  measurement,  however,  is  now  often 
departed  from.  The  seignor  receives  from  Me  tenants 
an  annnal  rent  of  a  very  triflinir  amount,  which  is  not 
redeemable :  he  is,  also,  entitled  to  a  mutation  fine,  call- 
ed **  lods  et  vents,"  being  ane>twelflh  part  of  the  too- 
ne|f  paid  by  the  pnrohaaer  of  land  within  the  seignorf. 
1%a  old  Freneh  law  eompels  the  tenants  to  bring  tbelr 
wheat  to  be  ground  at  the  seignor'smill.  Thisenstom 
has  been  sometimes  objected  to,  bnt  nc  eomplaint  eatt  be 
reasonsbly  made  on  the  score  of  its  being  an  in  jury  to 
llie  former.  It  impoeea  no  bnrdon,  because  he  ean  have 
Ma  wheat  ground  at  hia  own  door,  and  if  the  saignorVi 


n, yrt.«^,i,y  .1      )    III     ii»B^i»MlJI.|l>«li|.Ul,l.l,*lrti.il>'.!ll>8lllll'l»l| 


*fN 


19 


amend!  for  their  tern- 
e  ooniidered,  thtt  ibe 
le  largeet  proportion  of 
Canadii,  if  in  many 
indy  Mil,  which  ia  not 
tivation,  and  moreorer 
rted,  ia  already  inoreae- 
on  to  an  incalenlable 

w,  it  would  be  bet  ter  that 
>tbe  interfered  with ;  but 
raaolved  npon,  it  ihoaM 
>n  why  tho  Canada  tim- 
hich  cornea  fVom  the 
qnared  and  finished  off 
ir,  a  jradaal  ineretaeof 
by  encouraring  eompe- 
oth  the  Britiih  g»*am- 
lat,  would  be  enabled  to 

Ai  in  Lower  Canada  ia 
irere  oripnally  granted 
the  Ibndal  lenore.  No 
I  the  oonqncbt  in  17S9; 
n  diapeaed  of,  they  have 

fVee  and  eommon  aoc- 
tifnoriee,  of  whioh  there 
direeUon  of  N  Jf  .W.  by 
riththebankaoftheSt 
nade  granta  or  "  oonoee. 
lich  by  the  old  French 
gth,  by  three,  fronting 

however,  ia  now  often 
loeives  from  Ma  tenanta 
r  amount,  which  ia  not 

to  a  mutation  finOi  call- 
Iwelilh  part  of  the  too- 
nd  within  the  wngaoif- 
B  tenanta  to  bring  their 
lor'amill.  Thiaeoatom 
bat  nc  eoaplaint  ean  be 
Pita  being  an  injoty  to 
ton,  beoause  he  ean  Mve 
oor,  and  if  the  aelfmirhi 


IN    AMiaUVA. 

mill  doea  not  perform  the  worl^  properly,  he  may  take 
it  to  another.  ' 

In  the  Canadai,  llie  civil  and  criminal  lawi  of  Eng- 
land are  in  foroa  ceiierally,  aubject  to  provincial  altera- 
tions. The  old  French  law,  which  was  in  azisteoco 
previously  to  the  year  1663,  is  still  the  law  of  property, 
with  some  esceptions,  in  Lower  Canada.  Nona  of  the 
laws  enacted  in  France  since  that  period,  extended  to 
the  colony  unless  enregistor«d  there.  This  is  the  rea- 
son why  the  ordiuanco  of  1673,  for  the  better  regulatioa 
nf  *.»4e.  ia  not  in  force.  The  ciiuiinal  lawa  of  England 
were  tran»piau'.'<>l  into  the  colonics,  by  14  GaOi  iiL  e.  8S>t 
and,  of  course,  noue  paasf"!  since  that  period  can  be- 
come law  in  th«>  Canadaa,  unleaa  tSe^  are  partioulaily 
apecilied  and  iucluded  in  their  provisions.  Properly 
speaking,  the  Canadaa  have  no  oommeroial  code.  Great 
Qoafnsion  sometimes  arises  respecting  the  decisions  ae- 
oording  to  the  Enzliah  cuatom  of  nMrchanta,  and  tboae 
made  under  tlie  old  French  code,  and  aetiona  at  law 
are  frequently  aettled  according  to  wliat  appeara  ta  be 
the  principle  of  natural  iuslico,  rather  than  aecordtn|;lo 
eetabliahed  precedent.  This  surely  eonveys  a  reflection 
upon  the  wtadom  of  the  provincial  legislature }  but  the 
fact  is,  thai  the  mercantile  community  is  not  aufficient- 
reproaented  in  the  house  of  aaaembly  flw  Lowe<  Ca- 

"  Lower  Canada  ia  divided  into  Uiree  judicial  diatricte 
—of  Qnebec  the  Three  Rivers,  and  Montreal,  the 
boundary  line  being  drawn  nearly  at  right  angles  witb 
the  St.  Lawrence.  ,     n     _i  _r 

There  are  but  throe  oourU  of  juaUce— the  Court  ef 
Appeal,  the  King's  Bench,  and  the  Summary  Court. 
The  tovernor  aomotimea  aits  as  president  of  the  Uwil 
of  Awoal ;  but  the  chair  is  more  often  filled  by  one  of 
the  ohief  Justices.  Tho  court  is  fiwmed  by  aU  the  mei». 
here  of  the  executive  council.       ....... 

The  Court  of  King's  Bench  la  divided  mto  a  sujpaiMt 
and  inferior  court.  The  latter  haa  iuriadiction  only 
where  the  matter  in  dispute  U  of  the  value  of  tan  ponn* 
or  under.  There  are  a  chief  justice  and  three  puim* 
iodMS  at  Quebec ;  the  same  at  Montreal,  and  a  diaUict 
Sdjiatth.  Th««  Rivera.  W»»n  the  «iperjor  conrt 
iTSaid  at  this  Utter  place,  it  ia  held  by  OM  ar.tha-idMf 
lLSl2i!tw«p«i«.*jSdges,andtliedirtB0tji^^  Tta 
iSmwius  e«wt»  •»*•  juriadietion  vm  properly  to  tta 


188 


SIX    MONTO* 


Tslaa  of  oiw  hundred  fVanoi,«nd  tre  haldonoe  •  month 
bolbro  a  eommiiaioner  appointed  by  tlio  provineml  go- 
vernmont,  on  petition  from  the  country  inhabitanta. 
Quarter  aeuions  are  held  regularly  before  throe  magis- 
tratea,  with  much  the  aanie  power  ai  in  England,  for 
the  puniahment  of  oifencea  againit  the  criminal  law ; 
and  petty  civil  oaaea  may  be  diapoaed  of  daily  by  one  or 
more  magiatratei.  A  magiatrate  is  required  to  bare 
property  of  the  real  actual  value  of  300<.,  and  the  oatha 
■pon  taking  office  are  very  atrict. 

A  barrialer  may  act  aa  an  attorney  and  aolioitor  at  the 
■ame  time, — which,  aa  in  the  United  Statea,  appeara  to 
have  originated  in  the  inipoeaibility  of  making  the  pro- 
Aaaion  pay,  without  auch  an  arrangement.  Pleadinga 
may  be  written  in  either  language,  and  Engliih  and 
CSanadian  French  are  apoken  almoat  indiaoriminately 
in  the  oourta.  I  have  obeerved  great  and  unavoidable 
eooAiaiua  in  tlie  inibrior  court  of  King'a  Bench — tlie 
jndgaa,  council,  aolicitora,  clienla,  and  witneaeea  all 
talking  ooeaaionally  at  the  aame  time  in  either  language, 
juat  aa  it  may  happen  ;  and  in  the  midat  of  the  uproar, 
the  Si'-ntorian  voico  of  the  ofBoer  of  the  court  may  b« 
hear  i  he  endeavourato  restore  tranquillity  b^  calling 
oat  dilenoe!  (Engliah,)  Silence!  (French,)  in  quick 
aaceeeaion.  But  tne  proceodinga  in  the  auperior  court 
are  conducted  with  all  the  decorum  of  an  Cngliah  rourt 
of  Jnatice ;  and  the  old  jealoua  Briliah  lion,  painted  in 
the  king'a  arma  over  the  hoada  of  the  judgea,  frowni 
grimly  upon  the  aoene,  with  a  pair  of  eyebrowa  auffl' 
oient  to  inepire  even  ermined  dignity  it*elf  with  awe 
and  veneration.  Many  of  the  powora  belonging  to  a 
court  of  equity,  are  exercised  by  the  court  of  King'a 
Beach  under  the  old  French  law.  It  granta  injunctiona 
by  a  prooeaa  termed  a  aequastre.  It  takea  care  of  Ihe 
property  of  minors,  and  appointa  curators  of  the  persona 
and  property  of  lunatics.  The  law  of  entail  by  a  limi- 
tation, called  a  "  aubstitution  fidei  commisaaire,"  ia  well 
known  in  Lower  Canada,  but  seldom  acted  upon. 

The  attantion  of  the  legislature  haa  of  late  been  call- 
•d  to  tha  atate  of  the  law  of  dower  and  mortgage,  both 
of  which  are  often  productive  of  neat  connMoa  had 
aotnal  injuatiee.  Suppoaing  there  haa  been  no  ranaa- 
eiation  of  her  dower  by  the  marriage  contract,  the  wift 
upon  her  marriage  ia  entitled  to  a  dower  of  one-half  of 
Uw  eatate  of  inheritance  then  ia  the  poaaaaeion  of  bar 


irfk„ 


w 


n* 

d  are  heldonoe  a  month 
!d  by  tho  provineial  go- 
le  country  inhabitanta, 
arly  bolbre  three  magii- 
awer  aa  in  Eoffland,  for 
ain«t  tho  criminal  law ; 
ipoaed  of  daily  by  one  or 
ite  ia  required  to  have 
eof30(M.,  and  the  oath* 
et. 

orney  and  solicitor  at  the 
Jnited  States,  appeara  to 
tility  of  roaliinff  the  pro- 
rrangement.  Pleadinga 
uage,  and  Enyliih  and 
almoat  indisoriminalely 
great  and  unavoidable 
t  of  King's  Bench— the 
enta,  and  witnesses  all 
I  time  in  either  language, 

the  midst  of  the  uproar, 
icer  of  the  court  may  be 
re  tranquillity  b^  calling 
ice!  (I'ronch,)  m  quick 
■gs  in  the  superior  court 
irum  of  an  Cngliah  court 
s  British  lion,  painted  in 
da  of  the  judges,  frowns 
a  pair  of  eyebrows  suffi- 

dignity  it*elf  with  awe 
I  powora  belonging  to  a 
I  by  the  court  of  King's 
w.  It  grants  injunctions 
re.  It  lakee  care  of  Ihe 
Is  curators  of  the  persona 
I  law  of  entail  by  a  limi> 
dei  commissaire,"  is  well 
ridom  acted  upon, 
ure  haa  of  late  been  eall- 
Dwer  and  mortgage,  both 
>  of  great  eoafliaMM  tad 
here  iuM  been  no  renoa- 
irriage  ooatraet,  the  wiib 
to  a  dower  of  oae>half  of 
in  the  poeaesrion  of  her 


III  AMIBIOA.  '    IM 

husband  (  and  this  dower  ia  of  itaelf  an  eatata  of  Inherit- 
ance which  descends  to  her  children,  suppo^af  they 
take  nothing;  by  tiie  "  communautd,"  an  arrangement  by 
which  tho  wife  is  entitled  to  one-half  of  all  property  real 
and  personal,  acquired  aubaequently  to  the  marriage.  A 
communaut^  may  exist  with  a  settlement  or  withotU  on^' . 
as  in  the  case  I  have  propoaed.  At  the  death  of  the  wife 
in  the  lifetime  of  the  husband,  or  etc*  zerta,  the  law  per- 
mita  the  children  to  elect — bet  -een  one  half  of  the  pro- 
perty in  communaute  to  be  enjoyed  immediately,  and  the 
real  estate  which  would  have  formed  the  dower  of  the 
wife  had  she  survived  her  husband,  which  is  not  to  be  di- 
vided amongst  them  till  after  the  death  of  the  aurviving 
parent  It  aometimes  happens  that  the  husband  and 
wife  have  joined  in  the  sale  of  the  estate,  perhapa  for  the 
present  benefit  of  the  children,  and  with  their  knowledge. 

This  sale,  however,  cannot  deprive  the  children  of  their 
estate  of  inheritance  in  the  dower  after  the  decease  of  the 
wife ;  and  although  it  is  justly  reckoned  diasiacefiil  for 
the  children  to  claim  the  estate  from  a  purchaser  under 
such  circumstances,  ytX  it  is  sometimea  done  in  oaoea 
where  there  was  notmnff  left  to  be  divided  in  oommu- 
nautA.  A  gentleman  informed  me  that  sneh  aa  iiMlanoe 
had  occurred  to  himself.  He  had  purohaaed  ■■  Mlale, 
and  had  been  in  poaaeasion  about  twenty  year*.  It  had 
been  sold  by  the  husband  and  wife  upwaida  of  forty  years ; 
but  they  were  both  still  living,  and  he  was  much  surpris- 
ed one  dav  at  being  informed  by  the  children,  that,  at  the 
decease  or  their  motLer,  they  intended  to  come  npon  him 
for  the  amount  of  the  dower,  aa  there  waa  no  prospect  of 
receiving  any  thing  by  the  communatttri. 

Till  lately,  under  the  then  exiating  law  of  mortgage, 
a  purchaser  oould  seldom  besure  of  baying  in  nninenm- 
bered  estate ;  a  pravioua  poasessor  in  want  of  money 
might  have  been  before  a  notary,  and  have  borrowed  of 
a  dosen  difibrent  persons,  on  what  ia  called  a  tacit 
mortgage.  No  title  deeda  were  required  by  the  lepder, 
but  all  the  property  of  the  borrower  ia  liable  for  the 
amount  borrowed ;  and  claims  of  this  kind  were  con- 
stantly made  upon  estatea  even  after  the  possessor,  who 
had  tuen  all  pains  to  dear  them  off,  had  reason  to  think 
himaelf  aeonre  in  the  enjoyment  of  them.  Bat  by  a  bill 
that  peaaed  the  legislature  in  18M,  newly  purchased 
property  ia  eleued  against  oroditora  who  do  not  pat  in 


170 


«IT    ilOMTIlH 


thair  otainn  wilhiri  foui   .iionllm,  the  ligliU  of  widown 
and  minor*  foiming  an  exceiitiun.  ,      ,  . . 

No  writ  c»n  iiwue  to  iwnuro  the  poraon  of  •  debtor  in 
Uie  common  k""!  "ntil  nil  l'i»  property  real  and  pergonal 
hat  been  aold,  tho  real  property  havinjj  Iwon  advcrtiMd 
in  Uie  Oaielle  for  four  niontha.  At  tlio  expiration  <>t  that 
period,  attompta  arc  Knivtiinoa  made  by  a  fVauduknt 
debtor  or  hi*  frienda,  to  evade  imprinonmont  by  a  pur. 
ahaao  in  tho  dibtor'a  name  of  real  property  to  a  trifling 
amount,  which  mu»t  be  again  advortiicd,  and  ao  on ;  al- 
thouffh  of  courae  wherever  the  attempt  to  dotVaud  can  be 
made  apparent,  tho  courta  of  juatice  will  interfere.  In 
oaaea  of  a  oommorcial  nature,  whore  a  judifmont  ban  been 
obtained,  Uio  debtor  ban  the  ri)(ht  of  biinif  ailar((ed,ui>on 
jiving  aecurity  that  he  will  not  toavo  the  luiiita  of  thr 

In  ireneral,  the  Canadian  formera,  when  old  and  unablo 
to  work,  make  over  their  property  by  anotariol  writing 
:o  one  of  their  aona,  on  condition  of  hia  paying  a  certain 
Mim  of  money  to  hia  otiier  children ;  a  cuatom  wfc  "Ji 
hiia  the  effect  of  preventing  too  great  a  dlviaion  of  real 
property.  In  the  deed,  wliioh  ia  rather  curioua,  it  la  ati- 
iMtalad  that  the  old  man  ia  to  be  aupporta4  by  lua  aon ; 
that  heie  to  receive  from  him  a  certain  quantity  of  tee, 
B'init  UA  tobaceo :  he  ia  to  be  Aimlahed  if  neoeMa.y 
viith  a  horae  to  ride  to  chapel  on  Bundaya  and  <Mtivala ; 
aiid  whan  dead  a  certain  number  of  maaKa  ore  to  be  aaid 
Su  hia  aonl.  . . 

The  governor  of  I^wer  Canada  u  aaaialed  ^  an  exs- 
cutive  oooncil,  oompo^sd  of  any  peraona  whom  he  ebooaea 
to  recommend  to  hia  majealy   for   appomtment;    the 
lefidatlve  council,  of  which  the  member*  are  abw  appoint- 
ed by  tho  king  for  life ;  and  the  Lower  Houms,  or  Houae 
of  Aaaembly,  oonaisling  at  preacnt  of  eighty-four  mem- 
bera.    The  Chief  JuaUce  ia  tlie  Hiwaker ;  and  the  puiane 
Judge*  of  Quebec  are  membera  of  the  LegUlative  Coun- 
eil;  but  it  ia  in  contemplation  to  procure  an  act  rf  par- 
liament  to  remedy  thia  unconatitulional  arrangement  In- 
dependenUy  of  the  objecUon  Uiat  could  be  urged  •««»« 
it  aa  an  abuae,  the  judgea  find  ample  employment  fcr 
their  time  in  tJieir  other  avocation*.    Thoy  were  ^toeed 
there  a*  a  matter  of  coura    when  the  colony  waa  in  lU  in- 
fiiney ;  but  the  reason*  ha  'e  ccaacd  aa  tho  colony  turn  in- 
creaaedin  wealth  and  popu'ntiou.  The  LegialaUve  Coon- 
cil  is  coinpoaed  of  the  prmupal  officers  of  the  provmce. 


'US 

I,  the  ligliU  of  widowN 
un. 

ho  porion  of  •  debtor  in 

■n|)erty  real  and  perianal 

havinff  licon  advortisad 

At  tlio  expiration  of  that 

I  made  by  a  firaudulcnt 

Iniprinonmont  by  a  pur- 

•eal  |>ro|)crty  to  a  trifling 

dvt-rtiMjd,  and  oo  on ;  al- 

ittonipt  to  defraud  can  be 

jatico  will  interfere.     In 

liore  n  jiidjfnient  haai  been 

bt  of  bi'inff  ciilnrgcd,  ui>on 

It  lonvo  the  limits  of  the 

nera,  when  old  and  unabli- 
rty  bjr  a  notai ial  writing 
>n  of  hla  p«]rinK  a  certain 
lildren;  a  ouatom  wb>.h 
a  great  a  diviaion  of  real 
ia  rather  eurioua,  it  ia  ati- 
be  Bupportod  by  liia  aon ; 
a  certain  quantity  of  lea, 
be  fliraiahed  if  neoeMw.y 
m  Simdaya  and  Aalivala ; 
Mr  of  inaaae*  are  te  be  aaid 

lada  ia  asaiatad  by  an  exo- 
f  pemona  whom  no  ehooae* 
ly  for  appointment;  the 
a  inembera  are  alao  appoint- 
le  Lower  Houae,  or  Houie 
oacnt  of  eighty-four  niem- 
10  Hiieaker ;  and  the  puian^ 
ra  of  the  Legialative  Coun- 
1  to  procure  an  act  of  par- 
titutional  arrangoment-  In- 
Jiat  could  be  urged  againit 
id  ample  employment  for 
lationa.  Thoy  were  plaeed 
len  the  colony  waa  in  ita  in- 
xaacd  as  the  colony  haa  in- 
iou.  The  LegiahtiveCoan- 
>al  officers  of  the  province. 


IN    AXIRIOA. 


fTI 


und  otiicr  pemoiia  of  consideration.  Their  number  ia 
unlimited,  but  is  usually  about  thirty.  The  inenihers  of 
Ihii  ilnuao  of  Assembly  are  rli'oted  in  the  same  iiinnner 
RN  the  iiienihers  of  tlio  IIouho  of  ( 'nnimons  in  Kngland. 
Quebec  snd  Montreal  return  four  members  eseh.  There 
arc  but  two  boroughs  ;  William  Henry  or  Hfirel  return- 
ing one  membur,  and  the  "  Three  Kivera"  returning  two 
members.  The  other  members  arc  roturn«<l  by  countiea, 
but  no  qualiHcation  v  Imtovor  ia  required  of  any.  This  ia 
«n  advantage  in  a  \  Mg  country,  where  soeielv  is  com- 
paratively  small,  und  wealth  is  ao  often  separated  from  ta- 
lent. The  qualilication  necessary  for  a  voter  ia  real  pro- 
perty lo  tlio  annual  value  of  forty  nhillings.  In  the  towna 
the  payment  of  ten  pounda  a-year  rent  la  aufUeient,  and 
single  women  are  allowed  to  vc*  The  aittings  of  the  Le- 
gisGitivo  Council,  and  the  Houae  of  Aaaembly,  do  not 
uaually  occupy  mora  than  ten  weeka  in  the  year,  conuneno- 
ing  about  the  mldiUe  of  January. 

By  fhr  the  larmr  proportion  of  tho  Hoaee  of  Aaaembly 
are  of  the  Mdiod  persuaaion.  Like  the  reat  of  the  olii 
French  Canadiana,  they  have  «  atronf  aegalive  attaek- 
ment  to  the  Brltiah  government  t  baeauac  tliay  an  aatl*. 
fled  witli  the  protooUon  they  enjoy,  and  an  tmv  HmX 
they  could  Mt  exiat  without  it ;  but  their  jBtntitagt 
•vinoe  little  actual  gratitude  or  aAetion  ror  th*  nodier 
country ;  their  grievanoea,  whether  they  are  tboaa  that 
really  do  esiat,  or  thoae  that  are  to  be  traced  in  the  ima- 
ginary diaeontenta  of  a  few  leading  demagoguea,  being 
frequently  diacuaaed  with  more  than  conatitutional  jea- 
lousT,  and  with  more  petulant  vehemence  than  is  merited 
by  the  redreaaing  and  conciliatory  apirit  of  tlio  Britiah 
government.  And  yet  when  we  conaider  the  eventathat 
ore  jMuiaiiig  in  Europe,  it  ia  not  singular  that  suoh  ahould 
lie  the  conduct  of  a  |icople,  of  whom  it  ia  aaid,  that  when 
a  eonatitution  waa  first  talked  of,  they  would  have  pre- 
ferred  that  their  country  ahould  have  continued  under 
the  direction  of  a  governor  and  council,  or  rather  under 
that  of  a  governor  alone. 

During  the  lost  session  a  bill  paaaed  tho  houae  of  aa- 
aembly, for  an  allowance  to  the  membera  of  10a.  o-day, 
beaide  their  travelling  eatpcnses,  but  waa  rejected  by  the 
legialative  coimcil.  Nevertheless  when  the  Supply  Bill 
came  under  oonaideration,  the  iiouae  of  assembly  tacked 
on  the  desired  amount  for  the  payment  oi  their  members, 
and  the  bill  in  that  state  was  moat  inconaistently  oon- 
snnted  toby  tho  legislative  council. 


*  i 


-  '.w^i>wB*MiitattMlJiBB8aw 


i7a 


■IX  MONTIIt 


Another  iniUnce  of  unconitilutional  irraifuUritjr  may 
be  nietilionrd.     The  31it  of  Udo.  iii^  c.  31,  derUrn  who 
■hall  bn  qiwIifWd  to  «it  at.  inuiiibi!ra  of  Ui«  aiMiiitily,  but 
it  crualos  mi  diMiimliflcation   to  ait  and  voto   in  iirraona 
•cceptinK  iMctm  of  tnwt  and  profit,  after  their  cicction. 
By  tliia  act  aim,  no  bill  reaerved  by  l)ie  (rovcrnor  for  tlio 
royal  aignature  aliall  Imvo  any  force  or  authority  within 
eitlier  province,  unlea*  hi»  niajcaly'a  aaaent  tlicreto  ahall 
be  ai|miAod  within  the  apac^  of  two  yeara  from  the  day 
on  wliioh  tiie  hill  nhall  havn  been  pri!«ciitcd  for  hia  ma- 
jeaty'a  aaaent  by  the  Kuvornor.     In  t)i»  year   ltS3(l,  after 
yarioua  proc«cain|{a  in  tlie  aanie  matter,  a  bill  for  the  dia. 
qualiAcation  of  ptiraona  accepting  government  officea,  un- 
til re-elected,  from  aitting  in  the  legialalivo  aaacnibly,  waa 
dmmmI  by  both  houaea,  and  tlie  governor  thought  it  of  auf- 
ficient  importance  to  reaorve  it  tor  tlio  royal  aaaent.  Two 
jtm,  M  we  have  aeen,  ia  allowed  for  tlie  aignitication  of 
hia  majeaty'a  pleaaure,  and  if  no  anawer  ia  given  in  that 
liiM,  the  bill  pMaM  into  a  law  forthwith.    The  MU  waa 
MOt  to  EngUnd,  and  long  before  the  time  had  expired, 
the  impatient  houae  ofaaaerobly  entered  a  reaolution  on 
their  Joumaia,  that  any  roembw  aaoer>ting  an  office  under 
govemmant  ahall  be  conaideradaa  vacating  liia  aeat  iptt 
/•ele,  with  the  capitbility  of  being  re.eleot«i.'    Aa  to  tha 
iuatiae  of  tbeeaae,  there  can  be  no  doubt;  but  when  they 
UMmaeWea  had  commenced  the  appUoation  in  a  conaUtu- 
tional  manner,  their  aubaequent  attempt  to  fly  in  the  ftce 
of  the  prerogative  doea  not  reflect  much  credit  on  tlieir 

T:.e"net  revenue  of  Lower  Canada  for  theyewr  1830, 
waa  i98,34S<.  3a.  4<L,  being  an  increaaeoTSaOOi.  over  the 
prweding  year.  The  bulk  of  thia  aum  is  at  the  <1»P<>^I 
of  the  provincial  logialature ;  and  ia  espen^  ">  the 
eounUy  on  internal  improvemenU  of  every  kind.  TTio 
nropoeed  civil  liat  for  the  year  1831,  amounted  to  19,500/.; 
but  iZoOO/,  of  thia  ia  all  that  ia  aaked  of  Uie  j^rovmce 
by  the  royal  mcaaage,  beaidea  a  reaervaUon,  bv  virtue  ol 
the  prerogative,  of  what  are  termed  the  caaual  «»o  ««"«• 
torial  revenuea  of  the  crown,  auch  aa  the  rente  of  »"•  Jj- 
•uite'  eatatea,  rmte  of  the  king'a  poata,  &,o.  dtc,  wWcb, 
to  uae  the  words  of  the  govemor'a  meaaage,  of  the  MU  or 
February,  1831,  can  operate  in  no  degree  aa  a  tax  upon 
tha  people,  or  tend  either  in  their  nature,  or  in  ue  mode 
of  their  collection,  to  impede  or  impair  the  V^V*"^'f 
the  province.    But  nevertheleas  the  committee  of  tlie 


HI 

utional  irregultrity  may 
.  iii^  c.  31,  decUre*  who 
cm  of  the  uM^iiilily,  but 
■it  and  vote   in  iM-rioiii 
rofit,  after  thoir  i-loction. 
I  by  llw  govi-rnor  for  tlm 
Torru  fir  authority  within 
ily'iaMviit  tlirreto  ahall 
two  ynari  (Vom  tlie  day 
en  prnMintcd  fur  hia  ma- 
in th»  year   Ibat),  after 
matter,  a  bill  for  the  dit> 
\  ({ovt'rnment  officei,  Uli> 
U'|{i«ltttiva  aaKUibly,  waa 
rovernur  thought  it  of  auf- 
or  tlio  royal  aaacnt.  Two 
red  for  tlie  aiKitification  of 
o  anawer  ia  given  in  that 
forthwith.    The  biU  waa 
tre  the  time  had  expired, 
f  ent<  red  a  reaolution  on 
^  aoouftting  an  ofBce  under 
Im  vacating  liia  aeai  ipto 
ing  re-eleotMi.'    Aa  to  the 
D  no  doubt;  but  when  they 
B  appliostion  in  a  conalitu- 
it  attempt  to  fly  in  the  face 
fleet  much  credit  on  their 

Canada  for  the  ve«r  1630, 
:  increaae  of  aMOi.  over  the 
thia  aum  ia  at  the  diapoaal 
;  and  ia  expended  in  the 
lenta  of  every  kind.  Tho 
1831,  amounted  to  19,5001.; 
t  ia  aaked  of  tlie  province 
a  rcaervation,  by  virtue  o< 
irmed  the  caaual  and  terri- 
luch  aa  the  rente  of  the  Je- 
g'a  poata,  &o;  &«.,  which, 
lor'a  menaage,  of  the  33d  of 
n  no  degree  aa  a  tax  upon 
heir  nature,  or  in  the  mode 
or  impair  tlie  proeperilnr  of 
ilea*  the  committee  oithe 


IN    ANIHIIIA. 


tn 


liuuae  uf  aaauiiibly  liavu  ruaolved  never  lo  coiiiproiniae 
what  thry  call  tin-  natural  ami  conatitutionul  right  of 
watching  over  niiil  controlling  the  rucciiit  nnd  uxpendi- 
(uru  ul  the  wliolii  ruvonue.  Will  lliry  object  wlu'ii  tho 
remuneration  of  llicir  riergy  ia  thrown  upon  tlH^ni,  oa  ia 
ronlfinplat'il  by  llic  Hritiiih  gnvernment  ( • 

It  would  he  teiliiHM,  and  lar  U^yond  tlm  limit*  of  thia 
work,  to  enter  into  a  detail  of  all  tho  grievancea  com- 
plained of  by  tlio  liouae  of  oaaembly  ;  many  of  tlium  lukvc 
been,  or  are  in  the  way  of  living,  remedied,  and  they  may 
bo  found  in  tho  report  of  tho  conmiittev  of  the  houao  oi 
ciiinniona  on  tho  atTaira  of  tlio  C'nnadua,  in  lHii7.  They 
complain  in  iheir  petition  to  {larliament  that  the  affaire 
of  tliu  province  were  g..>wiiig  worao  luider  the  exiating 

Saverniiiunt;  tliat  the  value  of  land  waa  dimiiiiahed; 
lat  tliero  waa  a  waate  of  tho  public  revenue ;  tiiat  the 
enactment  of  lieneftcial  lawa  waa  ngceted  by  one  branch 
of  tliu  legialature  eom|ioiHid  of  iMimona  dependent  on  the 
governincnt ;  that  the  creditor  of  tlir  t;uvcriiincnt  had  not 
■uflicient  remedy ;  that  lufficiont  security  waa  not  re- 
quired of  puraona  having  tho  din'KiHal  of  tlio  public  mo- 
noya ;  that  tho  independence  of  tlit!  judgca  wna  not  auiH- 
cienlly  conaultcd ;  and  tliey  aaked  for  tho  appointment  of 
a  reaident  agent  for  the  coionioa,  in  England,  dec.  bo. 

One  of  tho  achemoa  at  prcaent  in  agitation  in  the  houae 
of  aaaembly  ia,  tho  entire  diaaolution  of  tlie  legialative 
council ;  a  meaauro  which  tliat  more  loyal  body  do  not 
exactly  reliah,  and  on  the  Slat  of  March,  1831,  they  pMa- 
ed  a  number  of  rcaolutiona  expreaaivo  of  their  loyal^, 
and  reapectfiilly  aotting  forth  their  grievancea  at  the 
aomo  time.  In  tlie  report  of  a  apecial  committee  of  the 
houao  id  aiwmMy,  appointed  for  taking  into  oonaider- 
ation  the  govemora  meaaogo,  in  which  hIa  mijeaty,  rely- 
ing on  tho  liberality  and  juatice  of  the  legialature  of  Low- 
er Canada,  invitee  them  to  conaidor  the  propriety  of  mak- 
ing aome  aettlcd  proviaion  for  auch  portion  or  the  civil 
government  of  tho  province,  aa  may,  upon  examination, 
appear  to  require  an  arrangement  of  a  more  permanent 
nature  tlian  thoae  auppUea  which  it  bolongit  to  the  legia- 
lature to  determine  or  annual  votoa ;  it  was  reaoived, 
that  aa  information  relative  to  the  expenditure  of  the  aum 
demanded  fiir  caaual  expenaea,  and  divera  aervioea,  ami 
of  the  manner  in  which  the  rente  of  the  Jeauita*  eaUl^ 
and  the  other  caaual  and  territorial  revenuea,  are  ap|died, 
HTM  atill  refbaad  by  the  Britinh  government;  they  had 
15» 


iJ^ 


174 


SIX   KOXTRS 


therefore  deemed  it  inexpedient  to  make  "  aucune  alloca* 
tion  perraanente  uhetieure  pour  leg  depenaea  du  gou- 
vernemenl ;" — the  legislative  council,  in  their  recolu- 
tioni  noticed  aborc,  having  expressed  a  cordial  disposi- 
tion to  concur  with  his  majesty's  government  in  mak- 
ing such  an  irrrangement. 

The  Jesuits'  estates,  the  convent,  and  the  seminary, 
hold  the  city  of  Quebec  in  aeignory.  The  convent  of 
the  Jesuits  is  now  converted  into  a  barrack,  and  forms 
one  side  of  the  market-place  in  the  upper  town.  By  the 
way,  I  should  recommend  any  traveller  to  visit  the  mar- 
ket-place in  the  lower  town,  where  he  will  see  some  of 
the  old  French  Canadians,  with  their  long  pig-tails  tied 
up  with  eel-skins.  The  order  of  the  Jesuits  was  sup- 
precwd  at  the  conquest  of  the  colony  by  the  British. 
Government  took  posaession  of  the  eiitates  belonging  to 
them,  and  has  since  enjoyed  the  whole  revenue,  amount- 
ing to  about  S500I.  per  annum  ;  and  though  ftequentiy 
applied  to  by  the  provincial  tegislatnre,  has  thought 
fit  to  conceal  the  manner  in  which  it  has  been  emploj. 
edi  Amongst  other  expenses,  those  incurred  in  bnild- 
ingthe  episcopal  church,  were,  it  is  said,  defrayed  from 
this  Morce. 

Before  I  quitted  Quebec,!  was  present  at  a  ball,  given 
by  •  lady  and  gentleman  who  had  been  united  for  the 
firat  time  that  day  fifty  years,  and  were  again  married 
on  that  morning  by  a  Catholic  priest.  ,.    ,   „ 

I  returned  flrom  Quebec  to  Montreal  by  the  John  Bull 
steaia-baat,  probably  the  largest  river  boat  in  the  world. 
Montreal  is  cbnsiderably  larger  than  Quebec,  and  con- 
tains fifty  thousand  inhabiUnts.  Its  front  towards 
the  river  will  be  much  improved  by  a  fin*  quay  which 
is  now  building.  The  principal  objects  are  the  convents 
and  the  new  Cathori';  cathedral,  a  very  hirge  and  hand- 
some specimen  of  the  simple  gothic;  but  its  internal  de- 
corations do  not  correspond  with  its  majestic  exterior. 
The  view  from  the  mountain  of  Montreal,  nearly  700 
ftet  high,  is  of  the  same  kind,  but  I  think  inferioi  to  ibe 
view  from  the  ramparts  of  QuabeCi  The  city  is  nenrly 
two  miles  distant,  and  is  seen  to  great  advantage  lyi^ 
along  the  bank  of  the  magnificent  St.  Lawrence,  wiiwe 
broadly  expanded  waters  can  bo  Mowed  by  the  ere  ibr 
many  a  league,  both  above  and  beh>w  the  cuty.  On  the 
oppoeito  side,  the  country  ia  one  vast  flat  plain,  ftem 
which  the  isolated  Mountain  of  ChamUi,  and  — ^"^ 


'R8     '• 

to  make  "  aucone  alloca* 
ir  les  depenaea  du  gou- 
;ounci),  in  thoir  remlu- 
iressed  a  cordial  disposi- 
y'a  government  in  mak- 

ivent,  and  the  aeminary, 
ignory.  The  convent  of 
to  a  barrack,  and  fbrmi 
the  upper  town.  By  the 
traveller  to  visit  the  mar- 
here  he  will  lee  some  of 
1  their  long  pig-taili  tied 
of  the  Jesuits  was  sup- 
colony  by  the  British, 
the  estate*  belonging  to 
I  whole  revenue,  amount- 
.  and  though  flreqnently 
legislature,  has  thought 
hich  it  has  been  employ- 
those  incurred  in  bni/d- 
it  ia  said,  defmyed  from 

IS  present  at  a  ball,  given 
had  been  united  fbr  the 
and  were  again  married 
priest. 

lontreat  by  the  John  Bull 
St  river  boat  in  the  world. 
r  than  Quebec,  and  cen- 
ts. Its  front  towards 
id  by  a  fin«  quay  which 
objects  are  the  convents 
,  a  very  large  and  hand- 
tthic ;  but  it*  internal  de- 
th  its  majestic  exterior, 
sf  Montreal,  nearly  700 
but  I  think  inferior  to  ibe 
beoi  The  city  is  nearly 
o  great  advantage  lyiof 
BDt  St.  Lawrence,  when 
0  followed  by  the  ere  fin 
below  the  city.  On  the 
ae  vast  flat  fdain,  ft«m 
f  ChamUi,  and 


IN    AHBBIL'A.  1^ 

peak  at  a  few  miles  distance,  abruptly  arise ;  and  by  («• 
iieving  the  monotony  of  the  view,  have  the  merit  of 
giving  it  a  decided  tone  and  character,  to  which  it 
would  not  otherwise  be  entitled.  The  horizon  is  form- 
ed by  the  bold  outline  of  the  distant  mountains  of  Ver- 
mont, and  those  of  the  eastern  part  of  the  state  of  New 
York. 

I  left  Montreal  to  make  an  excursion  up  the  Ottowa. 
The  beauty  of  this  river,  the  situation  of  By  town,  and 
the  Rideau  canal,  were  themes  of  admiration  with  every 
one  who  had  seen  them.  I  went  on  board  a  steam-boat 
at  the  village  of  La  Chine,  and  in  a  few  hours  we  were 
in  sight  of  St.  AnnV,  and  alongside  the  rapids,  which 
we  passed  by  means  of  a  short  canal.  About  this  spot 
the  clear  but  dark  coloured  "  Ottowa  tide"  is  chequer- 
ed by  many  a  green  isle,  if  they  can  be  so  called,  when 
clothed,  as  I  saw  them,  in  the  diversified  and  brilliant 
ooluuTB  that  characterise  the  foliage  of  the  American 
forest  durinff  the  autumn.  Every  variety  of  green  can 
ba  diacerneX— firom  the  darkness  oftheflr,  to  the  silvery 
leaf  of  the  poplar  or  the  willow — while  the  unaccMtom- 
ed  eye  a  delighted  by  the  bright  yellow  of  the  fading 
hickory,  and  the  admirable  finish  which  is  givon  to  the 
picture,  by  the  broad  patches  of  deep  and  actual  crinuon 
of  the  sumach  and  the  soft  maple.  I  must  again  repeat, 
that  I  have  seen  nothing  of  the  kind  that  can  eqnalthe 
•urpassin^  beautjr  of  an  American  forest  in  "  the  fllN.*' 
It  may  with  justice  be  compared  to  the  brillianevof  a 
bed  of  tulips.  Wo  entered  the  lake  of  the  Two  ffOMn- 
tains,  so  called  from  two  lofty  hills  on  the  right.  'On 
the  top  of  one  of  thera,  Mount  Calvary,  is  a  chapti  MiU 
by  the  Jesuits,  and  connected  with  the  Indian  Tillage  on 
the  margin  of  the  lake  by  a  line  of  chapels,  placed  at  in- 
tervals in  the  pathway.  Its  sudden  appearance  in  the 
bosom  of  the  forest,  is  extremely  eflbctive  and  pictur- 
esque. Immediately  behind  the  Indian  village  is  a 
large  bank  of  white  sand,  which  in  the  distance  ropy  ba 
easily  Uken  for  a  w«ll-eleared  stubble  field.  At  Caril. 
Ion  we  were  obliged  to  leave  the  steamboat,  and  pro- 
ceed by  land  to  the  town  of  GrenviUe,  alonv  the  side  of 
the  canal,  cut  for  tbe  purpose  of  avoiding  the  rapid*  of 
the  «  Long  Saut,"  which,  when  the  river  is  swolleii, 
are  aaid  to  b^  exceedingly  violent,  even  more  wt '  thidi 
those  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  I  found  the  baateiti  toth 
«Mm  of  the  rifw  ware  cleared  and  oulUvatad' to  a  <•• 


If"! 


■■i«i 


!, 


}  J 


J, 


w^wwy 


176 


SIX  MONTHS 


gree  that  far  exceeded  my  expectationa,  whilst  the  un- 
BDisbed  canal  gives  em|>loymeiit  to  eeveral  hundred 
poor  emigrants,  who  were  living  oliicfly  in  log-houses 
along  the  road-aide,  ranged  amongst  many  other  d^:!! 
ings  of  a  better  description. 

The  Ottowa,  although  perceptibly  inferior  to  the  St. 
Lawrence  in  width  and  volume,  is  still  one  of  the  largest 
second-rate  rivers  in  North  America.  Below  Carillon, 
which  is  thirty-fivo  miles  from  St.  Ann'a,  I  observed 
aotbing  excepting  the  foliage  I  have  mentioned,  that 
an  acquaintance  with  American  scenery  had  not  ren- 
dered familiar ;  but  on  approaching  Grenviile,  a  lolly 
range  of  hills,  containing  ricii  minsaof  plumbago,  noges 
very  majestically  on  the  north  bank  of  tbe  river,  which 
in  many  places  is  widened  to  a  surface  equaJlin^  that  of 
a  small  lake,  with  its  shores  broken  by  majestio  head- 
lands. Soon  afterwards,  cultivation  comparatively 
ceases,  and  the  river  bears  a  resemblance  to  the  wilder 
part  of  the  Ohio  above  Louisville,  excepting  that  the 
forest  trees  on  its  banks  and  islands,  are  not  so  lofty  as 
those  of  the  latter  river. 

.Bytown  is  65  miles  from  Grenviile  and  190  from 
Hiontreal.  It  is  divided  into  an  upper  and  lower  town; 
containing  many  excellent  houses.  Thirty  years  ago> 
there  was  scarcely  an  habitation  in  the  vicinity,  except- 
ing that  of  Philemon  Wright,  Esq.,  a  Dostonian,  and 
ai|»,iaf  the  best  farmers  in  Canada,  who  with  sinf  ulai 
•Bl^rpuse  and  sagacity,  foresaw  that  at  no  very  distant 
pMiM  it  mast  become  a  place  of  importance,  and  as  the 
^^imieiuH  wonld  say,  "located  himseir'  in  the  un- 
(WWM  forMU  of  tbe  Ottowa.  A  new  world  has 
■prang  up  around  faim,  and  be  now  predicts,  with  gioat 
■WWMoe  of  truth,  that  Bytown  will  become  the  oapi- 
tu  «  the  country :  a  glance  at  the  man  will  show  tlie 
jnstwe  of  his  reasonuig.  The  Ottowa  or  Grand  river, 
rons  through  the  country  for  abonl  600  miles  above 
Bytown.  In  its  course  it  is  joined  by  several  consider- 
^lo  streams,  by  means  of  which  a  water  oommuniear 
tion  can  be  extended  to  Hudson's  bay  on  the  north ; 
and  on  the  south  it  is  conneeted  with  Lake  Hnnw, 
which  u  not  mora  than  100  miles  distant,  through  tlw 
mediom  of  Ldke  Nipisany ;  and  us  the  Saut  de  S.  Ma^ 
m.  M  the  fiwt  «r  Lake  STaperior,  is  said  to  be  800  milss 
wl^mJMrMl  than  t»  New  York,  U  is  highly  proba- 
bte  t]«t«coaaidMrabl«  pfoportion  of  tbe  prodoct  of  tbi 


itations,  whiUl  the  un- 
nt  to  several  hundred 
g  chiefly  in  log-houws 
igBt  many  other  dv.:!! 

tibly  inferior  to  the  St. 
8  still  one  of  the  largeit 
srica.  Below  CariUon, 
St.  Ann's,  I  obaerved 
I  have  mentioned,  that 
t  scenery  had  not  ren- 
hing  Grenville,  a  lolly 
neaof  plumbago,  raa^es 
ank  of  tbe  river,  which 
urfaco  equalling  that  of 
oken  by  majestio  head- 
livation  comparatively 
einblance  to  tbe  wilder 
lie,  excepting  that  the 
ands,  are  not  ao  lofty  as 

iSrenvillu  and  190  from 
upper  and  lower  town; 
MS.  Thirty  years  ago» 
1  in  the  vicinity,  except- 
Esq.,  a  Bostonian,  and 
ida,  who  with  sinpniar 
V  that  at  no  very  distant 
r  importance,  and  as  the 
id  bimeeir'  in  the  on- 
«.  A  new  world  has 
now  predicts,  with  gicat 
in  will  become  the  oapi- 
t  the  map  will  show  tbe 
Ottowa  or  Grand  river, 
abouk  500  miles  above 
ned  by  several  consider- 
ich  a  water  communiea- 
on's  bay  on  the  north  i 
ited  with  Lake  Huron, 
lasdisUnt,  through  the 
1  tts  the  Saut  de  m.  Ma- 
r,  is  said  to  be  800  miiss 
ITorki  it  is  hi|(hly  probt' 
m  of  tha  product  of  tiis 


iiiwii  111  iniiirinn  ifiiiimAdtiilMU 


IN   AMERICA.. 


m 


country  around  the  great  lakes,  even  from  the  further 
part  of  Lake  Michigan,  will  find  its  way  to  the  Ottowa. 
The  pretty,  unpretending  fall  of  the  Rideau,  so  called 
by  the  French  from  its  resemblance  to  a  white  curtain, 
is  seen  on  the  left  immediately  before  the  boat  rounds 
the  headland  that  conceals  the  locks  of  the  celebrated 
Rideau  canal,  which  are  suddenly  presented  to  the  view, 
lying  in  a  slope,  between  two  lofty  and  precipitous  banks, 
neany  perpendicular  towards  the  river.     That  on  the 
right  is  160  feet  in  height,  coiuposed  of  limestone.     On 
the  area  of  the  top,  which  may  he  from  500  to  600  yards 
in  circumfermce,  are  the  barracks  and  the  hospital.     It 
wiU  probably  be  the  site  of  an  impregnable  fortress, 
which  might  be  built  for  60,000<. ;  an  expense  which 
should  nmbe  spared,  when  it  is  considered  that   the 
splendid  works  on  tiie  canal,  at  present  unfortified,  might 
be  destroyed  in  hdf-an-hour.    The  locks  themselve^ 
eight  in  number,  are  magnificent  in  every  respect,  and 
reflect  the  highest  credit  on  tKe  engineer,  Colonel  By. 
In  length  they  occupy  a  space  of  1260  feet,  and  HVom  the 
surface  of  the  river  to  the  top  of  the  bank  there  is  a  per- 
peikdieidar  rise  of  84  feet    Each  lock  is  134  A«t  long, 
33  videi  ond  17  in  depth.    The  canal,  for  several  oilea 
above  Bytown,  is  sailed  by  the  Rideau  .river,  tpif  be. 
fore  it  readies  King^cn  on  Lake  Ontario,  a  dtftUM  of 
140  miles,  a  head  of  water  is  obtained  by  tn/Mff'  of  tliir> 
teen  dams  of  different  dimensions,  the  large<i|being  iOO 
feat  wide  and  65  deep.    The  navigation  is  conffinwd  faf 
misans  of  these  dams,  as  there  is  not  above  seven  Vf^  ^ 
miles  of  excavation  throughout  the  whole  dittano(&      ■m. 
On  the  supposition  that  military  stores  are  to  b*  m  tir 
from  Montreal  to  supply  the  troops  in  Upper  Clanada,  or 
a  fleet  on  Lake  Ontario,  it  is  intended  that  they  shot  Id 
pass  through  the  channel  behind  the  island  of  MontMi  I, 
which  is  not  yet  rer.dr,red  navigable ;  that  they  shottid 
proceed  up  the  Ottowa.  ascending  the  rapids  by  UiSAva 
of  the  Grenville  sanst  ciH  upon  arriving  at  Bytov>n,  m 
forwarded  to  Kingston  *• ) ;  '  ihe  Rideau,  which  thus  af- 
folds  tt  meth'.d  oi  comin .'   ii-ation  'jiilnitely  shorter  than 
any  land  conveyanots, —  n  addit'oiial  advantage  arising 
from  its  great  distfince  .'■on',  ihe  American  firontier,  ana 
proportionate  secai-i.y  irom  hostile  incursion.  Although 
die  Rideau  canal  in  ;.  Jucipnll^  a  military  work,  it  mil 
be  of  the  gretiU"^  import'-no'  m  <i  ^ramerdal  ptiiA  ot 
view,  on  vam -■■''-  >f  >U  affording  a  riii  jot  matna  <^  «m> 


178 


SIX    MONTIM 


veyance  by  iu  communication  with  a  number  of  nnalirr 
streams  that  intersect  it  at  intervals,  and  which  will  en- 
able  the  settlers  who  live  many  miles  from  the  iNmks  to 
forward  the  produce  of  their  farms,  with  certainty  and 
celerity.  The  difficulty  and  expense  of  conveyance  vit» 
oriirinally  a  great  drawback  upon  the  use  of  Bntufa 
manufactures  in  the  Upper  Province  ;  they  paid  a  nejght 
from  Quebec  of  51.  a  ton ;  but  by  moans  of  the  Rideau 
canal,  the  freight  has  been  reduced  one-half.  Land,  ac- 
oordicg  U)  its  situation  on  different  parts  of  the  canal, 
waa  selling  from  two  to  five  dollars  the  acre;  crown 
lands  at  a  fixed  price  of  II.  the  acre.  On  application  to 
any  of  the  crown  land  agents,  a  ticket  may  be  obtained, 
Gontateinff  a  permission  to  cut  timber  on  a  certain  space 
of  ground,  on  paymen*.  of  a  duty  to  govemiAent  of  one 
aemiy  the  feat 

On  the  oppoeite  aide  of  the  river  stands  the  village  of 
HttlL  A  wiling  road  about  a  miln  in  length  eoodttcted 
me  to  the  bridges  thrown  over  the  fall  of  the  Ottowa, 
which  according  to  the  naual  appellation  bestowed  by  the 
French  upon  any  Adl  of  magmtude  in  the  Canada*,  is 
termed  the  » Chaudiere,"  or  "  boiler."  The  had  of  the 
river  is  divided  into  five  chanaela  formed  in  the  aolid 
rock'^  with  more  or  less  of  a  fall  in  each  of  them.  The 
largest  msy  be  about  thirty  feet  in  height,  and  firom  its 
greater  vMenoe  ho*  worn  away  the  precipice  for  a  oon. 
sidBrable  distuice  behind  the  others,  which  project  and 
recede  in  a  most  singular  manner,  whilst  the  river,  not 
contented  with  so  many  ways  of  esca^ie,  rolls  ovet  the 
bue  ledge  <tf  the  rock  that  is  extended  between  them,  so 
^11^^^  its  eager  waters  are  tumbling  in  all  directions.  The 
whole  width  of  the  stream  immediately  at  the  hea'l  oi 
the  fall,  is  Ciore  than  half  a  mile.  It  was  not  particularly 
ftiU  when  I  saw  it,  but  was  darting  through  the  bridges 
with  extreme  violence.  In  the  sprmg,  when  the  river  is 
swollen  by  tha  melted  ice  and  snow,  the  whole  of  the 
rocks  are  so  deeply  covered  by  the  flood,  that  the»«  is 
little  or  no  fall  to  be  seen  even  at  tlio  Chaudiere,  as  the 
principal  fall  is  called;  and  I  could  easily  conceive  that 
the  rush  of  water  at  that  season  of  the  year  must  be 
tremendous.  The  whole  scene  wiv;  .  xceedmgly  curious; 
and  although  raihcr  disappointo  '  ut  first  sight,  I  frit 
myself  om^y  repaid  for  my  excursion  to  By  town.  V  iien 
U  waa  first  understood  that  a  bridge  was  to  be  thrown 
aemwa  from  rock  io  rook,  an  old  American  who  had 


"Tf^l 


with  a  number  of  anullrr 
rvolo,  aiui  which  will  en- 
milca  from  Uic  Innki  to 
urnu,  with  certainty  and 
penae  of  conveyance  was 
ipon  the  use  of  Britiib 
irinco  ;  they  paid  a  freight 
by  moana  of  the  Rideau 
iced  one-half.  Land,  ac- 
srent  parts  of  the  canal, 
dollars  the  acre;  crown 
acre.  On  application  to 
a  ticket  may  be  obtained, 
timber  on  a  certain  space 
ty  to  govemnSent  of  one 

ire/  stands  the  Tillage  of 

miln  in  length  coodaoted 
r  the  fall  of  the  Ottowa, 
ppellation  bestowed  by  the 
aitude  in  the  Conadas,  is 
boiler."  The  bed  of  the 
mels  formed  in  the  aolid 
ill  In  each  of  them.  T1>e 
»t  in  height,  and  from  its 
y  the  precipice  Tor  a  ood. 
others,  which  project  and 
oner,  whilst  the  river,  not 
I  of  esca^ie,  rolls  over  tii« 
ixtended  between  them,  ao 
ling  in  all  directions.  The 
[mediately  at  the  hea^  ot 
le.  It  was  not  particularly 
rting  through  tlie  bridges 

sprmg,  when  the  river  is 
I  snow,  the  whole  of  the 
ty  the  flood,  that  tliet*  is 
I  at  tiie  Chaudicre,  as  tlie 
»iild  easily  conceive  that 
ion  of  the  year  must  be 
wa;;  ,  Tceedmgly  carious; 
itj  '  ut  first  sight,  I  ttH 
cursion  to  Bytown.  ^  nen 
iridge  was  to  be  thrown 

old  American  who  had 


IN    AMBRICA. 


179 


known  the  river  in  its  fury,  and  flrmly  believed  that 
such  a  scheme  was  impracticable,  was  heard  to  predict 
with  groat  emphasis,  and  corresponding  action,  that  some 
day  or  other  **  it  would  i;o  right  slit  to  immortal  smash." 
Many  of  tlie  poor  Scotch  emigrants  answered  to  my  in> 
quiry  as  to  their  destination,  that  they  were  "  ganging 
to  Perth ;"  a  thriving  town,  about  fifty  miles  above  By> 
town,  and  situated  between  the  Ottowa  and  the  Ricteau 
canal.  Thirty  miles  on  the  river  above  Bytown,  is  the 
settlement  on  the  Lako  "  des  Chats." 

On  the  evening  of  tlio  fatal  field  of  Culloden,  the  nn- 
fortunale  Prince  Charles  Edward  presented  himself^ 
wearied  and  alone,  at  the  door  of  a  nut,  and  requested 
sustenance  aud  momentary  concealment ;  the  inmate,  a 
poor  tailor,  who  recognised  his  person,  mounted  guard 
at  the  door  whilst  his  illustrious  guest  waa  sleeping  with- 
in, on  a  pallet  of  heather.  He  was  soon  aronsed  by  the 
tailor,  who  awakened  him  by  exclaiming  in  Gtaalie, 
**  My  prince,  core  of  my  heart!  save  yourself  ftetha 
enemy  are  upon  ysn."  A  party  of  cavalrv  were  gallop- 
ing towards  the  hut,  and  the  prince  hadf  just  time  to 
escape  through  a  small  back  window,  and  reach  the 
Morven  mountains.  For  his  greater  comfort  in  tepoae 
he  had  deposited  his  sword  upon  a  bench  in  a  comer  eK 
the  hut;  and  in  the  precipitancy  of  his  flight  he  had  tar- 
gotten  to  take  it  with  him.  The  tailor  had  just  time  to 
eMKseal  it,  by  removing  the  earth  and  burying  it  under 
the  heather.  The  cav^ry  demanded  the  prinoe,  saying 
that  they  had  information  that  he  had  taken  refbge  in 
the  bat,  and  carried  off  the  tailor  as  their  prisoner,  who 
was  alierwards  c<mtined  in  Edinburgh  euitle.  In  the 
mean  time  the  sword  still  remained  v.'here  he  hod  buried 
it,  but  the  hut  became  a  heap  of  ruins.  ■  IVUtat  the 
"  Clan  and  disarming  aot"  (amrwards  repealed  bgr  the 
exertitms  of  the  Duke  of  Montrose)  was  in  flvreo,  he  dare 
say  notliing  about  the  eword,  but  upon  his  death-bed  in 
Breadalbane,  the  poor  tailor  informed  hie  cousin,  Fbdw 
M'Nautou,  where  the  sword  was  to  be  found.  He 
aearohed  and  found  it,  in  the  spot  where  it  had  lain  from 
1745  to  1784.  The  belt  and  scabbard  were  rotted  with 
moist  tire,  and  the  blade  of  course  nporl^  covered  with 
rnet  it  i^  the  real  old  Highland  basket-mlted  elaymoM. 
On  the  rust  being  removed,  the  burning  heart  of  the 
Bruce  surmounted  by  the  crown  of  SootLad  beeame 
vi'vUe  en  the  blade.    Between  them  i*'^|^4p»ved  "lie 


§mm 


ikmm 


jiiWili  I 


r 


i'  i 


I 


i 


I! 


If  i. 


I 


"  ■llpppl<j.,ll^i 


180 


■IX    MONTHS 


Chevalier."  On  the  reverse  are  the  wordi,  "  Vivo  le 
Roi,"  extending  the  whole  length  of  the  blade.  Finlay 
M'Nauton  joined  the  veteran  battalion,  and  died  at 
Gibraltar,  the  sword  beinv  still  in  his  posBession.  Upon 
l|ik  dMth,  it  p'^B^d  with  the  rest  of  his  effects  into  the 
hMMb  of  Job  1  M'Nauton,  his  brother,  who  is  suU  alive 
at  *  »erjr  adv  anced  awe  in  Glengary,  the  oldest  settlement 
in  Upper  Canada.  Who  would  expect  to  hear  that  Hiis 
■word,  positively  the  most  classical  object  in  Amerir4i,  is 
now,  aa  it  were,  >-  Ing  in  state  on  the  banks  of  the  Lake 
"des  Chat*,"  in  the  wild  foresU  of  the  Ottowa,  not  less 
than  150  miles  from  Montreal?  M'Nab  of  M'Nab,  the 
Bsphew  and  representative  of  the  late  laird,  founded  the 
■ettlemcnt  with  the  advice  and  under  the  auspices  of  his 
tinwnan,  tha  Earl  of  Dalhouaie,  the  late  governor  of 
Lower  Caaada.  He  has  collected  around  him  about 
4wo  huadnd  of  hia  dan,  whose  forefathers  followed  his 
ancaatora  in  the  hour  of  battle,  r  ■<  have  now  gone  with 
him  ia  the  day  of  their  distress  to  clear  and  cultivate  the 
wilderness  of  the  Ottowa  under  his  superintendtnoe.  He 
has  possession  of  the  sword,  and  never  shows  it  to  a 
atrai^er  but  in  the  presence  of  his  piper,  who  :«  t»dered 
to  iday  the  whole  time.  It  was  given  to  him  by  John 
M'Nauton,  who  lidded  in  Craelic,  that  "some  damned 
loBg-leggeid  fbllow  of  a  Sassenach  had  asked  him  3>r  tlie 
■word  and  offered  him  money  for  it,  but  that  Iw  woold 
never  dianace  the  clan  ot  M'Nauton  by  giving  over 
that  awora  to  an  Knglishman." 

The  boundary  line  between  Upper  and  Lower  Cuuuta 
Iaav«s  the  St.  Lawrence  about  38  miles  below  Cornwall, 
and  after  running  in  nearly  a  straight  direction,  comae 
in  contact  with  the  Ottowa  river  at  Point  Fortune,  op- 
posite to  i^Ulon.  It  pursues  the  course  of  the  river  for 
many  a  iHgae  beyond  the  habitations  of  civilized  society ; 
and  then  strikes  off  to  Hudson's  bay.  During  the  last 
■ession,  an  act  was  pasaod  in  the  provincial  parliament 
for  the  appointment  of  conunissioners  to  ascertain  its 
exact  direction,  in  order  to  satisfV  the  borderers,  who 
complained  of  beingsubjucted  to  the  laws  of  either  pro- 
vince alternately.  The  idea  of  an  union  of  the  two  Ca- 
nada* has  apparently  been  dropped  for  the  present.  Per- 
haps the  majority  of  the  British  inhabitents  in  both 
^MTOvinces  would  be  in  favour  of  such  a  project,  or  at  all 
event*  would  not  offer  much  opposition  to  it;  but  the 
F^<eneh  popoiation  in  Lower  Canada  would  dispby  a 


■/r'*A 


•■■• 


ruB 

ire  the  wordi,  "  Vivo  le 
th  of  the  blade.  Finlay 
1  battalion,  and  died  at 
in  hii  poaBesmon.  Upon 
at  of  hia  effecta  into  the 
irother,  who  ia  aiill  olive 
rary,  the  oldeat  aettlen^ent 
I  expect  to  hear  that  v\iia 
lical  object  in  Amerir-u,  is 
on  the  banka  of  the  Lake 
a  of  the  Ottowo,  not  leas 
ilT  M'NabofM'Nab,the 
Lhe  late  laird,  founded  the 
under  the  auapicea  of  hia 
sie,  the  late  governor  of 
scted  around  him  about 
e  forefathers  followed  his 
f  "^  have  now  eone  with 
I  to  clear  and  cultivate  the 
r  his  auperintendbnce.  He 
ind  never  shows  it  to  a 
'hispiper,  who  k  ordered 
m  given  to  him  by  John 
ilic,  that  "  some  cfamned 
ich  had  asked  him  Sir  tlw 
for  it,  but  that  ho  wonM 
I'Naaton  by  giving  uver 

Upper  and  Lower  Canada 
28  miles  below  GomwaU, 

straight  direction,  comas 
iver  at  Point  Fortune,  op- 
the  course  of  the  river  for 
tations  of  civilized  society ; 
a's  bay.  During  the  last 
the  provincial  parliament 
nissioners  to  ascertain  its 
atisfy  the  borderers,  who 
I  to  toe  lawa  of  either  pro- 
if  an  imion  of  the  two  Ca^ 
ipped  for  the  present.  Per- 
itish  inhabitanta  in  both 
9f  such  a  project,  or  at  all 
opposition  to  it;  but  the 

Canada  would  display  a 


IW   AUBRICA.         ' '*       ■'*    t#|«'" 

most  violent  aversion  to  any  change  of  th^  kind.  The 
old  French  law  would  of  course  be  superseded  by  the 
laws  of  England  subject  to  provincial  alterations,  and  the 
Frencii  Canadian  iniluence  in  the  government  would  de» 
cline  in  prtvportiou  to  the  importance  of  the  British  in* 
terest  in  the  house  of  assembly,  wikich  would  be  innroMod 
bv  the  accession  of  delegates  from  the  Upper  Province. 
Upper  Canada  would  have  no  objection  to  a  port  of  entry, 
by  which  her  share  of  the  duties  on  imports  would  be 
exactly  regulated  by  the  quantity  she  consumed.  Every 
ship  trading  to  the  Canadas  must  of  course  discharge  her 
cargo  either  at  Quebec  or  Montreal.  By  the  arrange- 
ment,  solicited  and  obtained  by  Upper  Canada  in  1893, 
no  duties  can  be  laid  on  goods  imf>orted  or  paasing  into 
Lower  Canada  without  the  consent  of  both  provinces,  or 
by  the  British  parliament;  and  the  just  proportkm  of  the 
duties  due  to  each  province  settled  by  arbitrHtiott,  and  it* 
slure  paid  over  to  the  Upper  Province.  Tha  proportion 
it  now  receives  by  the  exisitiog  regulation  is  35  per  cent.; 
but  this  it  will  be  seen  must  be  increased,  when  it  is  con- 
sidered that  by  far  the  greater  number  of  tlie  settlers  re- 
sort to  the  Upper  Provmce,  that  the  French  Ctnadian 
peasantry  usually  prefer  the  coarse  cloth  of  their  own 
raanu&cture,  and  that  therefore  the  bulk  of  the  importa 
ftom  Great  Britain  must  find  their  way  to  the  northern 
shore  of  Lake  Ontario. 

It  ia  probable  that  much  confusion  would  enaip  for  » 
length  of  time  oilur  an  union  should  take  place,  and  it  is 
e4|iukUf  ao,  that  the  Canadas  themselves  would  eventually 
be  gai  oers  by  the  measure ;  but  the  more  serious  question 
is,  whether  it  is  not  better  for  the  mother  country  to  havo 
two  parties  there,  instead  of  one ;  and  whether  jt  would 
bo  politic  in  Great  Britain  to  promote  an  anvngument 
that  would  render  the  colonies  far  more  independent 
than  would  be  consistent  with  their  allegianoe  to  their 
mother  country.  As  it  is,  tlie  French  Canadian  interest 
is  really  on  the-  decline,  and  the  British  populaiion  is 
wonderfully  inwcusing.  Every  thing  considered,  the 
Canadas  are  improving  with  a  rapidity  not  surpassed  by 
any  country  upon  earth;  and  I  humbly  conceive,  that  ex- 
perimental interference  should  be  deprecated,  because  it 
would  lead  to  a  certain  iuterruption  of  their  present 
career  of  prosperity,  for  the  sake  of  a  distant  and  not 
certain  advantage.  . 

16 


183 


•IX    MORTM 


I  returned  to  Montnal.  When  a  traveller  approachee 
Montreal  be  natarally  turna  liU  oyo  to  the  mountain  be> 
hind  it,  and  Aela  aurpriaed  that  there  ia  no  fortification 
bff  which  a  city  of  lo  much  importance,  and  ao  near  the 
Aoierican  frontier  could  be  commanded, — strictly  apeak> 
in(,*a  fort  aliould  be  built  on  the  top  of  the  mountain, 
and  at  La  Ctiino,  and  on  Nun'a  ialand,  by  which,  together 
with  the  batteriea  on  St.  Hclen'a  ialand  in  the  river,  im> 
mediately  oppoaite  to  the  city,  tlie  paaaage  of  the  8t. 
Lawrenoa  would  be  effectually  defended.  But,  wher.  it 
ia  conaidered  that  the  top  of  the  hill,  or  mountain,  ii  three 
milea  from  the  city ;  that  it  requiroa  eleven  pounda  of 
powder  to  throw  a  thirtecn-inch  shell  to  the  diatance  of 
one  mile ;  that  all  the  fortifications  in  the  world  would 
not  preserve  the  Canadaa  to  us,  if  the  natives  were  against 
UB  i  tliat  th«  Americana  could  never  take  Montreal  ao  long 
as  theCanadiana  would  fight  ou  our  side ;  tliat  there  ia  a 
proapact  of  a  lasting  peace  between  Great  Britain  and  the 
United  Statea;  and  finally,  the  probability  that  before  an- 
ther half  century  haa  pasaed  away,  the  Canadaa  will  ceaae, 
by  a  bloodleaa  negotiation,  to  be  a  Britiah  colony— an 
enormotu  expense  may  well  be  spared,  by  leaving  the 
cityin  its  present  state. 

The  picturesque  island  of  St  Helen's  contains  a  small 

Sirriaon,  and  a  large  quantity  of  military  storea.  On 
e  angle  of  the  saluting  battery  on  the  south>weat  oor- 
ner  of  ttw  ialand,  the  French  flag  waved  its  laat  in  the 
Canada*. 

I  left  Montreal,  after  having  diacovered  that  there  waa 
a  pock  of  fox-hounds,  kept  close  by,  and  that  they  hunted 
regularly*  and  occasionally  on  by-days.  They  had  not 
been  long  organiaed,  but  promised  very  well.  I  was  also 
present  nr  one  day  during  the  races.  The  course  is  two 
niilea  in  length,  and  in  exceUent  condition,  being  railed 
off  the  wh^  distance.  I  saw  one  race,  which  was  ad- 
mirably contested ;  but  the  ground  was  not  well  attended, 
and  the  others  did  not  go  off  with  spirit.  I  was  told, 
however,  that  there  was  a  great  prospect  of  improvement, 
as  the  Canadians  were  beginning  to  be  fond  of  the  sport 
The  excitement  would  have  been  much  greater  if  it  had 
lasted  but  two  days  instead  of  four ;  and  a  public  ball  af 
terwatds  would  not  have  been  .  miss. 

t  then  crowed  the  river  in  a  (team-boat  to  LaPrairie, 
distant  nine  miles  from  Montreal.  A  miaeraUy  bad  road 
condticted  me  to  Blair  findie,  and  subaequeutly  to  the 


'^"y|gi;i!»Ag^;'*'!»^yi'!i|«'y""*" 


M 

n  a  traveller  •pproachee 
eyo  to  the  moimtmin  be- 
there  it  no  fortUication 
artonce,  and  ao  near  the 
itanded, — itrictly  epeak- 
D  top  of  the  mountain, 
iland,  by  which,  together 
inland  in  the  river,  im- 
tlie  paaaago  of  the  St. 
lefended.  But,  wher.  it 
till,  or  mountain,  is  three 
luirca  eleven  pounda  of 
■hell  to  the  distance  of 
>ns  in  the  world  would 
the  nativcB  were  againat 
er  take  Montreal  so  long 
our  side ;  tliat  there  is  a 
len  Great  Britain  and  the 
robability  that  before  an- 
y,  theConodas  will  cease. 
)e  a  British  colony— an 
I  spared,  by  leaving  the 

Helen's  contain*  a  small 
of  military  stores.  On 
^  on  the  south-west  oor- 
ig  waved  its  laat  in  the 

liscovered  that  there  waa 
I  by,  and  that  they  hunted 
by-days.  They  had  not 
led  very  well.  1  was  also 
races.  The  course  is  two 
it  condition,  being  railed 
one  race,  which  was  ad- 
nd  was  not  well  attended, 
ivith  spirit.  I  was  told, 
prospect  of  improvement, 
ig  to  be  fond  of  the  sport 
!n  much  greater  if  it  had 
bur ;  and  a  publio  ball  af 
miss. 

f  team-boat  to  La  Prairie, 
«!.  A  miserably  bad  road 
and  subaequeutly  to  the 


IM   AMERICA.  ^  ^t 

very  prttly  village  of  Chambli,  where  oroharda  and  com- 
flelda  were  to  be  seen  on  all  sides.  Both  these  plaoes, 
particularly  the  former,  are  well  known  to  the  Canadian 
sportsmen  as  the  fiivouritc  haunt  of  the  woodcock— per- 
haps thfi  best  in  America.  They  are  found  ni  great  num. 
bers  in  the  low  birch  woods  around  Blair  Findie,  where 
a  good  shot  will  sometime*  kill  above  twenty  couple  in 
a  morning,  and  I  heard  thut  in  one  instance  as  many  aa 
eighty  couple  were  killed  in  two  days  by  two  guns. 

The  beginning  of  October  is  the  best  season  for  shoot- 
ing  aU  kinds  of  game  in  the  Taniidaa. 

The  American  woodcock  is  considerably  smaller  Ui«i 
the  European  bird,  seldom  or  very  rarely  exceeding  eight 
ounces  in  weight,  and  iU  plumage  is,  I  Uiink,  hiuidsomer. 
The  spots  of  brown  on  the  Uok  are  larger  Mid  deeper, 
and  the  breast,  instead  of  bcingmarked  with  dosk^bara, 
ia  of  a  fine  almond  colour.  Their  flavour  is  »>'««"• 
The  American  bird  when  flushed,  rises  very  rapidly, 
with  a  small  shriU  quickly  repeated  wWstle,  and  aeldoBi 
Biea  beyond  a  distance  of  one  hundred  yard*  Bp*"^ 
men  who  do  not  mind  the  heat,  wUl  find  the  ■hootin* 
exceedingly  good  in  the  month  of  July,  when  the  wood- 
cocks  first  return  from  their  southern  haunta  for  the 
purpose  of  breadmg.  In  the  northern  states  and  Uie 
Canadas,  they  may  be  shot  tiU  the  first  fortnight  in  No- 
vember  has  eUpaed,  after  whicn  they  retreat  to  a  warmeir 
clunata  for  the  winter.  No  pheasant,  partridge,^  quail, 
is  strictly  speaking  found  in  North  America.  The  par- 
tridge, 80  called  in  the  States,  ia  the  quail  of  Uie  Canm- 
daaf  but  although  on  account  of  lU  aiie  and  general 
appearance  it  might  easily  be  mUtaken  for  the  latter 
ijfd^t  is  in  Act  a  apecies  of  the  new  genw^  "  ortyx. 
The  diflbrence  between  the  real  quail  and  tte_ortjrx  «ff 
America,  like  that  between  the  loag  and  ahort-wmged 
hawka,  conaists  in  the  atructure  of  ^e  wing :  in  the  erne, 
the  aecond  fisather  is  longest;  in  the  other,  the  fourth, 
which  evidenUy  unfita  it  for  takmg  a  >«««  ,^»»'^,^ 
"  ortvx  virjrinianus"  haa  become  naturah^d  ui  SuiTolk, 
and  &aabein  shot  near  Uxteidge.  ^  species  of  ttegjjnoa 
coti.mix,or  real  quail, haa  beenfonnd  •»««*«  ^ttartart 
Magellan.  The  pheaaant  of  the  Statea  w  1b»  partndge 
if  tSo  Canada.,  aSd  is  in  fact  a  very  ta^dwme  ■pe"*^ 
ff roose.  feathered  down  to  the  toea,  and  haying  u»  *  PtM 
SZSe Ihe  habit,  of  the  «percai^,  Umg  entoeVm 
the  woods,  and  treeing  readUy  whea'yut  up  by  a  BnaU 


;.l  . 


III     i 


'*«<*■> 


184 


SIX    MONTU8 


V 


dog.  I  limve  before  noticed  the  irruuiie,  or  barren,  or 
prairio  hen.  In  the  Caiiadaa  there  m  alio  a  darker  co- 
lourud  ipeciea  called,  the  Hpruco  partridge.  A  larK>: 
ffrouM,  nearly  allied  to  the  capcrcaily  in  aixc  and  I'olour, 
la  found  near  tlio  Rocky  Mountaini ;  and  alfhough  five 
or  fix  diflurunt  kinds  of  grouae  are  to  be  found  in  Nortli 
America — including,  I  believe,  the  ptarmigan — yet  the 
black  and  red  game  of  Scotland  are  not  amonv  them.  A 
■mailer  ipe^iea  of  red  grouse  is  plentiful  in  Newfound- 
land. 

The  lame  animal  is  calind  a  hare  in  the  Sthtes,  and  a 
rabbit  in  the  Canada*.  It  never  burrows;  Its  usual 
colour  is  that  of  the  European  haru  uud  rabbit,  mixed, 
and  the  meat  is  dark,  litre  that  of  the  European  haie. 
A  larger  speciea,  whiob  turnr^  white  in  the  winter,  and  is 
termed  on  that  account,  the  varying  hare,  is  more  com- 
mon in  the  Canadas  than  in  the  States,  but  is  no  where 
plentifiil.  I  would  here  remark  tiiat  any  traveller  who 
bring!  hit  {[un  with  him,  and  has  a  decided  wish  to  see 
•ome  American  shooting,  should  bring  hi*  own  dog  with 
him ;  any  that  he  can  depend  on  for  general  purpoues, 
be  it  of  what  breed  it  may. 

America  offers  a  fine  field  to  Ute  ornithologist,  and 
even  a  traveller  who  is  usually  careless  of  the  study  of 
natural  history,  cannot  fail  to  be  delighted  with  t!>e  va- 
riety of  beautiiU  birds  which  he  will  see  in  merely  pass- 
ing throuch  the  American  forests,  more  particularly  in 
those  of  tM  States.  Red  birds,  blue  birds,  and  yellow 
or  Baltimore  birds,  (a  i^eoies  of  starling)  will  frequently 
fly  across  his  path ;  turtle  doves  pre  constantly  alighting 
in  the  road  before  him ;  a  iarg«,  magnificent  speoios  of 
wood^cker,  with  a  red  crest,  luwUly  termed  the  wood- 
cock, will  sometimes  make  hi*  appearance;  a  great  va- 
rietT  of  the  same  genus,  particularly  a  small  species 
with  a  marked  plumage  of  black,  white,  and  crimson, 
■re  almost  alwi-ys  in  sight  j  he  will  be  startled  and  de- 
ceived by  the  mrw  of  the  catbird, — and  his  eye  and  ear 
will  be  attracted  by  the  brilliant  plumage  of  the  blue  iay, 
theaingiilg  of  the  mocking-bird,  the  melodious  flute-like 
whistle  of  ^e.wood-thrush,  or  the  instantaiieous  buz  of 
the  possingliumming-bird.  Considering  t  he  wildnes s  of 
the  country,  I  was  very  much  surprised  at  the  scarcity 
of  the  larger  birds  of  prey ;  a  small  brown  vulture,  com- 
monly misnamed  the  turkey-buxzard,  is  however  an  ez- 
qaptioD.    I  never -saw  but  one  bald  eagle  in  America: 


t*(fv* 


-aa»feii>.i  III  iii.i  iiii)ill'i*iniTliiiiS«l  i 


'US  '  - 

10  irrouw,  or  barrm,  or 
ore  ia  tUo  a  darker  co- 
ico  partriHi^e.  A  lorgu 
rnaily  in  size  and  rolour, 
aiiiM ;  and  although  fiv» 
are  to  bo  found  in  North 
the  ptarmigan — yet  the 
are  not  oinonr  them.  A 
plentiful  in  Newfbund- 

mr«  in  the  Stbten,  and  a 
ver  burrow*;  it*  utual 
haru  and  rabbit  mixed, 
of  tho  European  hare, 
lite  in  the  winter,  and  ii 
ying  hare,  ia  more  com- 
e  8t8lea,  but  ia  no  where 
k  tiial  any  traveller  who 
laa  a  decided  with  to  aeo 
d  bring  hi*  own  dog  with 
on  for  general  purposei, 

to  tht)  ornithologiat,  and 
Rareleaa  of  the  atudy  of 
to  delighted  with  t!>e  vu- 
>  will  aee  in  merely  paia- 
lata,  more  particularly  in 
ia,  blue  birda,  and  yellow 
falarling)  will  iVequently 
\  are  constantly  alighting 
<«,  magnificent  apeoiaa  ^' 
unally  termed  the  wood- 
I  appearance ;  a  great  va- 
Icularlv  a  amalT  apeciea 
aek,  white,  and  crimaon, 
D  will  be  Btartled  and  de- 
rd, — and  hia  eye  and  ear 
t  plumage  of  the  blue  iay, 
1,  the  melodious  fluto-like 
the  inatantaiieoua  buz  of 
inaidering  the  wildnea a  of 
aurpriaed  at  the  acaroity 
mall  brown  vulture,  corn* 
lazard,  ia  however  an  ex- 
bald  eagle  in  America : 


-w 


IN  AMBIIOA.  Ili 

h«  WW  bMting  (br  hia  pray  over  th«  raoonUin  of  Mon- 
tTMl  I  hie  anow-whiu  head  and  tail  being  discernible  at 
a  gr«at  distance.  They  are  more  numerous  on  the  sea 
eoaat,  near  the  haunts  of  the  Cah-hawk  (osprev).  When 
this  latter  bird  has  Uken  a  fish,  the  bald  eagb,  who  has 
been  watching  hia  movementa  fVom  a  neighbouring 
height,  will  commence  a  moat  fVtrioas  atUok  upon  him, 
wUl  force  him  to  drop  hia  prey,  and  fVequently  aeiM  it 
before  it  can  rii  ippear  under  wator.    The  bald  eagle  is 


the  MHiionn' 
remarlied  '. 
hsTc  answ' 
digenoua 
violent  aniipi 

Chambli 
haps  5000  I 
at  the  Cathu 


ni  of  the  United  Statea.     It  was  well 
franklin,  that  the  wild  turkey  would 
the  [  "pose  better,  being  eidusfvely  in- 
lerica,  and  having  an  innaU  and 

coals 


th 


traggling  rlUage,  oontaininff  per- 
of  wbioh  4000  are  oommunieanta 


«i„e.-«nu.  imrcii.  The CathoUo  doctrine,  divested 
of  tho  pomp  and  abeurduy  of  ceremony,  b«>ing  bo  where 
more  atriolly  adhered  to,  than  amongst  the  peasantry  oT 
Ix>wer  Canada.  The  houses  are  scattered  around  what 
is  called  the  basin  of  Chambli— a  Uke  about  three  roUfls 
in  length  and  two  in  breadth,  formed  in  th*  RicheUeu 
river.  A  canal  is  now  forming,  which  in  a  »w  years 
will  contribute  very  much  to  the  ptosparity  and  import, 
anoe  of  the  viUage  of  Chambli  and  the  surrounding 
country.  When  Inished,  the  course  of  navigation  to- 
tween  lake  Champlain  and  the  St.  Lawrence,  at  pre*i«t 
impeded  by  the  rapids  at  ChamUi,  wiU  be  ilA  ftwn  In- 
terraption;  so  that  the  produce  of  » the  townships,"  as 
the  lands  granted  by  the  crown  are  termed,  wlU  be  ceo. 
veyed  directly  to  Quebec  instead  of  passing  through 

""An'Sd'fort  b«ihhy  the  FWi  ketandingatthe  foot 
of  the  rapids.  The  situation  is  selected  with  their  usual 
judgment^  it  being  scarcely  •«•«■"•  *«|>»  *^  f'JX; 
ChimhU  has  alw  barracks  for  1000  howe,  and  1»,000 
inftntry,  but  at  present  they  are  «»««npW;  . 

i  would  recommend  e^y  one  wl»  hae  tin»  at  we 
disposal,  to  ascend  the  Belleisle  mountdj^  ''i!?!^'rf 
mifcTlKH;;  Chambli.  I»  i,  P' "'5^  ^K!jl  5 
graaito,  and  risew  abruptlyftom  the  plafii  ♦»  •  "^Xr.^ 
Store  than  2000  Aex.  From  the  top  may  ■»•— »»*? 
lineetTiew  in  the  Canadas.    The  •T* '«»«•  JP-T^Z 

sirfe,  over  a  vast  extent  of  «»™«7l5!?t^,!^"SSJiL 
reoUoo  of  the  »  cooowieieiM"  Of  hnds  W4  in  •MT'ort^ 

16« 


* 


I. 

It 


M 


180  aix  MONTiia 

contrlbutM  not  •  littl«  to  tho  iiiiigularitv  of  tli«  proiptot. 
On  the  north,  the  8t.  liswmicc  ii  viiiblo  on  a  cloar 
day  •■  fiir  h  th«  "  Tlir««  Rivori,"  which  ii  htlf-way  to 
Quebec ;  on  tha  wuth  and  oaat,  are  tho  mountain*  of 
Naw  Yorl<  and  Vorniont.  Ton  olty  of  Monti 'lal,  at  the 
diatanoa  of  aerantaen  miloa  t  -  'in  weetwa'd,  would  ap- 
pear  like  a  white  atraak  on  th  *  «  of  t)i>  river ;  but 
that  tha  aupeiior  height  of  the  >  .tb  of  tl  «  cjlhodral 
are  diatinotly  relieved  bjr  the  dar'..  wooded  aidea  of  tho 
bill,  whoae  elevation  ia  much  diminiabud  by  the  dii. 
Unoe,  The  Riohelieu  river  appeara'  to  run  at  the  foot 
of  the  mMBtain,  and  tho  wholo  uf  ita  course  ii  viaible 
iVotn  lalte  Champlain  to  tliu  8t.  Lawrence.  'I'liu  inoun> 
tain  itaelf  i*  exceedingly  piolureaque ;  a  aroall  and  very 
protty  \»ke  being  emboamiMd  in  it*  woll.wooded  re- 
oeaaea,  like  ttiat  of  Tarni  near  Tivoli.  Tho  aicent  from 
Chambli  occupied  a  day ;  but  I  thought  niyiolf  amply 
repaid  for  tho  time  I  had  expended,  and  tne  fatigue  1 
had  undergone,  I  proceeded  to  St.  John'a,  and  took 
the  ateua-boat  for  lAke  Champlain.    In  a  few  houra  we 

raed  the  old  fort  at  Rouae'a  point,  which  by  the  late 
laiun  oftlw  klnv  of  the  Net!  5  lands,  on  the  boundary 
ouMtion,  ia  now  in  poaaeaaiu.  f  the  Americana,  al- 
though it  atanda  on  the  CaD<«d:  0.1  aide  of  the  river.  Br 
the  Uoaty  of  1788,  tha  boundary  line  between  tho  United 
Stfttoa  and  Lower  Canada  was  imperfeotly  defined  aa 
•ztandint  '*froa  tha  northweat  angle  of  Nova  Scotia 
(now  NewBrunawiek)  tothat  angle  which  is  (brmed  \a 
m  line  drawn  doe  north  ftom  the  wuroe  of  the  St  Crou 
liver  to  the  Highlandi  i  alanf  tha  said  Highlanda  which 
diride  thoae  rivera  that  emptv  themselvea  in  tho  rWer 
St.  Lawrenoe  firom  thoae  which  <U1  into  the  Atlantio 
oeean."  But  aa  the  land  had  never  been  aurveyed,  ao 
that  the  poaition  of  theae  Highland*  might  be  aacar- 
tainad,  and  it  having  alwaya  been  disputed  which  were 
the  riTera  reftned  to,  oommiaaionera  were  appointed  at 
the  treaty  of  Ghent,  to  determine  the  true  boundary, 
and  aa  tbey  could  not  agree,  the  kiuF  of  the  Netherlanda 
««B  propoaud  aa  an  arbitrator.  Two  lines  were  laid 
before  him,  on  one  of  v/hxeh  he  waa  to  decide ;  one 
drawn  by  the  American*  on  the  north  of  the  Tenb« 
oonaU  lake,  and  tho  otner  by  the  Britiah  300  milaa  to 
the  wnth  of  it.  Hi*  raaJeMy,  howwer,  in  hi*  award  M* 
owed  neither  of  them;  hut  ha*  drawn  a  line  batwfW 
them  to  the  rtver  St.  John,  traniArring  to  the  United 


Ill 


{uloritv  ( 
e  li  vui 


of  lilt  pratpaot. 
e  li  vfiiblo  on  •  clear 
I,"  which  ii  htlf-way  to 
t,  »ra  the  inountBini  of 
olty  of  Montiiwl,  at  the 
t)ii  weetwerd,  would  ap- 
'•of  thr  rivor;  but 

1.  .<reof  ll«  ojthodral 
ari.  wooded  uiilea  of  tho 
diminiib«d  by  the  dii- 
ppeara'  to  run  at  the  foot 
In  uf  ill  courio  ii  viiible 
Luwronce,  'I'hu  tnoun- 
Mquo ;  a  iroall  and  very 
in  its  well- wooded  re- 
'ivoll.  Tho  aicent  from 
I  thought  uivMlf  amply 
inded,  and  tne  fatigue  I 
to  St.  John'a,  and  took 
«in.  Jn  a  few  houra  we 
paint,  which  by  the  late 
^  iandi,  on  the  boundary 
f  the  Amerioane,  al- 
^laideof  the  rivet.  By 
f  line  between  tho  United 

imperfeotlv  defined  aa 
It  angle  of  Nova  Scotia 
ingle  which  i«  formed  kg 
B  wuroe  of  the  St  Croix 
be  laid  Highland*  which 
themielvea  in  the  rWer 
h  M  into  the  Atlantic 
never  been  surveyed,  so 
jhlanda  might  be  aaoer- 
ten  diapated  which  were 
ionera  were  appointed  at 
line  the  true  IxHindary, 
I  kiojFof  the  Netherlands 
r.  Two  lines  were  laid 
he  was  to  decide;  one 
ihe  north  of  the  Tenk- 
the  British  300  miles  to 
owever,  in  liis  award  (el* 
IS  drawn  a  line  betwatn 
nsArring  to  the  United 


T^SS^^SS^S? 


■ft  f!f.mK'i"?^&Jk-'i'^. 


r^.*' .' 


„  *,'^  <» 

^  <*  V 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


1.1 


11.25 


1^128     12.5 


IIUU 

'Am. 


Photographic 

SoHices 

Corporation 


23  WBT  MAIN  STRIIT 

WtllSTIR,N.Y.  U5M 

(716)173-4503 


'^ 


■m 


mmm 


HMMi 


v^^ 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


\^ 


«&. 


IN    AMERICA. 

States  about  six  millions  of  acres ;  and  has  brought  the 
most  northerly  point  of  the  boundary  for  sixty  miles 
within  thirteen  miles  of  th«  St.  Lawrence,  whilst  300 
miles  below  it  strikes  off  to  the  south-east  after  having 
approached  within  fifty  miles  of  Quebec.  The  old 
French  Canadian  settlers  on  the  St.  John  and  M ada- 
waska  settlements,  and  whoi  like  the  rest  of  their  coun- 
trymen, have  a  mortal  antipathy  to  the  Americans,  are 
exceedingly  annoyed  at  being  thus  transferred  into  the 
dominion  of  the  States;  but  as  both  Great  Britain  and' 
the  United  States  are  dissatisfied  with  the  decision,  it  is 
probable  that  some  other  arrangement  will  be  made. 

We  then  passed  the  Isle  auz  Noix,  the  British  naval 
establishment  on  lake  Champlain.  I  observe'd  several 
schooners  on  the  stocks,  remaining,  like  th^  ships  at 
Kingston,  as  they  were  at  the  close  of  the  war,  and 
several  old  gun  boats  that  appeared  to  have  taken  part 
in  it.  The  expenses  of  the  fort,  which  effectually  com- 
mands the  passage  from  the  lake,  are  the  same  as  those 
of  a  frigate ;  and,  as  such,  are  placed  on  the  naval  es- 
tablishment instead  of  the  military. 

Upon  entering  the  lake,  the  shores  appear«d  extremely 
flat  and  uninteresting.  We  touched  at  Plattsburgh,  and 
passed  over  the  scene  of  M*Donougli*s  victory  over  our 
fleet  in  the  last  war.  We  then  atrived  at  Burlington, 
and  at  nine  o'clock  the  next  morning  I  started  to  cross 
the  New  England,  or  Yankee  States,  on  my  way  to 
Boston.  The  coachman  drove  aiz-in>hand,  and  in  a 
very  workman-like  manner,  withoot  locking  the  wheels, 
but  descending  several  hills  so  steep  that  as  a  Yanliw 
expressed  himself,  "  It  was  like  driving  off  the  roof  of  n 
house."  A  detailed  description  of  the  road  is  anneces. 
sary :  it  wound  through  the  beautifiU  and  well  cultivated 
valleys  of  Vermont  and  New  Hampshire,  running  for 
many  miles  along  the  banks  of  the  Onion  and  Con- 
necticut rivers  :  whilst  the  forests  on  the  hills  around 
were  every  where  clothed  in  their  splendid  autumnal 
garb,  and  overshadowed  some  of  the  prettiest  and  hap- 
piest looking  villages  I  ever  saw  in  any  country ;  the 
houses  being  chiefly  white,  with  green  blinds,  and  other- 
wise displaying  an  excellent  taste  in  dssign.  Whole 
fields  were  strewed  with  enormous  pumpkins,  and 
others  were  covered  with  broom  com,  which  is  no  bod 
snlMtitute  for  oats.  We  passed  through  Montpelier, 
and  skirted  the  rocky  mountain  of  Monadnoe,  stopping* 


iniAm^S.. 


m 


WmipLin 


-M 


188 


■IX   MONTHS 


were  •««>*q««»^»y  »"?f "f  ^^^hiee  ouartfri  of  a 
place  at  the  north  bnage,  about  three  quan 

Lie  from  the  bridge  over  whwb    J^J«J^^  ^f  thi. 
The  inhabitants  are  proud  and  ju«iiy  prou... 

were  fired  upon  and  *-P?'XWheLr  .Svance  upon 
the  Mune  morning,  previoudy  to  their  aavanw     r« 

:Sd^  S;^r«d  U  •nS^'SlSo  difference  whether  he 


B  entablature  ana  P^'™";"!^ '-Thv  thi'fiM  eirctofc 
EiSh  appSlation  wa.  Trimountain.  and  it.  pi«ent 
•7? r.Swda1  S* «y  •nival. I  took  the oppofU- 


^m: 


as 

J  Connecticut  rivet,  and 
,  where  the  fire  of  the 
the  Americans  fcr  the 
ary  war,  on  the  19th  of 
I  aent  them  to  aeiae  and 
been  aeoretly  collected 
in  their  attempt,  but 
streat.  The  fight  took 
ut  three  quartera  of  a 
Bh  the  road  now  paaMS. 
id  juatly  proud,  of  this 

irer  to  Boeton,  atande  a 

of  the  militia  men  who 

by  the  British  troops  on 

to  their  advance  upon 

It  of  innumerable  lamps, 
lion  of  its  many  bridges, 
the  Tremont  hotel,— de- 
best  bouse  in  the  United 
bed-rooms  were  equally 
uiy  other  I  had  seen,    m 
I  a  government  buildmg 
,ner,  tea,  and  supper  are 
ain  hour;  and  although 
liberally  extended,  yet  u 
eUined  too  long,  he  must 
or  put  up  with  cold  and 
»  him  with  an  iU  grace  by 
r  a  meal  expressly  served 
ras  are  two,  or  two  dollars 
a  no  difference  whether  he 

istly  «^po«te  the  Tremont. 
i  Ionic  pilasters  supportuag 
It  The  interior  is  tasto- 
Tiaited  by  the  first  eirdee. 
on  was  Shawmnt,  it*  fiwj 
imountain,  and  ita  present 

arrival,  I  took  the  opportu- 
,  which  stands  <m  the  Meet 
imon."  The  Common,  «o- 
I  rignifioation  of  the  word. 


IN    AMEBICA. 


189 


dosorvcs  a  better  name,  as  it  is  the  prettiest  promenade 
in  the  Stateu.  Jt  contains  about  seventy-five  acres,  dis- 
posed in  a  sloping  direction  from  north  to  south,  varied 
by  other  eminences,  of  which  the  most  conspicuous  is 
formed  by  the  not  yet  quite  levelled  remains  of  the 
British  fortifications  of  1775.  It  is  surrounded  by  trees, 
and  the  best  houses  in  Boston ;  some  of  them  being 
largo  and  handsome,  and  not  the  less  deserving  of  the 
epithet  because  tliey  are  of  a  stone  colour,  or  anv  other 
than  tliat  of  red  brick.  But  at  Boston  generally  I  ob- 
served greater  taste  in  this  respect  than  in  any  other  of 
the  cities  which  I  visited.  On  one  side  of  the  Common 
is  a  mo'i,  or  promenade,  formed  by  parallel  avenues  of 
fine  elm  trees ;  but  yet,  notwithstanding  the  beauty  of 
its  situation,  it  is  deserted  by  the  Boston  belles  for  the 
gay  glitter  of  the  fashionable  shops  in  Cornhill  or  Wash- 
ington street. 

To  the  best  of  my  recollection,  every  capitol  ur  state- 
house  that  I  have  seen,  or  of  which  I  have  seen  a  pic- 
ture, is  surmounted  by  a  dome  or  cupola, — that  of  Bos- 
ton is  particularly  conspicuous ;  but  the  smoothness  of 
its  exterior  is  but  ill  assorted  with  the  richness  of  the 
Corinthian  columns  in  the  facade  :  it  should  be  grooved 
like  the  dome  of  St.  Paul's.  The.present  heavy  appear- 
ance of  the  cupola  ut  Washington  would  be  very  much 
improved  if  it  were  altered  in  a  similar  manner. 

The  capitol  at  Boston  contains  a  very  fine  statue  of 
Washington,  by  Chantrey.  From  the  top  is  obtained  a 
fine  panoramic  vie./  of  the  whole  city,  with  the  bay,  its 
islands,  and  their  fortifications ;  its  bridges,  wharft,  and 
enormous  warehouses.  On  the  north  is  the  memorable 
Bunker's  Hill,  with  part  of  the  fine  obelisk  that  is  to  be ; 
the  navy-yard,  and  the  suburb  of  Charlcstown.  The 
bay  of  Boston,  like  that  of  New  York,  is  fondly  thought 
by  some  of  the  inhabitants  of  each  city  to  be  as  fine,  if 
not  superior  in  beauty  to  that  of  Naples ; — whether  they 
have  seen  it  or  not,  is  of  little  consequence ;  the  bay  of 
Boston,  with  its  flat  treeless  islands  and  head-lands,  shall 
be  as  fine  as  the  bay  of  Naples,  and  so  may  it  remain! 

The  city  resembles  Baltimore  more  than  any  other  in 
the  Union  :  as  a  collection  of  buildings  it  is  prettier,  but 
I  prefbr  the  environs  of  the  latter  city  to  the  more  dis- 
tant hills  that  form  the  amphitheatre  of  Boston,  which 
is  too  large  to  add  much  effect  to  the  laa^cape. 

Boston  contouis  70,000  inhabitants,  oinfj^e  first  bridge 


Jaj*!*; 


11 


tttm 


fmm, 


190 


SIX   X0MTB8 


yet  there  are  many  that  «««  *''^**^"'^;„  .trect  in  the 
iir  of  civic  importance  P«'!»^«/St  Uie  absence 
place.  -«>}-**«  «y,\^:::;^VrL^^^^^^^  appear. 
^ry5  pis  o?^r?Sen^ionB  L  Boston.    The 

hundred   years  ago.  ™/^  "°\il!^'^Sn  it.  walls 

rf  the  government  »f  England^It^e^«»  ^^^^^ 
foU.length  pMtrwt  of  Wa-hm^  ^ 

Stewart    The  figure  *•  SL'^"Xr   ornaments   in  the 

indifferenUy  executed.    T*e  "^^.^  which  it  is  ap. 

hall,  are  emblemaUcal  of  *^\«  R"^!!?  C.^  there,  a^ 
Shod.    Public  meeting  and  iiperB«w  told  ttw^^ 

STeompany  ^^^7}^^  SSJ^cSL".  T^^«  "^ 
that  have  been  mottoed  «>' ™«  »^"*''J^-  »  multitude 
»  Skryxnecki "  wa«  very  conspicuous,  among  »  •" 

of  others.  •    ^^ .       „g  among  the  young 

Societies  have  always  beoi  m  »°8JJ"  »  ridiculous 

BMtonians.    The  objects  of  .wme  of  A«n  aw  r»m^ 

enough.  Many  years  '^^^^^fJZ^Z  Jews  ii 
.ubs^iption  for  the  FfP^^|iTa  instituted  col- 
Enghmd.    At  a  mudi  later  pen°«; »  "*"  ^  Emperor  of 

\ Russia;  another  8««'.^f°'r'^-  .^^  august  person- 
Society."  sent  a  deputaUm  to  ««J'°rl,  "»Hi8  answer 
age.^uestin?  "^JSlS"  c^mjS  bri^^valuable 

I  wa.  very  (?«'«>«»'.  ""^^Sto  firmer,' he.  ring  of 

diamond  nng.      A  »"f**""*rj^eBnatched  to  him  an 

this,  immediately  f^^ZJ^tytS^Sn  »  »  Bp-oi- 

enormous  turnip,  ("  *^"S\„  ' ,  „*odnM.  He  received  no 
menofAmerican  agricultural  produce.    « 

Samond  ring,  which  was  no^  a  ^'^f^the  head  of 

I »  noble  Swede"  would  no*  be^  '^J?^''  i,t  to  have 
to  the  Autocrat  A  pair  of  «?>°"5,*b^  Belle.,  were 
been  worked  by  Ae^'pSiiSiKnd. rfGeae- 


UMi 


IM   AHBBICA. 


101 


Itatea  were  conitructed 
teat  city  in  the  Union  ; 

particularly  sUikinj, 
Igoinc,  nnd  there  is  ui 
ne  every  Btreet  in  the 
gily  detect  the  absence 
o  complete  the  appew- 
MionB  BB  Boston.    The 
founder,  who   lived   a 
w  forgotten.    It  »  the 
cauae,  within  ita  walla 
itiona  and  the  eloquence 
veara   back,  were  firat 
Unce  by  the  obaUnacy 

It  containa  an  original 
ininhiare«fimentala,by 
nt,  but  the  horae  u  very 
ther  omamenta  in  the 
rpoMis  to  which  It  IB  ap. 
iiiere  are  held  there,  and 
ind  them  the  deooraUona 
occasion.  Thenwneof 
uouB,amongamulUtade 

ivogne  among  the  young 
neofthemareridiciU«»B 
mofJBSOOwaarawedby 
•  inverting  the  Jews  in 
iod,  a  self-constituted  col- 
iploma  to  the  Emperor  ot 
edthemselvea"  the  Peace 
the  same  august  peraon- 
,  a  member.    Hia  anawer 
Bcompanied  by  a  valuable 
uetta  former,  hearing  of 
u»d  despatched  to  bun  W 
ae  vegetaWe  ")«••«?«»- 
produce.    He  received  no 
t  a  fair  return,  aa  it  waa 
at,  as  of  yore,  the  head  of 
^  unacceptable  prwent 
tours,  which  ought  to  have 
, of  tlie  Boston  bellejwere 

through  the  hanito  £<»«»«• 
^5ert  the  United  8trt«s  a 


meeting  fitvourable  to  the  Poles  waa  held  at  New  Or- 
jeana,  and  "  an  army  in  disguise,"  consisting  of  no  leaa 
than  twenty-nine  volunteera,  was  waiting  at  New  York 
in  order  to  sail  to  their  assistance.  The  delay,  I  under- 
stood, had  arisen  on  account  of  a  dispute  as  to  the  place 
of  embarkation,  because,  in  case  of  their  triumphant  re- 
turn, the  city  that  last  held  them  would  be  entitled  to 
the  whole  honour  of  the  expedition. 

I  waa  present  at  a  meeting  in  the  Faneuil  Hall,  held 
for  the  purpoia  of  adopting  resolutions,  and  electing  re- 
presentativoa  to  attend  the  grand  meeting  on  the  tariff 
queation,  which  was  held  on  the  36th  of  October,  at  New 
York. 

The  literary  institutions  at  Boston  are  very  numerous, 
and  the  number  of  booksellora'  shops  is  quite  surprising. 
Upwards  of  60,000  dollars  are  annually  expended  in  pub- 
lic education,  and  perhaps  an  additional  150,000  mar  be 
the  amount  laid  out  in  private  establishments.  There 
are  fourteen  infant  schools  in  the  city,  and  sixty  primary 
schools,  affording  the  means  of  education  to  about  4000 
children.  The  next  in  order  are  the  grammar  schools, 
and  the  Latin  school,  from  which  the  boys  are  qualified 
to  go  to  Cambridge  (Harvard)  University.  Upon  enter- 
ing the  infimt  sdools,  the  fint  questions  I  chanced  to 
hear  were  very  national,  characteristic,  and  amusing, 
"  When  goods  are  brought  into  a  country,  what  do  von 
call  it? — Importing  gcrads!  and  when  goods  are  taken 
out  of  a  country,  what  do  you  call  it? — Exporting  goods!" 
with  a  moat  joyoua  and  tumuUuoua  emphaais  upon  the 
distinguishinjg  syllable  of  either  answer.  Cambridge,  or 
Harvud  Umversity  is  about  three  miles  from  Boston, 
and  situated  withm  a  larse  enclosure.  The  centre 
ottildinr,  amongst  several  ouiera  deteched,  and  standing 
apart,  is  of  st<me,  and  contains  the  lecture  and  dining 
rooms,  and  a  Jibrary  of  37,000  volumes—the  best  in 
America.*  I  was  sKown  nothiiw  remarkable  in  it,  ex- 
cepting a  valuable  manuscript  of  the  aphorisms  of  Hip. 
poorates.  I  also  saw  the  apartment  containing  the  phi- 
unophical  apparatus,  and  another  in  which  there  was  a 
very  good  collection  of  minerals.  I  could  not  refrain 
from  a  hearty  laugh  at  the  contente  of  a  paper  which 
was  wafered  on  the  outer  door  of  the  library,  and  which 

*  Tha  PbUadelBhia  Litoarv  «ontaiiis  49,000  volumas.  Mr.  Vifue 
•eems  to  have  deeidad  which  was  "  bat,"  aftar  having  baen 
•hown  «  odtbiiig  remarkable"  exotpting  a  ringle  manuaeilpt.— £d. 


n 


i  i 


t 


p» 


8IX    MONTHS 


18» 

I  was  maliciouB  enough  to  copy  whilst  the  librarian  wm 
abwnt  in  .earch  of  tho  kev«.  "  Mining,  the  hrrt  and  .c- 
cond  volunicB  of  the  catalogue  of  bookH  in  the  library  ot 
Harvard  UniverHity  !  If  ttie  person  who  borrowed,  wiU 
return  them  immediately  i  ■  their  place  on  the  table,  he 
will  obUge  all  tho«e  who  have  occB«ion  to  consult  Uicm, 
and  no  que»t»«">»  *'"  ^  asked."— (Signed  6y  the  Lx- 

'''^Tho"  whole  annual  expenses  of  an  undergraduate  do 
not  amom^t  to  more  than  250  dollars ;  for  thu.  he  .. 
boarded  and  instructed  by  the  lectures  of  dlftcrent  pro- 
feawrs  on  every  subject,  irom  divinity  to  'obstetrics, 
u>d  modicul  j'lrisprudonce.  Christiamty  is  respected 
and  promoted  in  its  broadest  sense,  not  according  to  the 
teneU  of  any  particular  sect:  the  professor  of  divinity 
beinir  obUged  to  declare  his  belief  in  the  scriptures,  as 
the  only  perfect  rule  of  feith  and  manners,  and  to  pro- 
mise  that  he  wUl  explain  and  open  tliem  to  his  pupils 
with  integrity  and  faithfUness,  according  to  tlio  best  light 
that  God  shall  give  him,  &c.  „,•,,.      •       u:„i. 

Massachusette  is  the  only  state  of  the  Union  in  which 
a  legislative  jurisdiction  is  made  for  the  support  ot  reU- 
ffion.  In  every  other,  a  person  is  at  liberty  to  belong  to 
iny  sect,  or  none  if  he  pleases ;  but  in  Uiis  state  the  con- 
rtitution  compels  every  citizen  to  be  a  member  of  some 
religions  ordeVTor  pay  for  the  support  of  some  teacher  of 
reliiion,  although  &  making  the  choice  it  aUows  him  to 
follow  the  bent  of  his  own  inclinations. 

With  respect  to  the  salaries  of  clergymen,  it  may  Be 
mentioned,  that  in  the  large  ciUesthev  vary  fr«™  «";«  *° 
thrf*  thousand  dollars,  and  from  five  hundred  to  a  thou- 
sand  in  the  morejwpulous  country  ?"»•?««•  «*i'V*"^y 
of  perquisites.  Every  clergyman  is  paid  by  his  own 
conwegation,  so  that  his  engogement  with  tliem  is  a 
kind  01  contract.  ,       i  ■       a 

At  Boston,  I  attended  the  Unitarian  chapel,  in  order 
to  hear  the  celebrated  Dr.  Channing,  whose  preaching 
was  so  popular  during  his  resident  in  London  a  few 
years  a^o.  His  language  was  very  fine,his  accent  pure- 
Iv  En^ish,  and  his  manner  more  subdued  than  that  ot 
American  preachers  in  general,  who  are  usually  too  ora- 
torical  to  be  impressive.  I  was  fortunate  m  hearing  an 
exposition  of  his  doctrine.  He  considered  Christianity 
as  only  a  kindred  light  to  nature  and  reoaon ;  that  the 
germs  or  seeds  of  the  different  exceUences  in  Uie  charac- 


'•■* 


I  iiii.xuMijwiwxi 


38 

ivhilHt  the  librarian  wa« 
liising.the  firrt  and  »c- 
■  books  in  the  library  of 
■son  who  borrowed,  will 
ir  place  on  the  table,  he 
:ca8ion  to  consult  them, 
." — {Signed  by  the  Li- 

af  nn  undergraduate  do 
dollars;  for  this  he  is 
DCturcs  of  different  pro- 
divinity  to  "  obeteUics," 
hristianity  is  respected 
jsc,  not  according  to  tl»e 
iie  professor  of  divinity 
lief  in  the  scriptures,  as 
id  manners,  and  to  pro- 
open  tliem  to  his  pupils 
iccording  to  tho  best  light 

te  of  the  Union  in  which 
e  for  tho  support  of  reli- 
ib  at  liberty  to  belong  to 
but  in  tliis  state  tho  con- 
to  be  a  member  of  some 
lupport  of  some  teacher  of 
10  choice  it  allows  him  to 
nations. 

I  of  clergymen,  it  may  be 
ties  they  vary  from  one  to 
im  five  hundred  to  a  thou- 
mtry  parishes,  exclusively 
man  is  paid  by  his  own 
^ogcment  with  tliem  is  a 

Unitarian  chapel,  in  order 
banning,  whose  preaching 
isidcnce  in  London  a  few 
1  very  fine,  his  accent  pure- 
noro  subdued  than  that  of 
J,  who  are  usually  too  ora- 
as  fortunate  in  hearing  an 
Je  considered  Christianity 
iture  and  reason ;  that  the 
t  excellences  in  tlie  charac- 


IN  AHBRICA. 

tor  of  Christ  were  to  be  found  in  the  boflom  of  every  man, 
but  that  he  alone  jioBsessed  them  in  an  eminent  degree ; 
and  that  tho  doctrine  of  the  atonement  had  ita  founcmtion 
in  the  fears  of  guilty  mankind,  &.c.  &,c.  The  extraordi- 
nary eloquence  of  the  preacher  did  not,  however,  make 
roe  a  convert  to  his  tenets  (  yet  jt  riveted  my  attention 
for  more  than  an  hour,  and  I  came  away  with  the  im- 
pression that  he  was  one  of  tho  very  finest  preachers  I 
had  ever  heard  ;  although  I  was  not  shaken  in  the  con- 
viction, that  where  there  is  no  settled  form  of  prayer, 
the  principal  part  of  the  service  must  necessarily  be  the 
sermon,  and  that  the  sermon,  if  it  be  at  all  worth  hear- 
ing, instead  of  containing  religious  admonition,  is  usual- 
ly filled  with  a  discussion  on  controverted  points  of  doc- 
trine. 

The  medical  college  at  Boston  is  a  department  of 
Harvard  University.  There  has  been,  and  still  is,  aa  in 
England,  a  difficulty  in  obtaining  subjects  for  dissection 
in  the  United  States.  It  is  remedied  by  different  laws 
in  different  states  :  the  more  usual  provision  being,  that 
the  bodies  of  persons  who  die  in  almshouses,  or  by  the 
hands  of  the  executioner,  or  who  are  unknown,  shall  be 
given  up  for  that  purpose. 

When  at  Boston,  I  was  favoured  with  the  sight  of  an 
admirable  picture,  just  finished  by  Mr.  Alston;  the 
sceiie  being  taken  from  Mrs.  RadcUf&'s  novel  of  the 
Italian,  where  the  assassin,  who  is  obliged  to  commit 
murder  at  the  instigation  of  tho  monk,  is  terrified  by  the 
fkncied  apparition  of  a  bleeding  huid.  The  monk,  with 
a  stronger  intellect  and  more  determined  purpose,  is 
raising  a  lamp  that  he  may  be  enabled  to  see  more  clear- 
ly into  the  darkness  of  the  vault.  A  better  flame  and  a 
more  murky  atmosphere  wero  never  painted.  The  out- 
line of  the  figures  is  extremely  good,  and  the  terror  in 
the  countenance  of  the  murderer,  u  finely  contrasted  with 
the  cool,  stem,  and  incredulous  gaze  of  the  monk. 

Mr.  Alston,  who  is  the  first,  if  not  the  only  historical 
painter  in  America,  has  been  employed  for  many  years 
upon  a  ver^  large  picture,  which  is  not  to  be  seen  by  any 
one  till  finished.  The  subject  is  Belshazzar's  Feast;  and 
the  figures  are  as  large  as  life.  He  intends  to  rest  his 
reputation  on  the  success  of  this  painting,  which  will 
not  see  the  light  till  he  himself  is  perfectly  satisfied  with 
it  Many  ptwts  of  it  are  said  to  luive  been  repeatedly 
altered.  Chi  one  occasion  when  it  was  threatened  by 
17  ' 


I  i 


immiMmiii 


niiftf  Biliil'WihlfMrtWVfi  ifcirttiftWiiiiOTHte'i  • 


If4 


8IX    HOMTIIK 


towwl  Kclux.;.  that  he  might  not  catch  .  gUmp- 
"S'liwoll   the  M^iichoitor  of  An.crlca,  b  twwty-ieveii 

■carcofy  ahouwin  tho  place;  and  "7^  ."K'^J^uX 
U  formed  port  of  a  farming  »»*«;.  ^''"Ijru.eS 
LLTvdMly^mproductivc.  even  m  th«  ""d-t  of  the  .torue 

;Sf ^ky  region  with  wWch  .t  i.  •«"«^d«J-    ^^  ^h 

good  '^8"»*'^^\.*,'raav;  but  the  calico  weaving 

apindle.  had  been  conUactod  (°J'  XiUing  c*Ued  tJie 
emplo;red  »?««  »^«»f.JC^5?  IXorTtto  attention  of 
machme^op.W^ch  »f '^^^t.^™  hlloM^  to  the  Mcr- 
Uio  traveller.  The  vaat  building"  ^'"^Jf/J^J^icuou. 
rimack  and  H^'wL'hTt^Ts  I^Sl  from 
from  the  road  by  ^^^^M;"  •"Xch  are  ranged  along 
Boston,  P¥t«"^^^i't'i!'it  I  bd^^c*.  no  lineS 

moat  e«*'»"^^,7!„_ui.tion  and  businesB  are  perhaps 
fT?J"ri{uatoK  UrShio.    The  .cenery  about 
£S:S  i.  ^rTt&^  in  intereat  and  beauty,  but  U 
«*   icarcely  meriU  fiuthcr  .<Je«:«PtjOT. 

•^The  Wo.  of  P-v'«o«  a    K»  g   S.Vb"  f  hM 

•.;K'AroX':eV(S^^^^^^ 

w?thi  pound;  mutton  from  wx  »««l«"T„miI^  to 
»n  Hi.  Un  to  twenty-fiye  cenU ;  «lmon  from  Iw  lo 


itfadM 


rUuuUr  fViend  to  H»ul 
ni  walk  with  hu  back 
^ht  not  Ctttch  a  gUmpiw 

iiieilcB,  !•  twwty-ieven 
vitiJtod  in  the  *ay  tlfom 
I  ycoTB  aao  tilMB  *■• 
nd  only  eight  yuan  ago 
vn,  winch  waa  thought 
n  th«  nudat  of  tho  aterUe 
I  ia  iurroundcd.  At  pre- 
lio  are  all  more  or  lean 
torieaj  and  Uiiriy-three 
vera  of  all  tho  niachwiery 
n«  of  canala  Bupplied  by 
luinod  in  tlio  rapid  atream 
1  ia  no  Bteam-power  there, 
moko  ia  vi»ible,  and  every 
'  comfort  and  cleanlineaa. 
(Iton-apindleu  in  operaUon 
1  carpet  manufactory.  A 
rho  underatande  hia  buai- 
[  but  the  calico  weaving 
B,  whose  general  noatnesa 
catost  credit  upon  thein- 
,  leaathan  40,000  addiuonal 

for,  and  workmen  were 

large  buiUing  called  the 
1  well  worth  the  attentiwi  ol 
inga  belonging  to  the  Mcr- 
aiea,  are  very  conapicuoua 

town  ia  approached  from 
r,  which  are  ranged  along 
there  is,!  believe,  no  linen 
tales.  Lowell  contains  the 
I ;  but  ae  a  manufacturing 
I  and  business  are  perhaps 

Ohio.  The  scenery  obout 
interest  and  beauty,  but  U 

ription.  .     .    .  .    _ 

at  Boaton  for  the  last  two 
I  follows  :  the  best  beef  has 
(nearly  five-pence  halfpen- 
msis  to  eight  cenU:  veni- 
I  cenU ;  salmon  from  l«n  to 


Ilf  AMBRICA. 


106 


twelve  eentw,  and  other  flsh  iVom  two  to  four  cents. 
Butter  from  fourteen  to  sixteen  cents  ;  cheese  fourteen 
and  a  half;  eoffbo  from  thirteen  to  fourteen  cents. 
Tea  of  course  varies  in  price  according  to  its  quality  ; 
the  beat  tea  in  all  the  larger  cities  selling  from  about 
one  dollar  and  a  quarter  to  two  dollars  a  pound.  Be> 
fore  the  East  India  Company  entered  into  the  Canada 
tea  trade,  the  colonies  were  supplied  from  tho  United  ' 
States.  But  now  the  course  of  smuggling,  which 
from  the  nature  of  tho  country  it  is  morally  imposslbla*^ 
to  prevent,  is  decidedly  in  favour  of  the  CanadM. 
The  duties  on  tea  in  the  United  Stales  have  been  re-  J 
daced  nearly  fifry  per  cent,  since  the  SIst  of  Decani- 
ber,  I8ai;  but  still  the  duties  in  the  Canadas  are  very 
mueh  low^r;  tho  best  gunpowder  tea,  for  instance, 
p«ykig  a  duty  of  twenty -five  cents,  whilst  in  the  Cana- 
das  it  pays  but  four  pence,  and  hyson  tea  paying  a 
duty  of  eighteen  cents  in  the  United  States,  atod  but 
sixpence  in  the  Canadas,  &o.  The  Americana  have 
petitioned  for  a  Airther  reduction  of  lb*  duties ;  but  it 
appears  that  none  will  be  made  as  yet.  If  the  Ameri- 
can government  would  allow  the  tariff*  dnties  and  the 
national  debt  to  expire  at  the  same  time,  it  is  not  diffi- 
cult to  foresee,  that  as  it  is  the  amount  of  dnties 
which  governs  the  trade,  the  provinces  would  again  be 
supplied  from  the  United  States,  unless  the  British  go- 
vernment should  lower  their  duties  also;  and  then  if 
this  were  to  be  done,  and  the  United  States  and  the 
Canadas  wer*  on  the  same  footing,  as  the  East  India 
Company  are  supposed  to  purchase  their  teas  as 
cheaply  as  they  can  be  purchased,  no  foar  need  be  en- 
tertained by  the  Canadas  that  any  advantage  will  %• 
gained  over  the  British  trade  with  regard  to  the  ex- 
penses of  importation.  And  in  addition  to  this,  the 
rapid  means  of  communication  with  the  Copper  Pro- 
vince, afforded  by  the  Rideau  canal,  will,  it  is  sup- 
posed, bid  defiance  to  hortfbl  competition  on  the  part 
of  tho  Americans,  when  either  the  time  or  the  cost  of 
conveyance  is  considered.  The  conrse  of  the  tea 
trade  between  the  United  States  and  the  Canadas  has 
been  ao  much  in  flivonr  of  the  British  eolonies,  that 
the  East  India  Company  intend  this  year  to  sand  out 
four  ship*  to  Quebec  and  Halifax,  instead  of  two  as 
heretofore.    Many  of  the  old  contraband  traders  have 


J) 


iMllltyW<)iaW W****^**  ''tf*'' W"^  iillHWUlW  I  i^wii  ii<i8»i^liMMttiftailiiillwiiil»i>>ili 


"wr 


19d 


■IX  NONTHI 


■DiMMd  Urge  forlunei:  tha  tonwiner.  whelh.r  royal- 
Ut  or  republicon,  having  bMi.  by  no  inwni  ty.nw  to 
rendir  awiilanoo  whom  it  wm  obviomly  for  liwown 
benaflt  to  do  lo. 

At  Bo.ton.  l'hlUd.lphi»,  and  BalUmor.,  houM  rant 
k  about  fiaeeu  par  cent,  oboapar  than  "t  Na*  Yorfc, 
whaie  the  rent  of  a  good  hoo«i,  .ituatad.  for  »nilanfl«, 
on  a  par  with  thoae  in  Olouoaaler-plaoe  in  London, 
woald  amount  lo  one  thou.and  or  one  thouiand  two 
(•hundred  dollari  a  year;  but  counting-houiee  and 
^  olhar  houaea,  taken  for  their  convenient  •iluatione 
with  reference  to  coinmeroittl  purpoaee,  would  rent  in 
either  of  tho  largeet  citiee  juit  mentioned,  at  a  higher 
rate  than  in  London.  ,      . 

The  aeeeaement  or  tax  upon  houaae  variae  In  Uia 
different  ciUo.,  ftom  five  to  eight  dollara  in  tha  thoa- 

"xt  Botton.  tha  waget  of  an  '"•«>«•»' "•'•••"',"1 
are  from  ten  to  eighteen  dollare  a  month  j  of  ramalaa 
iVom  one  and  a  quarter  to  two  dollare  a  week. 

The  e>pen.a  of  keaping  a  horjja  at  livery  in  either 
of  the  larVar  citiee  ia  about  ten  dollara  a  month  ;  but 
if  Broomed  by  a  gentleman'e  own  «>rvBnt  it  may  be 
iJThf  half  that  aum  exclu.ively  of  the  groom  . 
w«gee.  Hay  bM  been  very  abundant  in  Boiton  mar 
ket  for  the  iMt  two  or  three  year.,  ""f  ^m  »ld 
at  from  ten  lo  fifteen  dollar,  the  ton.  Oat.  at  forty- 
five  to  fifty  cenU  the  bwhal,  vjhole.ale  prjoe- 

In  Boaton  a  carriage  and  a  pair  ofhorje..  In- 
cluding the  coachman',  wage.,  &.o..  «•>:>?•*?* 
at  an  annual  expenaa  of  three  finndrad  and  fifty  dollar., 

**l' hS'ivar  feel  grateful  for  the  hoepitable  rec^ion 
I  met  with  at  Boeton.  The  .oci.ty  »•  •«f»«''»r»^" 
Boitonian.  more  ra^mbllng  the  E-JBl-h  than  the  in^ 
^biUnta  of  any  other  cit»  I  »»"»  '"'i''^'  'Pf,'!! 
hTrrins  and  appearance  of  aome  of  them  being  .0 
SutSrafi  tE'at  they  have  much  ado  »»  W  on. 
another  in  countenance.  The  governor  of  Mamchn- 
:?tuJontUled»hir  excellency."  and  the  lie-U^ 
Bovernor  ia  addre»ed  aa  "your  honour."  The  halle*  01 
Kiton  dr.*  exceedingly  well,  hotter  P«»«I»,»^ 
^  other,  in  the  Union  f  Philadelphia  •»"»  B^^mor. 
J^  .leaptMl.    At  New  York,  a.  I  have  before  re. 


iMliiMa 


ITT   AMnmA. 


197 


iiuiiicr,  wh«th«r  royal- 
by  no  iiiatni  tvaria  to 
obviouily  for  hit  own 

Balllmoro,  houM  rent 
or  than  at  N«w  York, 
,  •ituated,  for  iniUnoo, 
•iter-placa  in  London, 
1  or  one  thouitnd  two 
counting-houMi  and 
convenient  tiluationi 
^urpoMi,  would  rent  in 
mentioned,  at  a  higher 

I  houaaa  variaa  in  tha 
[ht  dollara  in  tha  thM- 

II  in-door  male  aervant 
n  a  month  t  of  femalea 

dollara  a  weeli. 
tone  at  livery  in  oithar 
m  dollara  a  month  ;  but 

own  aarvant  it  may  be 
uaively  of  the  groom'a 
bundant  in  Boiton  roar- 
ae  yeara,  and  haa  aold 
the  ton.  Oata  at  forty- 
rholeaalo  price. 
I  %.  pair  of  horaea,  in- 
gee,  &.O.,  may  ba  kept 
hundred  and  fifty  dollara, 

r  tho  hoapitable  reception 
■ociety  ia  excelleut — the 
the  EngUah  than  the  in- 
I  had  viaited;  and  the 
aome  of  them  being  ao 
)  much  ado  to  keep  one 
la  governor  of  Maaaaali«- 
noyi"  and  the  Ueutenant- 
uf  honour."  The  ballaa  of 
ell,  baiter  perbapa  than 
liikdelphia  and  Baltimora 
rk,  aa  I  have  befcra  ». 


marliail«  ttia  eotonra  of  their  dreaaea  aia  flir  too  gaudy, 
and  certainly  Ill-judged  ai  to  the  manner  and  the 
time  of  waarlni;  tnem. 

I  believe  that  there  ia  in  England  a  very  miatakpn 
idea  of  American  nocloty ;  aa  I  have  fVe<iuenlly  been 
aakad,  what  could  not  but  appear  to  mn  the  moat  un- 
fklr  and  abaord  qneitiona  en  thli  luMect.  With  na 
the  term  **  Yankee"  ia  gcnarally  one  of  ridicule,  If  not 
ofdiadalnt  but  to  apply  it  in  that  aenic  to  all  the 
membera  of  aoolety  in  the  United  Htatea,  la  ftr  loo  In. 
diacriminato  to  bo  juat.  There  ia,  ai  I  have  before  r«. 
marked,  an  ariatocraoy  in  every  city  in  the  Union ; 
and,  perhapa,  aa  many  aa  foar  or  Ave  diffVrenI  aecta  or 
olrom,  notwithatanding  their  boaaled  equality  of  con- 
dition. Aa  flir  M I  have  been  able  to  jodge  from  what 
I  have  ae«n  and  heard,  the  Amariean  ladiea  are  cer- 
tainly not  (generally  apeaking)  what  in  England 
would  be  called  aeoempliihed — ^Tn  muaio  and  drawing, 
for  inatanee :  and  atilf  fltwer  of  them  are  entitled  to 
the  appelhition  of  ** ft  blue;"  but  ifeaeeodlngly  p.ftty 
ftatarea,  elegant  dreaa  and  mannera,  and  agreeable 
and  aprightly  oonvoraation  ara  to  have  tho  aame 
weight  with  ua  in  forming  an  opinion  of  the  alata  of 
aoelety  in  America,  that  we  ahoold  allow  to  them  If 
apeaking  of  aoeiaty  in  England,  I  cannot  but  aflinn 
tnat  the  refinement  of  flrit  oiroIeK  In  the  larger  Amari- 
ean citiea  ia  very  far  adranoed,  and  maeh  farther  than 
it  haa  credit  for  in  England.  Gentlemen,  who  are 
aneh  ftom  Aeling,  from  habit,  and  from  edn«ation,  aro 
to  be  met  with  in  every  part  of  the  atatea ;  men  who 
are  quite  diatinet  from  tho  tobacoo-ehawing,  guaaaing, 
ealkuatlng,  fixing,  locating,  expectMg,  and  eipaoto- 
rating  Yankee,  whoae  very  twang,  even  in  the  merrieat 
mumanta,  haa  aonwthtng  in  it  tiiat  ia  abiolutety  pro- 
voking to  the  ear  of  an  Engliahman,  and  Hi  whoa* 
proaenM  one  ia  often  tefflptM  to  ffiolaim,  *'  Be  MMlr 
««n8tittttion  what  it  may,  for  h«ar«ii*li  aaka  let  w 
have  aomethlag  gmftlettaA-Uka  !** 

I  would  here  earMttfy  teeenmtMd  every  traveller 
ill  the  CNatee,  never  to  ieate  any  ttiin*  to  be  done  by 
aaMber  which  he  can  reaaembfy  4e  fbr  faimaelft  aird 
never  to  defer  any  arranfatnent  which  had  better  be 
made  over  night,  in  the  ezpeetation  that  all  wiM  go 
mMOtlily  in  flie  mombif,  trnlMa  of  eburM  he  hate 
17,  -  ,--. 


'*%■ 


raiiiiimum'iiK-M. 


198 


SIX    MONTHS 


with  him  a  confidential  European  aeryant.    With  or- 
dinary care  there  ia  not  much  fear  of  losing  any  thiDg 
bv  thift ;  but  the  Yankee,  are  often  as  careleas  of  the 
orowTrtv  of  others.  a>  they  are  careful  of  their  own. 
SSo^e  il  th°ng..  iet  him/a.  "Bob  Short"  has  it,  "be 
«u^  to  keep  hii  temper."  Anger  is  of  not  the  slightest 
u"!wd  a  man  maVas  well  be  out  of  humour  with 
his  mantelpiece,  as  with  a  Yankee.    In<»«'P««'«"'=" '! 
vUible  in  the  countenance  both  of  the  Englishman  and 
the  American:    but  in  the  one,  it  is  stamped  as  it 
i'oufdTeoTthe  forehead;  with  the  o".«r  it  is  more 
often  entwined  in  the  curl  of  the  nether  lip.    Never 
take  the  corner  inside  a  coach  on  a  rainy  day,  yon  II 
to  wet  to  the  skin:  carefully  "oid  comparwon  be- 
tween  any  thing  that  is  Ameriw,  "i''^"'?,*'" "«*•"*{ 
is  European,  pSrUoularly  if  it  shonld  be  £«?>»•»»•  J 
have  «.f»ra    times  received  a  friendly  cauUon  from 
5^i?an.  themselves  on  this  head     Th"e  are  hbe- 
ral^inded  men  in  the  SUtes  who  wiU  talk  like  gentle- 
mi«  on«v8rvsubie«t;  but  I  believe  there  u  nothing 
u^ust  in   hr«E'  that  jealousy  of  England  and 
Engltah  arts,  and  English  improvements,  "d  Eng^uih 
mSctaHi,  may  be  reasonably  «!•«««•  .'-*»i""°** 
DTomineat  of  their  naUonal  failings,— and  that  out  of 
whSmS  be  designated  a.  iteam-boat  acquamtan», 
ti^l  Tm  not  fifty  men,  from  Maine  to  Louisiana,  who 
c«  Cn  ?o.«chacompari«,n  without  biting  their 

"""lleft  Boston,  as  I  did  Baltimore,  with  r^ret,  and 
prJceSedtoProvidenee,  the  capital  of  Rh«H»«,  W«^- 
irJhBwav  I  nassed  through  Pawtooke^  a  very  oon- 
ride^bKLCuring  t^wn  on  the  bank,  of  th. 

^ttlS^nr^Jitain.  nearly  80,000  W-^J^S^ Jl^!:: 
raliSmXtur.^  and  mm  exceedingly  good  private 
boiSS?  to  aTneighhourhood.  bJ^^^'^^i^ 
2?  J  1  Z«JZnA  Mne  excellent  woodcock  shooting. 
fCnmv'^««.lSSScSrbe  .landing  with  mygun 

SCISnd  «mU.S  bar  of  the  inn,  when  •  v«/^«^ 

toouJgAmericaa<»onyremovedaciBMfto^^ 

and  mort  civUly  addrewed  me  with,     WeU,  stranger 

how  do  you  prosper  in  gunning  7"  ^ 

At  Providence  I  embarked  for  «f*  J'^. J™J^ 
.ptendidstaamboat.  the  President,  p«ing  by  Ne^.a 

Urge  and  poputeu.  place,  much  retried  to  on  account  of 


IS 

■n  servant.  With  or- 
ar  of  losing  any  thing 
ften  as  careless  of  the 

careful  of  their  own. 
Hob  Short"  has  it,  "be 
r  is  of  not  the  slightest 
e  out  of  humour  with 
ikee.  Independence  is 
of  the  Englishman  and 
e,  it  is  stamped  as  it 
Ih  the  other,  it  is  more 
ihe  nether  lip.    Never 

on  a  rainy  day,  you'll 

avoid  comparison  be- 
]Bn,  and  any  thing  that 
should  be  English.    I 

friendly  caution  from 
bead.  There  are  libe- 
ho  will  talk  like  gentle- 
elieve  there  ia  nothing 
ilousy  of  England  and 
rovements,  and  English 
bly  classed  as  the  most 
ilings,— and  that  out  of 
eam-boat  acquaintance, 
ilaine  to  Louisiana,  who 
on  without  biting  their 

timore,with  regret,  and 
capital  of  Rhode  Island. 
1  Pawtooket,  a  very  oon- 
n  on  the  banks  of  the 

20,000  inhabitants,  Mve. 
ixceedingly  good  private 
id,  by  the  assistance  of  a 
Uent  woodcock  shooting, 
be  standing  with  my  gan 
9  inn,  when  a  very  decent 
reda  cigar  from  bis  mouth, 
e  with,  "WeU,  stranger! 

I?" 

id  for  New  York  io  th* 
lent,  passing  by  Newport,  a 
h  resorted  to  on  account  of 


IN  AUEBIOA. 


199 


the  sea  breeze,  which  is  said  to  be  cool  and  refleshing 
during  the  greatest  heats  of  summer.    The  Providence 
river  is  one  of  the  finest  harbours  in  the  Northern  States, 
and  the  best  station  fbr  ships  of  war;  as  a  junction 
could  be  effected  with  a  fleet  from  the  Chesapeake  in 
less  than  forty  hours,  with  the  same  wind  that  wonM 
be  adverse  to  a  ship  sailing  from  Boston  harbour,  and 
would  perhaps  prevent  a  junction  in  less  than  ten  daya. 
The  next  morning  I  found  myself  once  more  at  New 
York— standing  just  where  it  did  when  I  first  left  it ;  and 
afler  the  lapse  of  a  day,  I  embarked  in  a  steambmt  to 
proceed  up  the  North  or  Hudson's  river.    The  extreme 
rapidity  with  which  we  were  hurried  through  the  water 
soon  carried  me  into  the  midst  of  the  most  superb  river 
scenery  I  had  yet  beheld  in  America.    I  congratulate 
myself  upon  having  deferred  this  excursion  to  the  end 
of  my  tour  instead  of  seeing  it  at  first,  and  would  recom- 
mend overy  traveller  to  do  the  same,  beoanae  all  that 
wiU  be  seen  afterwards  of  the  same  description  will 
probably  lose  by  a  comparison.    The  western  bank  soon 
presents  a  perpendicular  of  trap  rock,  so  denominated 
on  account  of  its  basaltic  formations  and  gwieral  m|i. 
pearance, "  the  pallisades"  continuing  for  nearly  twenty 
miles  along  the  river,  and  forming  a. natural  wall  or  praol* 
pice,  which  varies  f^om  twenty  feettofive  hundred  net  in 
height,  nor  is  the  elevation  sensiUy  diminielwd  Hy  the 
great  width  of  the  stream.    On  the  east  or  opposite 
bank,  at  a  distance  of  twenty>five  miles  from  New 
York,  my  attention  was  excited  by  the  beaatiifal  sttna^ 
tiun  of  a  small  village  embcaomed  in  woods,  and  still 
farther  concealed  by  a  projecting  headland.    Upoo^en- 
quiry  I  fimnd  it  was  Tarrytown,  where  Major  AmUf 
was  made  prisoner,  and  its  appearance  immedtately  b«- 
came  donUy  interesting.    Whether  he  was  or  was  not 
«  spy,  cannot,  I  think,  be  determined  without  an  aaawor 
to  the  enquiry,  "  suppose  he  had  succeeded  7" — but  ^ 
whether  the  cause  of  freedom  would  have  thriven  the  ' 
worse  for  the  generous  dismissal  of  a  m^le-minded 
enemy,  or  whether  the  memory  of  Washington  would 
have  descended  to  posterity  the  Imw  antarniuied  in  oon- 
sequenoe  of  such  an  action,  are  questions  which  are  still 
less  problematical.    Major  Andre  was  executed  at  Tap* 
pan,  on  the  other  side  of  the  river,  standing  on  the 
boundary  Una  between  the  states  of  N*w  ¥ ork  and 
New  Jersey.     >•»?;■  we  ht  t'ormi^st  ttsnj'  •■'W9*^'p|*^,»*' 


--    iiiailiiiiiiiliriimiiMrii 


200 


■IX    MONTHS 


The  ncnitentiary  at  Sing-sing  is  the  next  object  of  at- 
.JLS!J^  H  U  buflt  by  the  convicts  tliemselves,  in  the 

S^Cnfinementltdopted  there,  i"  th%»^";;"  ^^^^  "^^,^; 
wn  in  the  western  part  of  the  state  of  New  Y  orK.     i  ne 

on  the  other  hand,  with  regard  to  the  ^^°^F^*^^^  ,^J. 
winner  in  after  Ufe,  I  «ho,Jd  humbly  conceive  the  latter 
SK  S  preferable ;  becaa«.  as  one  PX"!!!  JS 
W^by  anttttier.  it  i.  tery  ''^^^f  y^°\^lTF^i 
bTcai  commckee  a  new  Ufe  without  risking  a  sneer 
from  a  former  companion  in  confinement. 

I  had  lately  enjoyed  the  agreeable  society  of  two 

French  wntleiien,  who  were  traveUmg  /?i*®,*^Jf'X 

JownMi^t.with  tostnictions  tovi.it  the  diflferent  prisons 

KcStod  States  in  which  the  syrtem  of  solitary  ccm- 

&iemer^wu  adopted,  with  a  view  of  amsertaMiing  whe- 

K^'Sm;  in  France.    Thejr  info^-nf^  me 

S^  M  to  M  they  had  «en,they  were  of  opinion  that  the 

SS^  ««ld  ^adopted,  were  W  for  the  «PB««to 

gi^rr«i  in tho«.^ltewliona  whidi ^"^d be  neoww- 

rv.    A  crimiBBl  condemned  to  imprisonment  m  France 

I?  turned  in  amongst  a  number  of  oflier  persons.  »  fed 

Airing  the  period  oThis  detention,  and  comes  out  of  the 

Driaon  just  as  he  entered  it  __--™, 

"^We  ion  came  in  sight  of  Westpoint.  at  the  e^n^"  «*■ 

tiie  river.  This  spot  waa  eelected  in  the  /?"  1»"*;l^ 
Sedtoof  themilitOT  college  of  the  United  States.  The 
Srilto^cSSnectedWith  thV  ^"^'^^^^^  f*»^ 
£;^?lS.'^ffiSL\e^Sn»^^tKt^ 

tlon  of  tlie  courta  of  the  Umt6dState«.    __.   ^,^,_^. 

The  dta*  and  appearMiee  of  to  cadeto  i«  J^**^ 
DMt :  aaadtting  of  a  slighaybraiiled  jacket,  M|J^fr«y*" 
of  gny  dothTttieir  number  ia  about  two  hundred  and 


p.<iiii«iiiii>ii>Mi 


fis 

is  the  next  object  of  at- 
ricts  themBelves,  in  the 
i80.    TheBystcmofBoli- 
is  the  same  as  that  of  Au- 
late  of  New  York.    The 
f,  and  are  brought  out  to 
nuarries  immediately  ad- 
r  allowed  to  utter  a  sylla. 
jpear  that  under  all  cir- 
t  more  UVciy  to  prevent 
led  in  Philadelphia ;  wid 
,  to  the  reformation  of  a 
umbly  conceive  the  latter 
I  as  one  prisoner  is  never 
r  he  cannot  be  recognised, 

without  risking  a  sneer 
afinement 

igreeable  society  of  two 
Savelling  for  the  French 
to  visit  thediflferent  prisons 
the  system  of  solitai7  con- 
view  of  ascertaining  whe- 
nce. They  informed  me, 
ley  were  of  opinion  that  the 
e  it  not  for  the  erpenw  to 
IB  which  would  be  necessa- 

0  imprisonment  in  Fif«n* 
jer  of  other  persons,  is  ted 
tion,  and  comes  out  of  the 

^Mtpoint,  at  the  commence- 
i  the  most  beantifbl  part  of 
lected  in  the  year  1802,  as 
lofthe  United  States.  The 
MtaUiidiment  are  situated 
out  160  feet  above  the  sur- 
rabk  ruins  of  Fori  Putnam 
ipon  an  eminence  440  fiset 
iU  oontinued  behind  thetti. 
mn  to  Mvenunent,  the  im- 
jelieiiig  within  the  Juriadic- 
Instates.  , 

1  of  the  oaMM  U  extrediely 
braided  jacket,  and  trowMni 
r  is  about  two  hundred  and 


IN  AUBRICA.  S0<1 

sixty.  The  a'^odemic  staff  is  composed  of  thirty.three 
officers,  and  gentlemen  who  act  as  proftssors  and  assist* 
ant  professors.  The  cadets  are  mstructed  in  almost 
every  branch  of  science,  but  in  no  language,  excepting 
French.  They  are  publicly  examined  every  year,  in 
the  pfdsenco  of  fifteen  visitors,  who  are  invited  to  at- 
tend, and  have  an  allowance  made  them  for  their  tra- 
velling expenses.  Amongst  other  places,  I  visited  the 
drawing  academy,  and  another  apartment,  in  which 
were  several  cadets  studying  fortification.  When  there, 
I  could  not  avoid  remarking  that  on  one  of  the  tables,  by 
the  side  of  the  drawing  utensils,  lay  a  half  demolished 
roll  of  tobacco.  The  disgusting  habit  of  chewing  to- 
bacco is  common  in  every  part  of  America;  even  the 
men  in  the  upper  classes  are  not  entirely  free  from  it ; 
but  it  surely  might  be  discontinoed  (by  express  prohi- 
bition, if  necessary)  by  the  oflScers  and  cadets  of  the 
most  gentlemanly  establishment  in  the  Union,  and 
against  which,  laughable  as  it  may  appear,  objectione 
have  been  raised  on  account  of  the  arutocratical  Idea* 
which  the  young  men  bring  with  them  into  society. 

The  annual  expenses  of  each  cadet  do  not  exceed 
three  hundred  and  fifly  dollars.  He  is  examined  at  the 
expiration  of  four  years :  if  ho  does  not  pass,  he  is  #1- 
lowed  another  year  of  grace.  There  are  usually  on  HM 
average  about  a  hundred  candidates  for  admission  on  tiie 
list,  and  about  thirty  are  annually  accepted:  a  prefer- 
ence  being  given  to  the  sons  of  revotutionary  officers, 
or  of  those  who  served  in  the  last  war.  Out  of  the 
whole  number  admitted,  I  was  informed  that  more  than 
one  half  of  them  leave  the  college  from  incapacity,  dis. 
orderly  behaviour,  or  other  reasons,  before  their  tioM 
has  expired ;  and  that  about  one  fourth  of  them  usually 
take  their  leave  within  a  year  ailer  the  commencement 
of  their  studies.  Every  cadet  must  have  attained  the 
age  of  fourteen  before  admittance,  and  is  originally  in- 
tended for  the  army ;  but  in  the  event  of  his  not  fi- 
fing a  commiBsion,the  education  he  has  received,  amidst 
the  present  and  universal  confusion  of  rail-roads  and 
water-powers,  will  ensure  him  three  dollars  a  day  for 
his  services  as  a  civil  engineer.  The  cadets  form  on 
parade  every  day  at  one  hour  before  sunset,  and  have  a 
very  soldier-like  appearance,  occasionally  practisingthe 

funs  at  a  target  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river.    The 
and,  towards  the  maintenance  of  which  eftoh  OMbtcon* 


% 


I  . 


"»fei*-,- 


..^■"^^i 


|g|  SIX  MONTHS 

Ulbato*  twoiily-ftve  cents  a  month,  I.  wid  *°  JJf  .\|'«  ^'ij 
in  the  BUtesf  If  a  young  man  does  »»*  •''"l^'f 
hlm«=lf.  ho  will  probajly  remain  '"  |^« -«\'„';^^''^^^^^ 
det  corpa  during  the  four  year,  of  his  probation  ,  miv" 
he  di^fav  morlthan  ordinary  abilitie.,  he  mav  become 
IJrSa^Xer  the  first,  and  a'«.rgoantafter  tfie  second 
te«r«nd  may  .ubi«q«ently  getTii.  commission  a.  .e- 
oond  lieutenant  in  the  army.  j,.,i„„  the 

Koiriuako  served  in  the  American  ranks  during  the 
warTlnSSice.  Hi.  cenoUph  i-  a  very  con.p.- 
Tu",^  oSecTat  Westpoint;  and  at  ^^^^.XZX 
which  he  i.  said  to  have  frequented,  and  •"  *"»«  °. 
the  name  of  Kosciuako's  Garden :  a  small  fi>«»|»'°'  "; 
«rded  at  this  Ume  with  peculiar  l*;?""**' ^"^"«' "^ 
through  a  plain  marbto  .laV,  and  trickle.  overUie  letter, 
of  hUrnaie,  a.  if  it  w«pt  it.  «11  to  >»«  "wmory. 

Cannon  are  cast  at  the  fo«nd'7  ?»»*?.  «"J"7i!'' 
thWrWeTnearlvoDiKMite  to  Westpoint    On  that  side 
?CaSfe« fco&, i.  the  hoU  which  wa.«Bcu- 
Zd  by  Arnold  when  he  wa.  carrying  on  hi.  »*•"«'»«• 
?«re.«mdence  with  the  ftiUA^  ^cw^^    T^SJ^l 
whcraTe  held  hto  conftrence  with  Major  Andre,  w 
rranhadowed  by  a  .mall  grove  of  trees,  «"'lyj^"*": 
V^Zd  by  their  superior  height    I  ¥"«>«/? »«^j.  ?^ 
f^rtpoint,'th»t  General  La  Fayette,  during  h«  ''»'»« 
imT  W  «id  he  wa.  dining  with  Arnold,  when  he  re- 
JSr^ftomMajoT  Andre  the  letter  which  informed 
wi  rf  W.^pt««.  «id  that  Arnold  lmm?««"t«»y,  made 
Some  excn*  for  leaving  the  Ubie,  and  •«"»H."'; 
weTknown.  by  runnin|  down  a  vepr  t«.p  bank  «nd 
ordering  wme  boatmen  to  row  .»"'«  *«» /j'\-?*„ 
.loop  of  war  which  brought  Major  Andre,  and  wa. 
then  lying  in  the  river  awaiting  hw/e'"™-       .  „,  ,- 
The  American  musket  carries  but  eighteen  balls  to 
the^u^d     Ccharge  o^  POwder  i.alsopr»port.onabjr 
le».    A  general  officer  who  served  m  the  »«*  jar,  m 
formed  iSe  that  having  ob«>rved  the  ^fh""*^?"  ~  *^ 
Britidi  prisoners,  he  frequently  found  them  Mack  for  a 
month  ^r  theS  captur4 ;  and  not  brmg  satisfied  ^ 
STsmaDness  o<  the  charge  of  powder  which  had  b^n 
X«dy  diminished  by  an  order  from  the  American  W- 
iSarters,  he  him^lf,  Uien  a  colonel,  went  'oundto  every 
S«nb.  hieregiment,  previously  to  an  «'P»«*«»*'^ 
.ee  that  it  w5i  rtill  fcrther  reduced  "^'H*^^  ™ 
own  Older.    The  men  were  thn.  convinced  of  the  n«- 


r 


injgillM  irillniWW 


» 

h,  \n  B«id  to  be  the  best 
n  does  not  distinguish 

in  the  ranliB  of  the  ca- 
Bf  his  probation  ;  but  if 
liilities,  be  may  become 
irgoant  after  the  second 

his  commission  »»  se- 

irican  ranks  during  the 
lOtaph  is  a  very  conspi- 
d  at  a  picturesque  spot 
anted,  and  is  known  by 
n :  a  small  fountain,  re- 
ar reverence,  bubbles  up 
I  trickles  over  the  totters 

to  his  memory, 
ndryon  the  east  side  of 
estpoint  On  that  side 
I  house  which  was  occu- 
nrryinff  on  his  traitorous 
Ush  t&cers.  The  spot 
B  with  Major  Andre,  w 
re  of  trees,  easily  distin- 
Bight.  I  understood,  at 
tyette,  daring  his  visit  iti 
vith  Arnold,  vrhen  he  re- 
e  tetter  which  informed 
imold  immediately  mad« 
Ubie,  and  'escaped,  as  is 
a  a  very  steep  bank,  and 
ow  him   to  the  British 

Major  Andre,  and  waa 
ng  his  return, 
ies  but  eighteen  balls  to 
vder  is  also  proportionably 
erved  in  the  last  war,  m- 
rved  the  shoulders  of  the 
ly  found  them  black  for  a 
id  not  being  satisfied  whh 
of  powder  which  had  been 
sr  &om  the  American  head- 
Jonel,  went  round  to  every 
islyto  an  engajfement,  to 
reduced  according  to  hw 
Ans  convinced  of  the  ne- 


IM  AMERICA. 


SOS 


oessily  of  reserving  their  fire,  and  of  taking  a  steady 
aim,  so  tliat,  perhaps,  one  shot  in  ten  took  effect,  instead 
of  one  in  sixty  ;  the  number  usually  allowed  in  Euro* 
pean  warfwe.  He  also  informed  me,  that  during  the 
obscurity  of  the  night,  and  the  confiision  which  took 
place  at  the  battle  of  Lundy's  lane,  ho  observed  a  regi- 
ment forming  on  his  flank,  and  being  unable  to  discern 
immediately  whether  they  were  British  or  Americana, 
he  jumped  upon  the  top  of  a  fence  for  a  better  view,  and 
immediately  become  a  mark  for  a  volley  of  British  mdk- 
ketiy,  of  which  every  shot  passed  over  his  head.  This 
no  doubt  was  partly  caused  by  the  old  method  of  "  mak- 
■  ng  ready ;"  in  consequence  of  which  tlie  musket  was 
trequently  discharged  before  it  was  brought  to  the 
shoulder,  from  the  perpendicular  position  m  which  it 
was  held.  The  British  troops  suffered  more  severely 
than  they  otherwise  would  have  done  on  account  of  the 
colour  of  their  uniforms,  the  least  portion  of  which  so 
easily  exposed  them  to  the  rifle  of  the  back-woodsman. 

Soon  after  quitting  Westpoint  we  pasaed  the  town  of 
Newbury,  leaving  the  Catslull  mountaias  on  our  M).  I 
did  not  visit  the  hotel  at  the  top  of  them,  aa  the  seawin 
was  too  far  advanced,  andeverv  body  bad  left  it  The 
view  from  it  is  said  to  be,  and  must  be,  magnifioent 
We  then  arrived  at  Albany,  which  has  beenfor  thiqtx 
years  the  capital  of  the  state  of  New  York  ;  it  is  a  han» 
some  and  thriving  city,  oontaining  aboat  -0,000  inha- 
bitants. 

£very  traveller  should  contrive  to  be  at  Albany  on 
Sunday  morning,  in  order  that  he  may  proceed  to  Sha- 
ker's town,  about  eight  miles  distant,  and  attend  the 
pyblio  worship  of  the  sect.  At  Lebanon,  in  the  same 
state,  there  is  a  larger  establishment,  but  it  is  more  out 
of  the  way.  Their  mode  of  worship  is  certainly  the 
most  extraordinary  that  is  adopted  in  any  Chitatian 
community.  About  fifty  men  uid  fifty  women  were 
arranged  en  nuMu  with  their  fiuses  towards  each  other, 
and  with  an  intervening  space  of  about  ten  feet  Tbo 
nervice  commenced  by  an  elder  coming  forward  between 
tliem,  and  delivering  a  few  words  of  exhortation.  Seve- 
ral others  followed  his  exam^e  at  intervak  during  the 
service ;  one,  more  eloquent  than  the  rest,  who  was  des- 
canting cm  the  proper  goveirnment  of  the  paasicvia  and 
tba  abuse  of  talent,  thought  fit  to  illastrate  hi*  argunMnt 
by  3  quotation  from  Gmfu  fitUe  of  «  The  Grecian  youth 


* 


^^U^^^^k^^VM^SuAl-     ' 


S04 


SIX    MONTHS 


of  talents  rare."  Hymns  were  then  sung  by  them  in 
their  places,  each  of  them  shaking  the  whole  time. 
They  then  performed  a  reg;ular  dance,  holding  hands, 
advancing  and  retiring,  to  a  most  uproarious  tune,  sung 
by  a  <«w  of  them  formed  in  a  small  circle,  who  gave  the 
words  and  the  tune  to  the  others  as  they  afrorwards 
paraded  in  pairs  around  the  room,  singing  very  loudly 
the  whole  time— Sopping  heavily,  first  on  one  foot,  then 
on  the  other — flapjping  their  hands  the  whole  time  before 
them,  with  their  eloows  stuckinto their  sides,  and  looking 
for  aU  the  world  like  so  many  penguins  in  procession. 
It  wu  not  till  the  end  of  the  service  that  they  all  fairly 
foU  dn  their  knees,  and  sung  a  hymn,  as  if  they  were 
asking  pardon  for  their  vagaries. 

I  reaUy  think  I  had  never  seen  such  a  curious  collec- 
tion of  heads  and  features  :  the  chin  and  lower  part  of 
the  face  were  generally  very  small,  giving  to  some  on 
appearance  that  was  perfecdv  idiotic,  whilst  others  dis- 
played a  more  siibdned  modification  of  that  wildness  of 
fBM  which  micht  have  distinguished  the  fimatic  com- 
'  paniMM  of  Balfour  o'  Biirley :  but  there  was  scarcely 
MM  among  them,  either  male  or  fbmale,  whose  features 
were  not  remarkable  on  one  aceonnt  or  other. 

IVom  Albany  I  proceeded  to  Schenectady,  in  the  rail- 
road carriage,  whidi  whirled  me  forward  with  a  rapidity 
very  little  inferior  to  that  with  which  I  had  been  carried 
between  Liverpool  and  Manchester,  but  by  no  means  so 
silently  or  so  smoothly,  as  the  rattling  was  very  lotad. 
Thenoe  I  went  to  Utica,  a  town  that  at  present  contains 
10,000  inhabitants,  but  intends  at  some  fliture  period  to 
be  the  cuntal  of  the  state  of  New  York.  Its  pretensions 
are  foundiBd  oo  its  present  proaperity,  arising  from  the 
Erie  canal,  which  passes  through  it  in  its  way  fhim 
Albany  to  Lake  Erie,  its  central  situation,  and  the  gra- 
dual westward  movement  of  the  surplus  population  of 
the  more  eaalera  cities. 

fVom  Utica  I  visited  tlie  Trenton  Falls,  fifleen  miles 
distant  I  was  very  much  disappointed :  there  was  not 
modi  water  in  them,  and  they  appeared  more  like  artifi- 
oiil  ttuoades  than  a  natural  cataract.  The  trout  fishinr 
in  the  West  Canada  creek,  on  which  they  are  situated, 
is,  I  conceive,  the  best  recommendation  for  a  visit  to  the 
iSvnton  Falls.  Possibly  Niacara  had  spoiled  me  for 
eveiT  water-fidl.  It  is,  I  tlunk,  the  author  <^  the 
**  Diary  of  an  Invalid,"  who  remarks  that  having  seen 


-J* 

W||iili^>VT<illlii 


^ 


IOMTH8 

•rere  then  ning  by  them  in 
Bhakin^r  the  whole  time, 
gular  danoc,  holding  hands, 
I  moat  uproarious  tune,  sung 
a  small  circle,  who  gave  the 
3  others  aa  they  afurwards 
e  room,  singing  very  loudly 
eavUy,  first  on  one  foot,  then 
■  hands  the  whole  time  before 
sk  into  their  sides,  and  looking 
iny  penguins  in  procession. 
le  service  that  they  aU  fairly 
ig  a  hymn,  as  if  they  were 
vies. 

r  seen  such  a  curious  collec- 
the  chin  and  lower  part  of 
V  small,  giving  to  some  on 
Jy  idiotic,  whOst  others  dis- 
ification  of  that  wildneaa  of 
tinguished  the  fimatie  com- 
ey:  but  there  was  scarcely 
A  or  female,  whose  features 
)  aoeonnt  or  other. 
i  to  Schenectadv,  in  tlie  rail- 
d  me  ferward  with  a  rapidity 
ith  which  I  had  been  carried 
[Chester,  but  by  no  means  so 
the  rattling  was  very  Mid. 
own  that  at  present  contains 
nda  at  some  ftiture  period  to 
'  New  York.  Its  pretensions 
l>roaperity,  arising  from  the 
hroogh  It  in  its  way  Scam 
ntral  situation,  and  the  gra- 
tf  the  surplus  population  of 

Trenton  Falls,  fifteen  nulea 
Uaappointed :  there  was  not 
)y  appeared  more  Uke  artifi- 
cataract  The  trout  fiahinr 
on  which  they  are  situated, 
unendation  for  a  visit  to  the 
fiacara  had  spoiled  me  fbr 
tlunk,  the  author  of  tha' 
remarks  that  havfaig  mmi 


„-'a'^''Wfisi 


Mi -r^m- 


•5-flr- 


'  "i 


'-'■'     ^! 


IN    AHBRICA. 


St  Peter's,  he  should  be  contented  with  his  parish  church 
ever  afterwards.  I  thence  proceeded  to  Saratoga,  the  Chel> 
tenham  of  America  :  but  the  company  which  throng  to 
it  from  all  parts  of  the  Union,  bcinff  its  only  attraction, 
and  the  season  being  over,  I  passed  through  it  without 
stopping  there  more  than  an  hour.  The  vicmity  of  Balls- 
ton  Springs,  which  are  near  it,  are  much  prettier.  The 
waters  of  both  are  saline  and  chalybeate  at  the  same 
time.  The  guide  books  are  so  filled  with  accounts  of  the 
marches,  counter-marches,  successes,  distresses,  and  final 
surrender  of  General  Burgoyne,  that  I  make  no  apology 
for  merely  remarking,  that  he  surrendered  to  the  Anutri- 
can  General  Gates  at  Schuvlersville  in  tfw  oounty  of 
Saratoga,  on  the  17th  of  October,  1777.  From  Saratoga, 
I  proceeded  to  Lake  George,  passing  by  Glen's  Falls,  so 
admirably  described  in  Mr.  Cooper's  novel  of  tlie  Last 
of  the  Ikiohioans.  Unfortunatelv  for  me  the  steam-boat 
on  the  kke  was  laid  up  in  ordinary,  and  I  wu  obliged 
to  content  mTself  with  a  ride  for  a  few  miles  along  the 
banks.  As  nr  as  I  could  judse,  I  thought  the  scenery 
equal  to  that  of  the  finest  of  ^itish  lakes,  generally, 
with  the  exception  of  Loch-Lomond.  It  is  thirty-au 
miles  long ;  but  it  has  no  where  the  majestic  breadth  of 
the  famed  Scottish  lake.  Its  mountains  are  not  so  lofty 
■■  Ben  Lomond,  and  it  has  not  the  weeping  birch  of  the 
hi|riilands  of  Scodand,  or  the  arbutus  of  the  lake  ol 
Kfllamey ;  but  it  can  boast  of  on  unrivalled  clearness  of 
water,  a  most  delicious  perftime  from  the  gum  cistus, 
(vulgo,  sweet  fern)  which  grows  abundantly  on  its  mar- 
gin; and  the  'autumnal  foliage  reflected  on  its  sur> 
nice  is  certainly  far  more  beautiful  and  brilliant  than  any 
thing  of  the  kmd  that  Groat  Britain  can  display.  Culti- 
vation wac  to  be  seen  in  many  parts ;  but  there  were  no 
splendid  country  seats,  and  the  majestic  beauty  of  this 
lovely  lake  must  bo  contented  to  remain  destitute  of 
those  unrivalled  ornaments,  so  long  as  demooracj  holds 
sway  over  the  mountains  that  surround  it 

At  the  head  of  the  lake  stands  the  village  of  Caldwell, 
and  near  it  are  the  ruins  of  Fort  George  and  Fort  Wil- 
liam. It  would  fkr  exceed  the  limits  of  this  work,  were 
I  to  take  notice  of  the  numerous  battles  that  have  been 
fought  during  the  last  eighty  years  in  the  vicinity  of 
Life  George ;  for  an  account  of  the  massacre  that  took 
place  after  the  surrender  of  Fort  William-Henry,  by 
Midor  Monroe,  to  tlie  French  troops  under  the  command 
18 


1 


V 


t 


■MNAawMMMIlMl 


"■''» '  r 


S06 


SIX  MOMTIW 


of  the  Muqult  of  Montodm  In  1757, 1  will  •gain  with 
pleMure  r.fc  you  to  the  "  Lut  of  the  Mohi^n.. 
^^hottU  mantion  that  there  w  excellent  baw  fiehing 
in  the  lake,  and  that  all  nece«arr informaUon,  *»•  ™Y, 
be  obtained  at  the  \,ke  tatrern  at  <^«»y«"  .J'  ^l^rdl 
taken  with  a  ipinning  minnow,  and  when  hooked  afford, 
for  a  riwrt  time,  even  more  sport  than  a  lalmon ;  but  ia 

much  aooner  exhauated.  , 

SMidT  HiU  waa  my  next  deeUnation.  In  my  way,  i 
PMed  oTer  the  groond  where  General  Burgoyne  Mr- 
rendered,  and  in  a  fiiw  honra  again  entered  a  "toarn-boBt, 
at  AlbuiT,  with  the  intention  of  r«tummg,  for  Uie  laat 
time,  to  Now  York.  . 

Before  I  went  to  America,  I  had  no  idea  .n  how  •hort 
a  time  a  meal  could  be  deapatehed ;  «"rtto  lee  bolUng 
in  perfection,  it  ie  neoeeeary  to  go  on  baud  an  A^ny 
■teani.boat  The  cabin  i.  cleared  ae  much  aa  poiaible, 
the  brMikftH  ia  Uid,  and  the  free  nejjpco  etowarda  ore 
pboed  aa  Kuarda  at  the  top  of  the  atair^saae,  to  jwevent 
S^gOTttoSiIii&oBi  walking  in  before  the  bell  rmg.. 

Sr  &  hour  draw,  near,  ««ver««J'«»  «f"^"^X.,*„T 

panded,  and  the  compwiy  look  aa  if  thw  were  aU  thmk- 

CTrf  Se  .«ne  aGbject    Grouse  of  lank  thin-jawed 

MWMgee  may  be  «»n  »  progreaMng"  toward,  the  door. 

Ed»lwMUin»*  themwslve.  around  it,  m  expectation  ol 

the  approaoblng  r«h,  Mttmaag  to  the  repeated  awu- 

™rV<tha  Mick  atewwda  within,  that  no  genUemaii 

oan  br  any  po«ibility  be  admitted  before  the  Ume.    At 

UmgSthe'  fcn  rmg.,  and  the  negro  ipiard.  e«!apB  ■• 

Se|^;  if  they  Je  not  t*i.k  m  their  moUon^  they 

rta^d  a  chance  A  being  «mt  headlong  down  .toir.,  or 

Uiamed  m  between  the  waU  and  the  open  door..    In 

CS«  a  quarter  of  *  minute,  150  or  200  pcr«.n.  have 

S^Itadthe^Lelve.  at  table,  and  an  oxoeltont  b"^"*  «» 

SlJ^tfbe,  egg..  bMfttoaka.  hot  roU.,  com  cake.,  ~lted 

ZT-u^^-SSh  molaaML  Ac  i.  demohdied  m  an  m. 

■rJ^ASSri^STrftiiie^    The  crowd  then  .lowly 

^SSdfSiSS^-H-and  three^ourthaof  ttam  are 

rSTSSJl-d  that  they  .houW  be  afflicted  wi^dyi^ 

/p««U!  ^he  muaic  which  u-niUy  f"^?'?!^.  *^" 

I  Wiito  of  the  ancient.,  will  netrer  be  revived  by  the  Ame- 

I  rioana. 

Whilrt  I  remained  at  New  York,  I  '^J^'^'^ 
time  in  viaiting  the  dook-yard,  thor«>e-ground  on  Long 


t  1757, 1  will  Mgtia  with 
Loftha  Mohioun." 
ia  escellmt  baw  fiahing 
ltt  information,  A-c,  ma^ 
It  CaldweU.  Tlie  Imm  m 
and  when  hooked  affords 
jit  than  a  nlmon ;  but  ia 

tination.    In  my  way,  1 

0  General  Burgoyne  iur- 
fain  entered  a  stoam-boBt, 
of  returning,  for  tiie  laat 

had  no  idea  in  how  ahort 
hod ;  butto  aee  "  bolting" 

1  go  on  board  an  Albany 
ired  aa  much  aa  poaaible, 

free  negro  atawarda  nre 
the  atair-oaae,  to  prerent 
in  beibf«  the  bell  ringa. 
eraation  ia  gradually  »vm- 
L  aa  if  thoy  were  allthink- 
Jroaps  of  lank  thin-jawed 
greaaing"  towarda  the  door, 
roond  it,  in  expectation  of 
ting  to  the  repealed  aaau. 
wnhin,  that  no  gentleman 
litted  befot«  the  time.    At 
le  negro  guarda  eacape  aa 
riak  in  their  motiona,  they 
headlong  down  stairs,  or 
I  and  the  open  doors.     In 
to,  150  or  200  persons  have 
td  an  excellent  breakfast  ot 
hot  rolls,  com  cakes,  aalted 
:c.  is  demolished  in  an  in- 
.    The  crowd  then  slowly 
I  three-fonrths  of  them  are 
old  be  afflicted  with  dya- 
oMially  accompanied  the 
iTcr  be  revived  by  the  Ame* 

ew  York,  I  amployad  my 
d,  the  race-ground  on  MWiT 


in    AMBRIOA. 


307 


laland,  and  other  plaoea  which  I  had  left  unseen.  The 
race-ground  la  incloaed  with  a  high  paling,  and  although 
well  kept,  ia  not  on  ao  Urge  a  acale  aa  mifiit  be  expect- 
ed. 

The  Americans  believed  that  their  horse,  EeUpae,  waa 
&ster  than  hia  celebrated  English  ancestor,  till  a  paper 
appeared  in  their  Sporting  Maguine,  oroving  that  had 
they  run  together,  their  horae,  which  la  undoubtedly  a 
very  good  one,  particularly  np  hill,  would  have  Men 
thoroughly  beaten.  They  nave  a  mare,  named,  I  be- 
lieve. Arietta,  which  ia  aaid  to  be  exceedingly  faat  for  a 
mile,  and  ia  coming  to  EngUnd,  to  try  her  spaed  at 
Newmarket 

The  Americana  boaat  that  they  are  able  to  raiae 
an  army  of  eavalry  at  a  momaat's  notice ;  and  they 
refer  you  to  the  baokwoods,  and  teU  you  that  a  boy  can 
ride  ahnoat  aa  aooa  aa  ha  can  walk.  TUs  is  true  enough 
of  their  riding  to  plough,  or  to  ohareb,  or  along  the 
road ;  but  I  do  not  remember  to  ham  seen  a  horae  take 
«  leap  in  the  United  Statea  bat  oneey— and  he  had  no 
rider  OB  hk  bade  It  ia  veiy  rarely  that  an  American  is 
seen  with  a  good  seat  on  horaebaok.  I  ahoold  say, 
generally,  that  the  Americana  were  bad  ridera,  excepting 
the  New  Yortera, .  and  they  ar«  Americana.  I  think 
M«tr  ace  the  worst  I  ever  aaw.  They  have  neither  a 
nuotary  aeat,  nor  a  ioacJinnting  aeat,  nor  a  INnkiah 
aeat,  nor  oven  what  OeeAvy  Oambado  would  term 
"  the  miataken  motion  ;**  but  they  ride  np  and  down 
the  Broadway  with  the  toe  almost  invariablr  verr  much 
below  the  heel ;  and  the  back  and  ahouldera,  like  the 
"  genteel  and  agreeable"  of  the  aame  author,  ot  oourae 
inclined  forward :  at  the  aame  time  it  muat  be  oeaftseed, 
that  as  they  ba^  neither  cavalry  ner  ftaJiunting,  it  is 
not  surprising  that  they  cannot  ride. 

I  witoeased  an  extraordinary  «KhiUtiaii,  pariwrtirg 
to  be  a  burlesque  upon  the  militia  tfttiun,taiA  got  np 
with  no  inoonsiderable  share  of  humour.  A  person  on 
horseback,  masked,  in  the  uniform  of  Napoleon,  wearing 
a  small  Ignre  of  him  on  either  shoulder,  and  eanirfng 
an  enormous  tin  sword,  headed  a  band  of  ragamnns, 
habited  as  their  wit  ud  ingenuity  dictated  to  then. 
PastoliMrd,  pumpkins,  spits,  and  hay-bands,  with  a  hun- 
dred other  things  of  the  same  kind,  being  put  hi  reanisi- 
tion  to  aid  the  ajHrit  of  bafToonery,  and  assist  in  ridienl- 
ing  the  militia.    The  only  motto  amongtbe  many  that 


# 


^^;  iu^i.rj.i-ui!uiii>««iiL«ki']inui::i  "III 


soe 


■IX    MOMTHB 


wu  good  and  pointed,  waa  **  loldier*  in  peace,  citliana 
la  war."  But  the  whole  iccnc,  although  acted  on  a  leu 
aerioui  occaaion,  waa  wortliy  the  dayi  of  Aitacbariia 
Klootz. 

I  cannot  Ibrbear  to  relate  an  inatanco  of  ttiat  mock 
modoity  of  which  the  Atnericani  are  aometimea  accuaed. 
I  waa  at  ji  boll,  and  waa  guilty  of  joining  in  a  quadrille. 
When  tlio  time  for  the  "  doa  a  doa"  arrived,  I  advanced 
to  perform  that  part  of  the  figure  in  the  name  manner  aa 
1  ahould  have  done  at  a  ball  in  Eughuid;  but  I  found 
that  the  lady,  who  waa  dancing  oppoaite  to  me,  receded 
initead  of  coming  forward,  and  nay  movement  had  at- 
tracted coniidorabic  attention.  I  felt  that  I  had  com- 
mitted loroe  error,  and  my  partner,  who  had  travelled 
a  great  deal  in  Europe  and  had  often  danced  quadrillea 
in  France  and  England,  kindly  hinted  to  me,  with  a 
alight  archneaa  of  amile,  that  I  had  made  a  miatake. — 
"  We  do  not  danoe  the  do*  a  doe  here  i  we  have  left  off 
that  part  of  the  figure !" 

Two  ciroumitanoea  contributed  to  render  my  voy- 
age home  agreeable ;  one  waa,  that  I  aailed  in  the  iplen- 
did  new  ohip  tlie  »  North  America ;"  the  other,  that  ahe 
waa  commanded  bv  Captain  Maoy.  Aa  the  iteam-boat 
•lowly  towed  ua  nrom  the  wharf,  I  felt  jpatified  and 
gratefiil  for  the  kindneaa  I  had  mat  with  m  Anwrioa ; 
and  I  unheaitaiingly  aflirm,  that  if  an  En^iahman  be 
treated  otherwiae  it  muat  be  hia  own  <ault  I  looked  at 
the  retiring  city  :  I  thought  the  houaea  were  notao  very 
red,  after  all ;  and  I  tried  to  perauade  myaelf  that  tM 
bay  of  New  York  waa  aa  beautiful  aa  theiiay  of  Naplea : 
but  I  found  that  I  could  not  ahow  my  gratitnde  at  tfan  ez- 
penae  of  what  appeared  to  me  to  be  Uie  tmthi  namely, 
that  itiaand  mwtever  remain  very  fiur  inferior.  Partiality 
ia  apt  to  elicit  aoroe  very  contrary  opinions.  The  New 
Yorkers  think  their  fasy  equal  in  bewity  to  the  bay  of 
Naplea :  when  the  Dutch  had  poasesaion  of  the  country, 
they  calkd  it  the  New  Netherlands.  But  theae  are 
toiflea,  and  aa  auch  I  hope  thej  are  pardonable. 

I  advise  you  to  go  to  America :  at  thia  period  there  ia 
no  country  equally  intereating,  nor  one  so  likely  to  re- 
main so,  till  it  falls  to  pieoea,  probablv  within  leas  than 
half  a  century,  by  iU  own  weight  It  you  are  la  iiltr». 
tory  you  will,  perhaps,  receive  a  lesson  that  may  ndoeo 
you  to  reason ;  if  you  are  a  radical,  and  in  your  sraset, 
08  an  Engliahman  and  a  gentleman,  you  are  certain  of 


■■wri 


HI 

Idier*  in  peaco,  citiicM 
alUiough  Mted  on  a  lora 
the  dayi  of  Aiwobarau 

inatanco  of  tliat  mock 
■  arc  «ometioii)a  accuaed. 
of  joining  in  a  quadrille, 
doa"  arrived,  I  advanced 
e  in  the  aamo  manner  aa 
1  England;  but  I  found 
:  oppoaite  to  me,  receded 
1  my  movement  had  at- 
Alt  that  I  had  com- 
Iner,  who  had  travelled 
A  often  danced  quadrillea 
r  hinted  to  me,  with  a 
had  nude  a  oiiatalie. — 
•  here ;  wa  have  left  off 

ited  to  render  my  voy- 
that  I  Bailed  in  die  iplen- 
rica;"  the  other,  that  ahe 
[acy.  Aathe  ateam-boat 
larf,  I  felt  gratified  and 

met  with  in  AiMrioa; 
lat  if  an  Eni^iahman  be 
a  own  fikulk  I  looked  at 
e  houiea  were  notao  very 
perauade  myaelf  that  Um 
iful  aa  thaiiay  of  Naplea: 
ow  my  ffratitnde  at  the  ex- 
to  be  the  tnilhi  namely, 
ery  hr  inferiw.  Partiality 
rary  opiniona.  The  New 
1  in  beauty  to  the  bay  of 
poaaeaaion  of  the  country, 
herlanda.  But  theae  an 
r  are  pardonable. 
M :  at  thia  period  there  b 
,  nor  one  wa  likely  to  re- 
probkUy  within  Imb  than 
ght    If  you  are  •■  ultra* 

a  leaaon  that  may  Mduee 
idical,  and  in  your  aenaea, 
leman,  you  are  certain  of 


§■ 


IN    AMUIOA. 


■■WW" 


209 


changing  your  opiniona  before  you  return;  tad  you 
may  prepare  younelf  accordingly.  You  will  be  grati- 
fied by  viaiting  a  land,  that  come  what  will,  muat  ever 
remain  a  land  of  liberty,  which  the  Saxon  blood  alone  la 
capable  of  enjoying.  8o  little,  it  ma^  be  remarked,  do 
the  French  underitond  tlio  term,  that  it  ia  only  aince  the 
laat  revolution  that  they  have  acquired  the  •*  droit  do 
I'initiatif,"  or  the  right  by  which  any  member  of  the 
chamber  of  deputiei  can  by  himiclf  bring  in  a  bill  or 
"  proiet  do  loi,"  whenever  he  ploaoea;  a  right  which  the 
membera  of  the  houae  of  commona  in  KngUiid  may  be 
aaid  to  have  enjoyed  fiv  two  oenturiea.  Prvrionaly  to 
the  late  changea  (nfVuMe,  it  waa  neoeaaary  thai  a  num- 
ber of  membera  who  wiahed  to  introduce  any  nwaaure 
into  the  chamber,  ahonld  petition  the  king  for  leave  to 
do  ao;  otherwiae,  aa  ia  well  known,  it  waa  brought  for- 
ward by  the  miniater  alone.  You  will  be  gratified  by 
aeeing  ao  much  of  what  may  be  tanned  the  ariatooracy 
of  nature  in  the  prinueval  foreata,  the  vaat  lakea  and 
majeatic  rivora  of  North  America ;  and  atill  more  ao  by 
having  viaited  a  land  where  man  ia  auppoaed  to  be  mon 
hia  own  maater  than  in  any  other  oivuiied  part  of  the 
world,  and  where  hia  energy  meeta  with  oo-openfion  in 
the  natural  reaouroea  of  the  country,  and  oommanda  auo- 
ceaa  at  the  banda  of  hia  fellow  men.  You  will  then  be 
able  to  form  an  opinion  whether  the  atate  of  aociety  be 
more  or  leaa  enviable  than  that  to  which  you  have  been 
acouatomed;  whether  the  fine  arte  are  more  likely  to 
flouriah;  whether  men  in  their  public  or  private 
charactera  aa  buabanda,  aa  iothera,  aa  brothera,  aa 
gentlemen,  are  better,  more  honeat,  or  more  amiable 
than  among  vounelvea;  or  whether  tht  government 
under  which  tney  live  ia  more  calculated  ibr  the  encou- 
ragement of  true  rdigion,  the  aheher  of  virtue,  the  en- 
joyment of  life  and  liberty ;  or,  if  flur  allowance  be 
made  for  the  advantagea  incidental  to  a  new  eonntry, 
whether  it  ia  better  adapted  for  the  advanoement  of  na. 
tional  proaperity,  than  the  inatitntiona  of  your  native 
land.— 43o  to  America,  canvaaa  the  pretenuona  of  the 
Americaaa,  and  then  judge  for  youraelf. 


TUB   IND. 


Jfitf '.-^-■aS 


MMfMmmmtt 


iiiiiiiWn  iiH«<M«i 


•  „.«^..m>yj 


*,ii-!.Jll.  iiJIHlllMWBgw,^"'H'Li'.V---Ji^gr,  -■ 


